Effects Of Total Mixed Ration Research Articles

Economics of production efficiency: Nutritional grouping of the lactating cow

Nutritional grouping of lactating cows under total mixed ration (TMR) feeding systems has been discussed in the literature since 1970. Most studies have concluded that using multiple, more-homogeneous TMR feeding groups is economically beneficial because of either nutrient cost savings, improved productivity, or both. Nonetheless, no consensus has been formed around this technique nor has it been widely adopted. By using optimal criteria for grouping and more precise nutrient specifications of diets, the latest studies have reported a consistently greater income over feed cost ($/cow per year) with multiple TMR groups compared with 1 TMR (3 TMR=$46 and 2 TMR=$21 to $39). Critical factors that determine the economic value of nutritional grouping are: (1) criteria for grouping, (2) nutrient specifications of diets, (3) effects on milk production, (4) health and environmental benefits, (5) number, size, and frequency of grouping, and (6) additional costs and benefits. It has been documented that grouping cows according to their simultaneous nutritional requirements (a.k.a., cluster grouping) is optimal. Cluster grouping is superior to other methods, such as grouping according to days in milk, milk production, or production and body weight combined. However, the dairy industry still uses less-than-optimal grouping criteria. Using cluster grouping will enhance the positive economic effects of multiple TMR. In addition, nutrient specifications of diets for groups do not seem optimal either. Milk lead factors, which are only based on group average milk production, are used. Diets could, however, be formulated more precisely based on overall group nutrient requirements. Providing more precise diets should also be in favor of grouping economics. Furthermore, an area that requires more attention is the potential negative effect of grouping on the milk production of moved cows because of either or both social interactions or diet concentration changes. Although the literature is inconclusive on this subject matter, the latest studies indicate that multiple TMR groups economically outperform 1 TMR, even after considering plausible potential milk losses when grouping. Moreover, additional positive effects of nutritional grouping of improved herd health and environmental stewardship should be translated into economic benefits. Finally, additional costs of management, labor, facilities, and equipment required for grouping are farm specific. The few studies that have integrated these factors in their analyses found that multiple TMR groups would still be economically superior to 1 TMR.

Interaction between feed management systems and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on bovine immunization parameters (VET1P.1116)

Abstract A trial was designed to investigate impacts of omega-3 fatty acid feeding regimes on bovine immunization responses. Dietary supplements contained either fish oil or microalgae as omega-3 fatty acid sources, and cattle were divided into 2 feed management systems; they either grazed pasture or were kept in barn tie stalls and fed total mixed rations (TMR). Cattle were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a standard T cell dependent antigen. Dietary supplements and feeding systems influenced the response of cattle to immunization with KLH. Anti-KLH IgM, IgG and IgA antibody levels in serum were significantly higher in cattle grazing pasture than those fed TMR. Cattle consuming microalgae had consistently higher anti-KLH IgG2 and IgM antibody levels compared to cattle fed fish oil. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements and TMR versus pasture-based diets were also apparent in cytokine profiles from spleen and cecal tissues. Levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were highest in cecal tissue of pasture-grazing cattle (P < 0.0001), and spleen TGF-β levels were highest in pasture-grazing cattle consuming microalgae (P = 0.0073).These findings suggest that effects of omega-3 supplements on bovine immunity are influenced by the feed management system, with heightened effects on antibody production observed with a pasture system relative to a confinement and TMR-based diet.

Evaluation of total mixed ration silage with brewers grains for dairy buffalo in Tarai, Nepal.

To investigate the effects of total mixed ration (TMR) silage, which contained brewers grain and rice straw as a substitute for conventional concentrate on feed intake and milk production in middle-to-late lactation buffaloes, four multiparous Murrah buffaloes were assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment. The TMR silage, which had higher neutral and acid detergent fiber contents and digestibility than concentrate (P < 0.05) and similar crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents with concentrate were used for the lactation experiment. The treatments were control (CTL) fed concentrate at 0.6% of body weight (BW), and T1 and T2 fed the TMR silage at 0.6 and 1.2% of BW on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, with rice straw ad libitum. Daily intakes of DM, CP and TDN, and BW change were higher in T2 than in CTL and T1 (P < 0.05). Although milk composition did not differ among the treatments, milk yield (MY) was higher in T2 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in MY/DM intake and MY/TDN intake among the treatments. The increase of BW and MY in middle-to-late lactation buffaloes might have been due to high TDN intake from supplementary TMR silage.

섬유질 배합사료 원료로서 맥주박, 비지박 및 볏짚이 한우 거세우의 사양성적, 혈액성상 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 맥주박, 비지박 및 볏짚을 각각 이용하여 배합한 TMR을 한우 거세우에게 급여하였을 때 사양성적, 혈액성상 및 도체특성을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 시험구는 6개월령 한우 거세우 24두(평균체중 168 kg)를 배합사료 볏짚 분리급여구(T1), 맥주박 첨가 TMR 급여구(T2), 비지박 첨가 TMR 급여구(T3) 및 볏짚 첨가 TMR 급여구(T4)에 각각 6두씩 완전임의 배치하여 총 22개월간 사양시험을 실시하여 28개월령에 도축하였다. 시험결과에서 체중은 육성기에서 비육전기까지 처리구들간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 하지만, 종료시 체중에서 T4 처리구가 T2 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 일당증체량은 육성기 및 비육중기에서 TMR 급여구가 T1에 비해 유의적으로 높았지만(p<0.05), 전체평균에서는 차이가 없었다. 건물섭취량은 TMR 급여구(T2, T3, T4)에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 사료요구율은 T2 처리구에 비해 T4 처리구가 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 육량특성에서 도체중은 T1, T2, T3 및 T4 처리구에서 각각 389.0, 368.4 387.5 및 384.3 kg이었다. 등지방두께, 등심단면적 및 육량지수는 처리구들간 유의적 차이는 없었다. 육질특성에서 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도에서는 처리 구간 유의적인 차이가 있었으나, 근내지방도와 육질 <TEX>$1^+$</TEX> 등급 이상 출현율에서는 T2와 T3 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 높았다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과 맥주박과 비지박을 이용한 TMR 사료는 한우 거세우의 발육 및 도체특성에 있어 적절한 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of total mixed rations (TMR) containing brewers grain, soybean curd and rice straw, respectively, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty four Hanwoo steers (average body weight 168 kg) in 6 months age were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups, which contained 6 animals per group during 22-months feeding trial. The treatment was composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (T1), the group fed TMR containing brewers grain (T2), the group fed TMR containing soybean curd (T3) and the group fed TMR containing rice straw (T4). Body weight (BW) was not different among treatment groups during the growing and middle fattening period. However, it was significantly greater in T4 group than in T2 group on the final BW (p<0.05). Average daily gain was significantly greater in TMR groups compared to T1 group on the growing and late fattening (p<0.05). However, it was not different in total average. Dry matter intake tended to be increased in TMR groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in T4 group compare to T2 group (p<0.05). According to the yield traits, carcass weight of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 389.0, 368.4, 387.5 and 384.3 kg, respectively. The back fat thickness, rib-eye area, and yield index were not different among the groups. Meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of meat quality grade of over <TEX>$1^+$</TEX> were greater in T2 and T3 groups compare to other groups. Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with brewers grain and soybean curd may be ameliorated the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

Lucerne silage in high yielding dairy cows: effect of parity and analysis of reasons in mixed-parity group housing using random regression test‐day models

A study with high-yielding dairy cows was re-analysed in order to test the suitability of lucerne silage separately for primi- and multiparous cows as an alternative to grass silage in maize-based total mixed rations (TMR). Lactation curves were fitted using random regression test‐day models for energy corrected milk (ECM) and dry matter intake (DMI) as well as for number and duration of feeder visits (NFV and DFV, respectively). Existing models for ECM and DMI were extended by animal-specific random effects, which were formulated in their dependency on days in milk. For NFV and DFV random regression models were applied for the very first time. The chosen approach of statistical analysis permitted comparisons of the lactation curves as well as of least square means for sub-periods to answer nutritional questions. Whilst primiparous cows had generally lower DMI and ECM as compared to multiparous cows, only in primiparous cows a negative effect of lucerne TMR on ECM was observed, especially in early lactation. Nutritional factors should be rejected because of very similar ECM between the various TMR in multiparous cows. Traits of feeding behaviour indicated that particle size could contribute to the decreased ECM. Even more impact on the lower ECM should be addressed to domination behaviour of multiparous cows. The resulting restlessness of primiparous cows caused a reduced intake per minute spent at the feeder. Further studies should focus on optimising the proportion and chopping length of lucerne in the diet and to improve flock management to maximise feed intake of primiparous cows. Generally, statistical analysis of lactation data became a very complex issue. It seems inevitable that nutritionists and statisticians team up to address this problem.

Effects of wheat processing and dietary fat sources on performance, ruminal and blood parameters, and steak fatty acids profile of Holstein steers

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing wheat grain processed by different methods and different fat sources on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and meat fatty acid composition of growing steers. The experiment, which lasted 14 weeks, involved 28 growing Holstein steers (296±56kg BW). A 2×2 factorial design was used, with steers receiving two types of wheat processed and two fat sources. Treatments included: (1) steam-flaked wheat (SFW) diet with palm oil (RumiFat); (2) SFW diet with roasted soybean (RSB); (3) formaldehyde-treated wheat (WHCHO) diet with RumiFat; and (4) WHCHO diet with RSB. During the feeding trial, ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected, and after 85 days steer were slaughtered and carcass data were recorded. Results from growth trial of steers showed that final BW and gain as well as feed efficiency and dry matter intake (DMI) were not influenced by dietary treatments. None of the carcass traits studied was significantly by diet, and wheat processing and fat source had no effect on total tract nutrient digestibility. Ruminal parameters were unaffected by diets, except for propionate concentration that was greater (P<0.01) for steers fed SFW. The variables related to metabolic blood profile had a high (P<0.01) range of variation among diets. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in steaks were greater significantly from steers fed RSB, whereas the saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher in steaks from both groups fed RumiFat. Although wheat processing method and fat sources did not affect steer performance, but the use of RSB in steer diets produced steak with a lipid profile that can prevent human diseases.

Evaluation of associative effects of total mixed ration for dairy cattle using in vitro gas production and different rumen inocula

Current feed evaluation systems for dairy cattle assume that nutritive values of feed components can be added, but do not take into account possible interactions among feed components. The main objective of this study was to investigate associative effects on in vitro gas production from total mixed ration (TMR), based on grass silage and cereal concentrate, and separate TMR components. TMR was incubated with inocula of free rumen liquid (FRL) and particle-associated rumen liquid (PAL) for 48 h and donor cows were fed TMRs with three different particle sizes to evaluate their influence on associative effects. Associative effects on gas production largely occurred at 2 and 4 h of incubation and dissipated with time of incubation. Incubation of TMR with PAL increased (P < 0.01) gas production compared to FRL at all incubation times; however, associative effects were not different between rumen inocula. Dietary particle size affected associative effects on gas production when TMR was incubated with FRL (P < 0.05) compared to PAL, particularly at early hours of incubation. Associative effects at early incubation hours emphasise that summing the nutritive values of feedstuffs may underestimate fermentation intensity of TMR which may have implications for prediction of ruminal fermentation yield.

Effect of Total Mixed Ration with Fermented Feed on Ruminal In vitro Fermentation, Growth Performance and Blood Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers.

In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the total mixed ration with fermented feed (TMRF) and total mixed ration (TMR) by rumen in vitro fermentation and their effects on the growth performance and blood characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In experiment 1, three Hanwoo steers (600±47 kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. In this experiment, three diets designated as T1, TMRF (18.4% fermented feed, tall fescue, mammoth wild rye forage and whole crop barley); T2, TMRF (17.7% fermented feed, rice straw and whole crop barley); and T3, TMR (rice straw, whole crop barley and probiotics, but no fermented feed), which were subjected to rumen in vitro fermentation for 48 h. The results demonstrated that DM disappearance rate gradually increased with advancing fermentation time, but T1 and T2 were higher than the T3 (p<0.05) from 3 h to 12 h, but insignificant (p>0.05) at 24 and 48 h. None of the specific VFAs were affected except for acetic and non volatile lactic acids, which were produced more in T2 than in T1 and T3 at 24 h and 48 h of incubation. A/P was lower in T1 and T2 than inT3 at 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p>0.05) of incubation. These results confirmed that TMRF-related treatment shows a superior performance to that of TMR during the ruminal fermentation period. In experiment 2, the three diets in experiment 1 plus 1 more control diet (concentrates, probiotics and 2% rice straw of body weight) were fed to the 48 Hanwoo steers (160±10 kg) for a period of 168 d. The results demonstrated that the daily and total live weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) in the TMRF and TMR groups than in the control group. SGOT, SGPT and BUN (p<0.05) were reduced in TMRF relative to the control and TMR groups by 168 d which confirmed that TMRF shows better blood profiles than the TMR and control groups. Overall, these results appear to show that TMRF has better in vitro ruminal characteristics than those of TMR; growth performance and blood profiles were also found to be superior in TMRF than in the TMR and control groups. Thus, our findings suggest that TMRF-based feed supplies are favorable for Hanwoo cattle.

TMR의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 비유초기 유산양의 유생산성에 미치는 영향

본 시험은 섬유질배합사료(TMR)의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 다를 경우, 비유초기 유산양의 사료섭취량 및 유생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 동물은 자넨종 생후 16개월령 전후의 초산 착유양 24두를 시험구별 6마리씩 공시하였으며, TMR의 에너지와 단백질 수준은 대조구(Control)가 TDN 67.0%, CP 13.9% (NRC, 2007), 에너지 증량구(T1)는 TDN 73.7%, CP 13.9%, 단백질 증량구(T2)는 TDN 67.0%, CP 15.3%, 에너지+단백질 증량구(T3)가 TDN 73.7%, CP 15.3%의 네 처리구로 나누었다. 연구결과 비유초기 유산양의 급여하는 사료내 에너지 수준을 NRC 보다 약 10% 정도 높여줄 경우, 유생산량 증가에 영향을 미치지 않아 비유초기 과도한 에너지 증량은 오히려 사료비를 증가시키는 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 그러나 비유초기 일당 증체량은 에너지 증량구(T1)와 에너지+단백질 증량구(T3)에서 증가하였으나, 대조구와 단백질 증량구(T2)에서는 감소한 것으로 나타나 비유초기 에너지 수준을 높여주는 것이 체중감소를 예방하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 에너지 함량의 증가 없이 단백질 함량만의 증가는 오히려 섭취량 및 유생산을 감소시켰기에 비유초기 과도한 단백질 증가 역시 필요하지 않다는 것을 보여준다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 분석해 보면, 비유초기 가소화 탄소화물의 과도한 증가가 유생산성에는 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났으나 체중저하를 방지하는데 도움이 되었다는 것을 보여주고 있다. The objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition level on milk production in dairy goats (Sannen). Twenty four lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; medium energy-medium crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energymedium CP TMR (T1), medium energy-high CP TMR (T2) and high energy-high CP TMR (T3). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67.0% and 13.9%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 15.3%. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for T1 (<TEX>$2,198{\pm}115 ml$</TEX>) than for T2 (<TEX>$1,742{\pm}52 ml$</TEX>) and T3 (<TEX>$1,984{\pm}90 ml$</TEX>). But there were no significant differences in milk composition between the treatments. Daily body weight gain was increased in T1 and T3 but reduced in control and T2. The result of the present study showed that dietary energy level supplied more than that of NRC recommendation did not affect milk yield of dairy goats in early lactation but prevented body weight loss.

Effect of weaning age on feed intake and ruminal fermentation patterns of calves fed a dry total mixed ration with ad libitum access to grass hay

To study the effect of weaning age on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminal fermentation, 10 rumen-cannulated male Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (i) early weaned at 8 weeks of age (235 l milk); (ii) conventionally weaned at 12 weeks of age (347 l milk). Twice daily grass hay (9.0 MJ ME · kg−1 DM) and a dry total mixed ration (TMR) (11.6 MJ ME · kg−1 DM) containing 15% alfalfa hay and 85% concentrates were offered separately. Water was available ad libitum. Ruminal fluid was collected via cannulas at weeks 9, 11, 13 and 15, twice weekly just prior to as well as 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after morning feeding. Calves of both treatments achieved adequate ADG (947 vs. 959 g; p > 0.05). Just-weaned calves rapidly increased DMI (1.1–2.5 kg TMR and 2.4–3.6 kg TMR for early- and conventionally-weaned calves, respectively). From weeks 10–12 early-weaned calves consumed significantly more dry feed than conventionally-weaned calves (week 10: 2.5 vs. 1.6 kg/d; week 12: 3.4 vs. 2.4 kg/d). Early weaning stimulates DMI supporting ruminal fermentation intensity, indicated by lower ruminal pH. After weaning, only early-weaned calves achieved critical average ruminal pH (week 9: 5.7 vs. 6.0, p = 0.017; week 11: 5.9 vs. 6.2, p = 0.007). Experimental treatment did not affect the concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). For all calves, the effects of the concentrate-rich TMR were shown by a high SCFA level (daily average: 137–152 mmol · l−1) and an acetate to propionate to butyrate ratio between 51:36:9 and 54:33:10.

섬유질배합사료 급여가 거세한우의 발육 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향 미치는 영향

ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of total mixed ration (TMR) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers, sixty steers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups; separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw (control), wet TMR (TMR), dry TMR with 20% (TMR) and 40% (TMR) barley bran from 6 to 28 month of age. In growth performance, average daily gains of TMRgroup was the highest (0.70 kg/day) but significant differences between treatments were not found (p>0.05). Average feed required for kg body weight gain of control group was 11.63kg. Those of TMRthrough TMRwere 9.29, 10.46 and 10.71 kg, respectively. Dressing percentage and retailed cut percentage were 59% and 63%, without any significant differences between treatments (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in rib-eye area, back fat thickness, meat color and fat color (p>0.05). Average marbling score was higher(p<0.05) in TMRthan in control group.( Key words : Total mixed ration, Hanwoo steer, Carcass characteristics, Economic efficacy)

한우등심의 영양성분 및 기호성에 미치는 감귤부산물 TMR 사료의 영향

본 연구는 감귤부산물 TMR 사료 급여가 한우등심의 영양성분 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 연구할 목적으로 수행하였다. 시료는 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여하지 않은 한우등심(TMR-0)과 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여한 한우등심(TMR-1)으로 하였다. TMR-0는 비육우용 배합사료와 건초를 분리 급여하면서 관행적으로 사육하였으며, TMR-1은 육성기 및 비육전기 일부(약 17개월)를 TMR-0와 같은 방법으로 사육한 후 나머지 10개월(비육전기 및 후기) 동안은 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여하였다. 한우등심의 수분, 조단백질, 조회분, 콜레스테롤 및 열량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의성이 없었지만, 조지방은 TMR-1이 유의하게 높았다(p＜0.05). Ca 및 Na는 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 높았고, P는 TMR-0가 높았으나(p<0.05), Mg, K, 비타민 B₁ 및 비타민 B₂는 시료들 사이에 유의성이 없었다. 한우등심의 구성아미노산 총량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 17.81 및 17.98%로 비슷하였으며, 유리아미노산 총량은 각각 139.46 및 149.15 ㎎/100 g으로 유의성이 없었다. 불포화 지방산 중 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것은 oleic acid로 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 45.01 및 49.38%이었고, 포화지방산 중 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것은 palmitic acid로 TMR-0 및 TMR-1이 각각 28.39 및 26.52%이었다. 한우등심의 관능적인 맛, 풍미 및 다즙성은 시료들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 연도 및 전체적인 기호성은 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 우수하였다(p＜0.05).

한우등심의 이화학적 및 관능특성에 미치는 감귤박의 영향

본 연구는 감귤박 급여가 한우등심의 이화학적 특성 및 기호성에 미치는 영향을 연구할 목적으로 수행하였다. 시료는 감귤박을 급여하지 않은 한우등심(TMR-0)과 감귤박을 급여한 한우등심(TMR-1)으로 하였다. TMR-0는 비육우용 배합사료와 건초를 분리 급여하면서 관행적으로 사육하였으며, TMR-1은 육성기 및 비육전기 일부(약 17개월)는 TMR-0와 같은 방법으로 사육한 후 나머지 10개월(비육전기 및 후기) 동안은 감귤부산물 TMR 사료를 급여하였다. 한우등심의 명도, 적색도 및 황색도는 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. pH는 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 낮았으며, VBN함량, TBARS값 및 EDA는 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 한우등심의 보수력, 동결감량 및 가열감량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1사이에 유의적인 차이는 없었지만, 해동감량은 TMR-0(7.35%)가 TMR-1(3.04%)보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 한우등심의 경도는 TMR-0가 TMR-1보다 높고, 탄성은 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 높았으며, 응집성, 뭉침성, 저작성 및 전단력은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 저장 중 pH 및 VBN 함량은 TMR-0 및 TMR-1사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었지만, TBARS값은 저장 4주째 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 생육의 색깔 및 향기는 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 가열육의 풍미 및 연도는 TMR-1이 TMR-0보다 유의적으로 우수하였으며, 맛, 다즙성 및 전체적인 기호도는 TMR-0 및 TMR-1 사이에 유의성이 없었다(p<0.05). The purpose of this research is to study the effects of feeding dietary citrus byproducts TMR (total mixed ration) on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of Korean native beef loin (KNBL). The samples for experiment consist of the KNBL not fed with citrus byproducts (TMR-0) and the KNBL fed with citrus byproducts during fattening period (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) KNBL was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately), while the TMR-1 KNBL was fed by the same as TMR-0 until 17 months yearling but was fed by citrus byproducts feeding for 10 months after that. The <TEX>$L^*(lightness),\;a^*(redness)\;and\;b^*(yellowness)$</TEX> value were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH of TMR-1 was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), the VBN content, TBARS value and EDA were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The water holding capacity, frozen loss and cooking loss were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but thawing loss of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1 (p<0.05). The hardness of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1, and the springiness of TMR-1 was higher than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), but the cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH and VBN content during storage were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but the TBARS value of TMR-1 stored during 4 weeks was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05). In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat, and the taste, juiciness and palatability of cooked meat were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. But the flavor and tenderness of TMR-1 were superior than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05)

맥주박 첨가 섬유질 배합사료가 거세흑염소의 생산성 및 영양소 이용율에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 맥주박을 첨가한 섬유질 배합사료가 육성기 거세흑염소의 생산성과 영양소 이용율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 맥주박의 사료가치를 평가하고자 실시하였다. 공시축은 사양시험에서는 거세흑염소 40두를 4처리구(관행사료구, 맥주박 20, 30 및 40% 첨가구)로 나누어 처리구당 10두씩, 소화율 시험에서는 처리구당 3두씩 완전임의 배치하여 시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 맥주박 첨가 수준별 섬유질 배합사료의 일반 조성분은 건물 함량이 <TEX>$62.35{\sim}66.02%$</TEX>, 조단백질 함량은 <TEX>$14.49{\sim}15.36%$</TEX>의 범위로 나타났으며, ADF와 NDF 함량은 <TEX>$28.24{\sim}29.08$</TEX> 및 <TEX>$53.27{\sim}54.85%$</TEX>로 나타나 맥주박 첨가 비율에 따른 섬유소 함량의 차이는 없었으나, NFC 함량은 맥주박 첨가 비율이 높을수록 NFC 함량이 낮아졌다. 일당증체량은 대조구가 맥주박 첨가구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물섭취량, 유기물섭취량, NFC 섭취량은 맥주박 20% 첨가구가 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 조단백질과 가소화 조단백질 섭취량은 맥주박 첨가구가 대조구 보다 높은 경향이었다. 건물, 유기물, NDF 소화율은 대조구가 맥주박 첨가구 보다 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 조단백질 소화율은 맥주박 첨가구가 대조구 보다 높은 경향이었고, 질소 축적율은 대조구 보다 맥주박 첨가구가 높은 경향이었다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with wet brewer's grain on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of castrated Korean black goat. For feeding trial, forty castrated Korean black goats were divided into four treatment groups, which were fed TMR containing 20, 30, 40% of wet brewer's grain. For digestibility trial, twelve castrated Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats. Results are summarized as follows. Dry matter (DM) contents of TMR with wet brewer's grain was <TEX>$63.35{\sim}66.02%$</TEX>, that of crude protein was <TEX>$14.49{\sim}15.36%$</TEX>, Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were <TEX>$28.24{\sim}29.08,\;53.27{\sim}54.85%$</TEX>, each. These were not different by supplemental level of brewer's grain in TMR. However, Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents were lower according to increase wet brewer's grain in TMR. Average daily gain of control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's gain (p<0.05). Intake of DM, Organic matter (OM) and NFC of TMR supplemented with 20% of brewer's grain were higher than those of other treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein (CP) and digestible CP intake of TMR diets supplemented wet brewer's grain was intended to higher than those of a control group. Digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF in control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's grain (p<0.05). Digestibilities of CP of TMR with supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of a control group. Nitrogen retention of TMR supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be somewhat higher compared to the control group

맥주박을 첨가한 섬유질 배합사료가 번식흑염소의 영양소 이용율에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 섬유질 배합사료에 맥주박 수준을 달리 첨가하여 번식 흑염소의 사료 및 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 번식 흑염소의 사료로서 맥주박의 사료가치를 평가하고자 실시하였다. 공시축은 번식 흑염소 12두를 4처리구(관행사료구, 맥주박 20, 30 및 40% 첨가구)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 대사케이지에 완전임의 배치법으로 배치하여 시험을 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 맥주박 첨가 수준별 섬유질 배합사료의 일반 조성분은 건물 함량이 <TEX>$61.46{\sim}65.81%$</TEX>, 조단백질 함량은 <TEX>$14.42{\sim}15.59%$</TEX>의 수준이었으며, ADF 와 NDF 함량은 <TEX>$28.32{\sim}28.52$</TEX> 및 <TEX>$53.46{\sim}54.16%$</TEX>로 나타나 맥주박 첨가 비율에 따른 섬유소 함량 의 차이는 없었으나, NFC 함량은 맥주박 첨가 비율이 높을수록 NFC 함량이 낮아졌다. 건물 섭취량은 맥주박을 20% 첨가하였을 때 대조구보다 다소 높은 경향이었다. 조단백질과 가소화 조단백질 섭취량은 맥주박 첨가구가 대조구 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었고, NFC 섭취량과 가소화 NFC 섭취량은 대조구가 맥주박첨가구보다 높은 경향이었고 맥주박첨가수준이 높을수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 건물, ADF, NDF 및 NFC 소화율은 대조구가 맥주박 첨가구 보다 높았으며 (p<0.05), 조단백질 소화율은 맥주박 첨가구가 대조구보다 높은 경향이었고 질소 축적율은 맥주박첨가구가 대조구보다 다소 높은 경향이었다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Total Mixed Ration(TMR) with wet brewer's grain on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of breeding Korean native goat. Twelve breeding Korean native goats were divided into four treatment groups, which were fed TMR containing 20, 30, 40% of wet brewer's grain and a control group fed concentrate feed and hay, respectively. Results are summarized as follows. Dry matter contents of TMR with wet brewer's grain was 61.46-65.81%, that of crude protein was 14.42-15.59%, ADF and NDF were 28.32-28.52, 53.46-54.16%, each. These were not different by supplemental level of brewer's grain in TMR. However, NFC contents were lower according to increase wet brewer's grain in TMR. Dry matter intake of TMR supplemented with 20% of brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of control group. CP and digestible CP intake of TMR diets supplemented wet brewer's grain was intended to higher than those of a control group. NFC and digestible NFC intake were significantly higher in control group than in WBG40 treatment(p<0.05). Digestibilities of DM, ADF, NDF and NFC in control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's grain(p<0.05). Digestibilities of CP of TMR with supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of a control group. Nitrogen retention of TMR supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be somewhat higher compared to the control group

The effect of concentrate crude protein content and feeding strategy of total mixed ration on performance of primiparous dairy cows

The effect of total mixed ration (TMR) with constant (TMR1) or decreasing (TMR3) proportion of concentrate in dry matter (DM) and with different crude protein (CP) content of concentrate (170 or 200 g/kg DM) on the performance of 51 first parity Ayrshire cows was studied. On TMR1 diet the forage to concentrate ratio in DM was 55:45 throughout the lactation. On TMR3 the forage to concentrate ratio was 45:55, 55:45 and 65:35 during the lactation days 0–100, 101–200 and 201–305, respectively. There was no significant interaction between feeding strategy (TMR1 or TMR3) and CP content of the concentrate on the performance parameters studied. Feeding strategy had no effect on energy corrected milk (ECM) production (26.6 vs. 27.1 kg/day), milk composition, DM intake (18.0 vs. 18.2 kg/day) or post partum development of the body condition score of the cows. The higher CP content of the concentrate increased ( P<0.05) the milk (24.8 vs. 26.2 kg/day) and milk protein yield (871 vs. 922 g/day) and tended to increase ( P=0.13) the ECM yield (26.3 vs. 27.4 kg/day). Milk composition was not affected by the CP content. DM intake was higher in early and mid lactation but not in late lactation when CP content of the concentrate was 200 g/kg DM compared to 170 g/kg DM. Increase in CP content of the concentrate decreased the protein conversion efficiency (milk protein/CP intake) in early and mid lactation but not in late lactation. It can be concluded that there is no advantage to primiparous cows of adjusting the forage to concentrate ratio in TMR with progressing lactation. Results also showed that the primiparous cows benefited from the protein content of the concentrate higher than 170 g/kg DM.

Formulating Diets on an Equal Forage Neutral Detergent Fiber from Various Sources of Silage for Dairy Cows in the Tropics

An attempt was made to evaluate the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing 17.5% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from paragrass, paragrass+cassava chips and corn silages on the performance of dairy cows in the tropics. Experimental dietary treatments contained a similar content of total NDF, total non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein and energy. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 79.1-80.6 and 66.8-68.6, respectively. Among silage sources, there were no differences (p>0.05) in concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and butyric acid was undetectable. Concentration of lactic acid was higher (p<0.01) in corn silage but its pH was lower (p<0.01) than in paragrass and paragrass+cassava silages. Dairy cows on TMR containing corn silage not only gained more weight (161 and 46 vs. -189 g/d) but also consumed more feed (18.47, 15.84 and 14.49 kg/d), and produced more milk (23.89, 22.03 and 20.83 kg/d), 4% fat corrected milk (25.47, 24.05 and 22.02 kg/d), solids-not-fat (1.99, 18.3 and 1.73 kg/d) and total solid (3.10, 2.85 and 2.64 kg/d) compared with those on TMR containing paragrass+cassava and paragrass silages, respectively (p<0.01). Dairy cows on TMR containing paragrass+cassava silage were better in these respects (p<0.01). These results suggest that in formulating diets on an equal NDF basis for different forage qualities, diets higher in forage quality can stimulate higher DMI for dairy cows in the tropics and thus improve productivity. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 5 : 660- 664)

Effect of Soybean Hulls, Soy Lecithin, and Soapstock Mixtures on Ruminal Fermentation and Milk Composition in Dairy Cows

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of soybean hulls, soy lecithin, and soapstock mixtures on ruminal fermentation, milk composition, and ruminal microbial populations. In Experiment 1, 20 Holstein dairy cows were assigned to one of five total mixed rations (TMR) in replicated 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of TMR on intake and milk composition. Four ruminally fistulated cows were used in a 4 × 5 Youden square to measure the effect of TMR on ruminal fermentation. The TMR consisted of 40 or 50% alfalfa and corn silages, 13% soybean hulls, and 47 or 37% of a concentrate containing either 2.25% soybean oil; 2.25% lipid from a mixture of soybean hulls, soy lecithin, and soapstock; or no added lipid. The ratios of soy lecithin to soapstock evaluated were 1:1, 2.5:1, and 4:1 (dry basis). The TMR containing soy lecithin and soapstock at ratios of 1:1 and 2.5:1 resulted in higher milk C18:2 than did the soybean oil TMR. Rate of ruminal NDF digestion of soybean hulls was reduced for the soybean oil TMR.In Experiment 2, a semi-continuous culture system was used to determine effects of soybean oil or an optimal mixture of soy lecithin and soapstock (1:1, wt/wt) on fermentation of soybean hulls and microbial populations. The TMR containing the lipid mixture increased the ratio of acetate to propionate compared with the TMR containing soybean oil and resulted in higher total protozoal counts than did the control TMR. The TMR containing mixtures of soy lecithin and soapstock at ratios of 1:1 and 2.5:1 elevated milk C18:2, and no negative effect on NDF digestion was detected, indicating some degree of ruminal protection.