Effect Of Total-Body X-Irradiation Research Articles

Acute-phase protein gene expression in rat liver following whole body X-irradiation or partial hepatectomy

We studied the effect of total body X-irradiation and partial hepatectomy on the acute phase protein gene expression in rat liver. Male rats of AO strain were irradiated with high X-ray doses, without any visible tissue damage. In contrast, partial hepatectomy consisted of surgical removal of 40% liver tissue. The changes in liver mRNA concentrations for positive acute-phase reactants including cysteine protease inhibitor, α 1-acid glycoprotein, fibrinogen and haptoglobin, and albumin as a negative reactant were monitored by Northern blot and slot-blot hybridizations using corresponding [ 32P]dCTP labeled cDNA probes. While in the first 24 h after the partial hepatectomy, liver mRNA levels for the positive acute-phase reactants increased, briefly followed by an immediate decrease, the duration and timing of the acute-phase responses to the whole body X-irradiation were slightly different and lasted for as long as 72 h. Although both treatments induced the mRNA expression of acute-phase reactants in rat liver, the observed variations in the duration and intensity of the changes in mRNA levels for the acute-phase proteins in these two types of tissue damage suggest the involvement of specific mechanisms in a fine tuning of the non-specific acute-phase responses to meet the unique requirements of the particular injury.

Irradiation effects on the adrenal gland of rats undergoing inanition stress

The effect of total body x-irradiation was studied on rats under inanition stress. In response to irradiation an increase in the activity of cortex and medulla was noted in inanition stress administered rats rather than in the normally fed animals. Similarly, rising levels of urinary catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine were observed in the starved animals after irradiation.

The effects of total-body x-irradiation on Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas' disease) in mice and rats.

CF1 mice or COBS rats were exposed to a single dose of 300 R total-body X-irradiation at various times during the course of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. The effect of this dose of X-irradiation on the parasitemia, numbers of tissue parasites, and mortality in young mice and rats was studied. Irradiation of mice and rats 3 days prior to intraperitoneal inoculation of 50000 or 200000 trypomastigotes of a Brazil strain of T. cruzi, respectively, resulted in markedly enhanced numbers of blood and tissue parasites and increased mortality of these hosts. Irradiation of mice late in the acute infection, i.e., when the numbers of blood parasites were decreasing, resulted in a temporary increase in the numbers of blood and tissue parasites. When irradiation was administered to mice after the parasites had disappeared microscopically from the blood, there was no microscopic evidence of a parasitemia during the succeeding 14 days.

A Comparative Study of the Leukemogenic Effects of Strontium-90 and X-Rays in Mice

SummaryThe leukemogenicity of 90Sr was studied in comparison with that of fractionated total-body X-irradiation in the low leukemia ICR/JCL strain of mice. Fractionated total-body X-irradiation of 680 R yielded leukemia in 77.3% of mice, of which all but one were of thymic origin. A single intraperitoneal dose of 1.0 μCi/g of body weight also had a high leukemogenic effect (61.8%). The 90Sr-induced leukemias were cytologically of lymphoblastic, reticulum cell, or stem cell type, not of thymic origin. No myeloid leukemia occurred in these mice. Thymectomy inhibited the leukemogenic effect of total-body X-irradiation as reported by others, while the induction of leukemia by 90Sr was not inhibited by thymectomy. It is postulated that X-irradiation produces progenitors of leukemic cells in bone marrow or spleen, and these cells migrate into the injured thymus where they proliferate, while the similar progenitor cells can be produced in bone marrow by direct effects of 90Sr. As grafted lymphomas they migrate i...

Effect of total-body x-irradiation on the properties of polyribosomes in normal rat liver.

Effect of total-body x-irradiation on the properties of polyribosomes in normal rat liver.

Effects of Total-Body X-Irradiation and AET on the Activity of Thymidine-Phosphorylating Kinases during Liver Regeneration

BAUGNET-MAHIEU, L., GOUTIER, R., AND SEMAL, M. Effects of TotalBody X-Irradiation and AET on the Activity of Thymidine-Phosphorylating Kinases During Liver Regeneration. Radiation Res. 31, pp. 808-825 (1967). Total-body irradiation (1000 R) of rats delays the time at which maximal activity of the TdR phosphorylating kinases is reached in regenerating liver, if the irradiation is given before the appearance of kinase activity. The inhibition decreases when the lapse of time between irradiation and hepatectomy increases, indicating some repair in the protein-synthesizing system. When given during the period of increasing activity, 1000 R is no longer able to inhibit the kinase activity, but 1500 R exerts an inhibitory effect. The enzyme activity, therefore, is less radiosensitive than the synthesis of new enzyme molecules. When irradiation is given 20 hours after partial hepatectomy, at a time when kinase activity would no longer be inhibited, the rate of DNA synthesis measured at 24 hours is found to be decreased to about the same extent as DNA polymerase activity. A radioprotective dose of AET injected to rats before partial hepatectomy also delays the onset of kinase activity. This is considered as a symptom of the metaboJlc shock induced by the sulfhydryl protector, which may be of some importance in the development of the protective power. A protective effect of AET on the radiation-induced inhibition of kinases is observed when the rats are irradiated before partial hepatectomy. In rats irradiated after hepatectomy, the protective effect of AET is masked by its greater toxicity to hepatectomized animals.

Effects of total-body x-irradiation in single and fractionated doses on developing cerebral cortex in rat foetus.

Effects of Total-Body X-Irradiation in Single and Fractionated Doses on Developing Cerebral Cortex in Rat Foetus

Effect of total-body x-irradiation and of chemical protector AET administration on the activity of nuclear RNA-polymerase in regenerating rat liver.

SummaryNuclear RNA-polymerase activity has been measured in regenerating liver of rats which received before hepatectomy either an injection of AET or a whole-body x-irradiation of 1000 R or a combination of both treatments. AET injection, 1 hour before hepatectomy, delays the increase in enzyme activity still more than does irradiation. No protective effect of AET is observed in rats treated 1 hour before partial hepatectomy, probably because of the higher toxicity of AET to hepatectomized rats. A protective action is, however, detected when AET and irradiation are given 12 hours before partial hepatectomy.

Effects of Total-Body X-Irradiation on Phosphate Esterification and Hydrolysis in Mitochondrial Preparations of Rat Spleen

Mitochondria that will esterify inorganic phosphate with high efficiency can be prepared from rat spleen. When mitochondria are prepared from spleens of x-irradiated rats (4 hours after 1000 r), no effect on oxidative phosphorylation is apparent. Under experimental conditions that are unfavorable for efficient phosphorylation, such as suboptimal concentration of cytochrome c, the effect of radiation is manifested by further impairment. The data indicate, however, that the impairment is the result of a change in the composition of the mitochondrial preparation, subsequent to a shift in the distribution of cell populations in the irradiated spleen. Consequently, the mitochondrial preparations from tissues of irradiated rats contain larger amounts of phosphatases, the effect of which will be to catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphates, notably ADP and ATP, unless their concentrations are kept low by maintenance of efficient phosphor-ylation and trapping. The activity of the phosphatases is not completely suppressed by the presence of fluoride. (auth)

The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on Fatty Acids of Testes of Rats

The effect of total-body x irradiation on testicular fatty acids was studied. Total fatty acid concentration of testes of animals irradiated as adults, weanlings, or prenatally decreased along with the testicular mass. The major change in fatty acid composition in adult and weanling animals was a decrease in arachidonic acid with irradiation. Other changes included a decrease in palmitic acid with irradiation at 29 and 43 days and increases in stearic and oleic acids. Pentaenoic acids increased with irradiation significantly in one group at 22 and 29 days, followed by decreases at 43 and 62 days postirradiation. No changes were seen in gonadal fatty acid composition of offspring of rats irradiated on the 18th day of pregnancy. (auth)

The Effect of X-Irradiation on Goldfish. II. The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on the Hematology of Carassius auratus

The Effect of X-Irradiation on Goldfish. II. The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on the Hematology of Carassius auratus

The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on Serum Proteins in the Hamster

>Golden hamsters were given a single dose of either 1500 or 1000 r of whole-body x irradiation. Paper electrophoretic fractionation of the serum proteins and microscopic observations of the microcirculation in the cheek pouch were made prior to and after irradiation. After 1500 r as well as after 1000 r of whole-body x irradiation the albumin fraction decreased, and the alpha /sub 1/ -, alpha /sub 2/-, and BETA globulin fractions increased. A correlation was found between the degree of intravascular erythrocyte aggregation observed in the microcirculation of the cheek pouch and the decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio. This supports the concept that the phenomenon of sludging in vivo is governed by the same forces as those governing rouleaux formation in vitro. (auth)

The Effect of Total Body X-Irradiation of the Rabbit on the Rejection of Homologous Skin Grafts and on the Immune Response

Summary The effect of sublethal (400 r), midlethal (600 r), and near-lethal (1100 r) total body irradiation on the ability of rabbits to reject homologous skin grafts, to develop delayed hypersensitivity, and to form circulating antibodies to bovine γ-globulin and sheep erythrocytes was studied. Different intervals were allowed to elapse between x-irradiation and the presentation of antigens. Maximum prolongation of skin graft rejection time occurred with 400 r when grafting was done on the same day as irradiation. A 2-fold increase in the median rejection time was observed, and the occasional animal retained its graft for as long as 7 to 10 times the normal. No great advantage appears to be gained by increasing the radiation dose from 400 to 600 r and it is possible that prolongation of skin graft rejection time by irradiation can be as well obtained with a sublethal as with a midlethal dose of irradiation. The time between irradiation and grafting appears to be as critical as the dose of irradiation. The temporal results with the other antigens were similar to those with skin grafts.

Long-Term Effect of Total-Body X-irradiation on the Compensatory Hypertrophy of the Rat Kidney

THE long-term effect of a single, total-body X-irradiation on the size of the kidneys in the intact mouse has been studied by Kohn, Kallman, Bordjis and De Ome1, Esnouf, Ord and Stocken2 and by Franklin3. All were agreed that the kidneys of irradiated male animals were smaller than those of the unexposed controls whereas those of the irradiated females were not appreciably different from the control values. The growth of the kidney in the adult rodent is normally slow, and it seemed of interest to determine whether a sub-lethal total-body X-irradiation had any long-term effect on the rapid renal growth induced by a unilateral nephrectomy. In the present experiment white rats of the Wistar strain were used because of their greater convenience.

The Effect of Whole-Body X-Irradiation on the Activity of Some Acid Hydrolases in Homogenates and Subcellular Fractions of Rat Spleen

Recently the effects of total-body X-irradiation on the distribution of ribonuclease (RNase) in subcellular fractions prepared from rat spleen homogenates were described (1). It was reported that: (1) in animals exposed to 700 r, RNase specific activity increased twofold, as compared to control samples, 16 hours postirradiation, and returned to the control level 64 hours postirradiation; (2) total organ RNase activity increased 54% over the control level 16 hours postirradiation; and (3) 28% of the total RNase activity appeared in the supernatant fractions of control rat spleen homogenates, but 16 and 64 hours after irradiation this figure rose to 45% and 66%, respectively. Previously, Goutier-Pirotte and Thonnard (2) had observed that, 30 minutes after administering a dose of 800 r to rats, spleen homogenates contained 73% of the total deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in the supernatant fractions, whereas the value for the control preparations was only 43%. It was suggested (1) that the results observed with RNase could be explained by an increasing in vivo breakdown of lysosomal particles (3) after X-irradiation. With this in mind, it was considered of value to investigate other acid hydrolases-which characterize liver lysosomes-in spleen to determine if they would behave like RNase and DNase in animals given whole-body X-irradiation. The enzymes investigated were p-glucuronidase (P-G), acid phosphatase (Pase), and phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPase).

Late Effects of Total-Body X-Irradiation: VI. Increased Susceptibility of Irradiated Rats to Oral Hypertonic Sodium Chloride

Chronic salt loading of female Wistar rats was produced by a gradual restriction of fluid intake to 2% NaCl. As judged by rate of loss of body weight and mean survival young mature rats were less affected than older rats, During a 2-month period of salt loading, 13 to 30% of the control rats died. Survivors of a single exposure to 1000 r of hypoxic whole-body x irradiation were tested by chronic salt loading 2 to 9 months later. Loss of weight was more rapid than in the controls, and all the rats died within 2 months. In both controls and irradiated rats on a salt loading regime, death was preceded by very high levels of serum Na, up to 200 meq/l. Although one-third of irradiated rats dying spontaneously in old age showed typical nephrosclerosis, morphologic renal disease was infrequent in both irradiated and control rats dying while on chronic salt load. (auth)

The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on Reproduction of the Female Beagle to 4 Years of Age

Female beagles exposed to either 100 r or 300 r (midline tissue dose in air) at puberty (351 plus or minus 8 days) were tested for reproductive ability by whelping two litters before 4 years of age. First litters were whelped at an average of 671 days and second litters at 1001 days of age. Conception rate compared favorably between treatments, and pup viability first and second litters from irradiated dams equaled or bettered that from controls. No differential causes of puppy mortality were discernible in the 297 litters totaling 644 pups. Secondary sex ratios were not significantly different between treatments; more males than females were whelped from irradiated dams, but more females survived to weaning age. The conclusion is that a female dog surviving total-body x irradiation at puberty will not suffer loss in fertility to 4 years of age. (auth)

The Effect of Total-Body X-Irradiation on the Thymus and the Number of Its Cells

Three criteria were used for determining the effect of whole-body x irradiation on the thymus, thymic weight, total number of thymocytes, and the number of thymocytes per milligram of tissue. It was found that two independent cell populations exist in the thymus, one radiosensitive and the other radioresistunt. The decrease in radiosensitive cells occurs more rapidly than the decrease in weight of the thyruus at low x-ray doses, and the cell density therefore also decreases. The remairing radioresistant cells seem to be larger than the radiosensitive ones. Fourteen days after irradiation, there is complete restoration of cell density after exposure to x-ray doses at which one might suppose that some radiosensitive cells remain. Restoration of thynnic weight and of total number of thymocytes, however, is not complete. When divided doses are employed 14 days apart (150 r x 2,300 r x2, and 450 r x 2), there is a smaller decrease in thymic weight and in total number of thymocytes. Cell density, however, decreases to the same extent as after the first of the split doses. It may be concluded. therefore, that repopulation during restoration originates partly from the larger radioresistant cells. (auth)

Effects of Total-Body X-Irradiation in Utero on Early Postnatal Changes in Neuron Volumetric Relationships and Packing Density in Cerebral Cortex

After exposure to a cumulative dose of 300 r of totalbody x irradiation on gestation days 10 to 14 inclusive, only small differences in neuron nuclear volume, cytoplasmic volume, soma volume, and packing density between irradiated and control series were observed between the first and twentieth posthatal days. However, marked differences were observed in cortical thickness in five different areas at all developmental stages between the control and irradiated groups. The growth curves for cortical thickness for irradiated and control groups tended to be parallel in each specific area. Brain weight was found to be significantly less in the irradiated than in the control animals, as was cortical thickness. From the available data it appears that, although the total number of cells in the cortex is greatly reduced by in utero irradiation at the dose and rate levels employed, the surviving cells tend strongly to follow normal growth patterns and establish their normal spatial integrity. (auth)

Effects of total body x-irradiation on the aldehyde-fuchsin-positive material in the neurohypophysis and in the subcommissural organ of the rat.

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica ScandinavicaVolume 50, Issue 3 p. 278-282 Effects of Total Body X-Irradiation on the Aldehyde-Fuchsin-Positive Material in the Neurohypophysis and in the Subcommissural Organ of the Rat S. Talanti, S. Talanti Department of Anatomy, Veterinary College, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorV. Viljanen, V. Viljanen Department of Anatomy, Veterinary College, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this author S. Talanti, S. Talanti Department of Anatomy, Veterinary College, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorV. Viljanen, V. Viljanen Department of Anatomy, Veterinary College, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1960 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1960.tb01194.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume50, Issue3November 1960Pages 278-282 RelatedInformation