Effect Of Temporal Structure Research Articles

Acoustic monitoring of anurans and birds in tropical biomes

AbstractPassive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is increasingly popular in ecological research, but recording and analyzing large amounts of data is still a critical bottleneck for the long‐term monitoring of multiple species. We evaluated how temporal and spatial sampling effort affects species diversity estimates using a set of 14,045 1‐min recordings from various neotropical birds and anuran communities. Our goals were to evaluate (i) the daily vocal activity cycle of birds and anurans, (ii) the effect of temporal structure (e.g., number of minutes listened each hour; continuous versus intermittent recordings) on determining the species composition, and (iii) the species–area relationship, and how the number of recorders affects species richness estimates. Based on sampling coverage and completeness, we (iv) evaluate manual inspection schedules for birds and anurans across four biomes of Brazil. We found marked diel variation in vocal activity between taxonomic groups, indicating that birds and anurans are more efficiently detected during early periods of the day and night, respectively. For proper diversity estimates, biomes with higher biodiversity required longer inspecting periods and a larger number of replicates, irrespective of taxa. Although fewer recordings per hour are less informative than full‐hour sampling, species diversity is better estimated when inspected minutes are interspersed over longer periods than inspecting minutes recorded over shorter timespans. Based on our findings, we recommend how to set PAM programs over highly diverse ecosystems.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.

Learning Naturalistic Temporal Structure in the Posterior Medial Network.

The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on preexisting event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here, we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, activity in posterior medial regions was immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact, but not scrambled, movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function in the posterior medial network.

Detecting and representing predictable structure during auditory scene analysis.

We use psychophysics and MEG to test how sensitivity to input statistics facilitates auditory-scene-analysis (ASA). Human subjects listened to 'scenes' comprised of concurrent tone-pip streams (sources). On occasional trials a new source appeared partway. Listeners were more accurate and quicker to detect source appearance in scenes comprised of temporally-regular (REG), rather than random (RAND), sources. MEG in passive listeners and those actively detecting appearance events revealed increased sustained activity in auditory and parietal cortex in REG relative to RAND scenes, emerging ~400 ms of scene-onset. Over and above this, appearance in REG scenes was associated with increased responses relative to RAND scenes. The effect of temporal structure on appearance-evoked responses was delayed when listeners were focused on the scenes relative to when listening passively, consistent with the notion that attention reduces 'surprise'. Overall, the results implicate a mechanism that tracks predictability of multiple concurrent sources to facilitate active and passive ASA.

Sound exposure changes European seabass behaviour in a large outdoor floating pen: Effects of temporal structure and a ramp-up procedure

Underwater sound from human activities may affect fish behaviour negatively and threaten the stability of fish stocks. However, some fundamental understanding is still lacking for adequate impact assessments and potential mitigation strategies. For example, little is known about the potential contribution of the temporal features of sound, the efficacy of ramp-up procedures, and the generalisability of results from indoor studies to the outdoors. Using a semi-natural set-up, we exposed European seabass in an outdoor pen to four treatments: 1) continuous sound, 2) intermittent sound with a regular repetition interval, 3) irregular repetition intervals and 4) a regular repetition interval with amplitude ‘ramp-up’. Upon sound exposure, the fish increased swimming speed and depth, and swam away from the sound source. The behavioural readouts were generally consistent with earlier indoor experiments, but the changes and recovery were more variable and were not significantly influenced by sound intermittency and interval regularity. In addition, the ‘ramp-up’ procedure elicited immediate diving response, similar to the onset of treatment without a ‘ramp-up’, but the fish did not swim away from the sound source as expected. Our findings suggest that while sound impact studies outdoors increase ecological and behavioural validity, the inherently higher variability also reduces resolution that may be counteracted by increasing sample size or looking into different individual coping styles. Our results also question the efficacy of ‘ramp-up’ in deterring marine animals, which warrants more investigation.

英語リスニング・テストにおける音声の時間構造と提示情報の様式が項目特性に与える影響

大学生652名に英語リスニング・テストを実施した。テスト内に3つの実験ブロックを設定し, 発話速度, 休止時間, 選択肢様式について操作した。原問題を加工した実験項目を8つのテスト・フォームに割り当て, フォーム間の比較のためにアンカー項目も配置した。分析には古典的テスト理論と項目反応理論 (IRT) の項目特性指標を使用した。結果として,(1) 発話速度の低下に伴い困難度 (b) は低下し, 音声持続時間を80%～140%変化させたところ, 項目通過率の平均が約7%上昇した。(2) 選択肢様式については, 文字提示の方が音声提示より困難度 (b) が低く, 平均通過率が約12%高かった。すなわち, リスニング・テスト状況下でも被験者は文字情報に依存的であった。(3) 選択肢様式の条件差で生じた被験者群間の正答率の平均差は, 能力推定値 (θ) では解消し, IRTによる等化は良好な補正機能を示した。この長所を生かし, 被験者への成績情報のフィード・バックも可能にするためのIRTと実験計画法を組み合せた新しい研究方法を提案した。

One thing follows another: Effects of temporal structure on 1- to 2-year-olds' recall of events.

Investigated whether recall of events by children under 2 years of age is similar to that of older preschoolers and adults. Experiment 1 used elicited-imitation to test 16- and 20-month-olds' immediate and delayed recall (2-week delay) of familiar and novel events. Ordered recall at immediate and delayed test was superior for familiar events and for novel events with causal relations among the elements; ordered recall of novel events lacking causal relations was significantly lower. Experiment 2 tested children's sensitivity to differences in underlying structure of novel events. Nineteen-, 25-, and 31 -month-olds organized recall around causal relations, in spite of experimental manipulations that interrupted causally connected pairs of elements. The experiments provide clear evidence that, like preschoolers and adults, children as young as 16 months include temporal order information in their representations of both familiar and novel events and that the causal structure of novel events influences their recall. Research on children's memory has amply demonstrated that when children are working in a familiar and meaningful context, they exhibit memory skills far more advanced than they do when working in an unfamiliar context stripped of meaning. This lesson provided the impetus for research on children's memory for everyday events and routines. By interviewing 3- to 8-year-old children about their participation in everyday events, Nelson and her colleagues (e.g., Nelson, 1986; Nelson & Gruendel, 1981,1986) have shown that children as young as 3 years of age recall events in a fashion similar to that of older children and adults. The apparent similarities in the structure underlying the event representations of preschoolers and adults has led to the question of whether the event representations of even younger preverbal and early verbal children are similar as well. It is this question that provides the focus for the present research.

One thing follows another: Effects of temporal structure on 1- to 2-year-olds' recall of events.

One thing follows another: Effects of temporal structure on 1- to 2-year-olds' recall of events.

Rhythm and “good endings”: Effects of temporal structure on tonality judgments

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the influence of rhythmic structure on the perception of tonal relationships marking the end of a melody. Musically sophisticated listeners were asked to rate the degree of resolution in a set of folk tunes that varied in their tonal ending and temporal accent structure. The results indicated that melodies ending on the leading tone-to-tonic progression were judged the most complete, while the least complete were those leaving a listener "hanging" by ending on the leading tone note. These ratings, however, were influenced by the temporal accent structure of a tune. The highest degree of resolution was observed for melodies that ended "on time" through an invariant pattern of temporal/melodic accents. Accent structures that led to endings occurring earlier or later than expected resulted in significantly lower resolution ratings. The present results illustrate the need to incorporate dynamic pattern influences into models of tonal perception.

Only Time Can Tell: On the Topology of Mental Space and Time

Previous articleNext article No AccessOnly Time Can Tell: On the Topology of Mental Space and TimeMari Riess JonesMari Riess Jones Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Inquiry Volume 7, Number 3Spring, 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/448115 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Amalia Arvaniti Measuring Speech Rhythm, (Nov 2021): 312–335.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108644198.013Jamie Forth, Kat Agres, Matthew Purver, Geraint A. Wiggins Entraining IDyOT: Timing in the Information Dynamics of Thinking, Frontiers in Psychology 7 (Oct 2016).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01575Steven Rings A Foreign Sound to Your Ear, Music Theory Online 19, no.44 (Dec 2013).https://doi.org/10.30535/mto.19.4.3Hasan Gürkan Tekman Effects of Accenting and Regularity on the Detection of Temporal Deviations: Does Regularity Facilitate Performance?, The Journal of General Psychology 130, no.33 (Jul 2003): 247–258.https://doi.org/10.1080/00221300309601157W. Jay Dowling, Barbara Tillman, Dan F. Ayers Memory and the Experience of Hearing Music, Music Perception 19, no.22 (Dec 2001): 249–276.https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2001.19.2.249Peter E. Keller Attentional Resource Allocation in Musical Ensemble Performance, Psychology of Music 29, no.11 (Apr 2001): 20–38.https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735601291003Neil McLachlan A Spatial Theory of Rhythmic Resolution, Leonardo Music Journal 10 (Dec 2000): 61–67.https://doi.org/10.1162/096112100570468Peter Keller Attending in Complex Musical Interactions: The Adaptive Dual Role of Meter, Australian Journal of Psychology 51, no.33 (Feb 2011): 166–175.https://doi.org/10.1080/00049539908255354W. Jay Dowling The Development of Music Perception and Cognition, (Jan 1999): 603–625.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012213564-4/50016-0Mari Riess Jones, Marilyn G. Boltz, James M. Klein Expected endings and judged duration, Memory & Cognition 21, no.55 (Sep 1993): 646–665.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197196Joyce Eastlund Gromko Perceptual Differences between Expert and Novice Music Listeners: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis, Psychology of Music 21, no.11 (Jan 1993): 34–47.https://doi.org/10.1177/030573569302100103Mari R. Jones, June J. Skelly The Role of Event Time in Attending, Time & Society 2, no.11 (Aug 2016): 107–128.https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X93002001008Marilyn Boltz Time estimation and attentional perspective, Perception & Psychophysics 49, no.55 (Sep 1991): 422–433.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212176Randall A. Lake Between myth and history: Enacting time in Native American protest rhetoric, Quarterly Journal of Speech 77, no.22 (May 1991): 123–151.https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639109383949Marilyn Boltz Some structural determinants of melody recall, Memory & Cognition 19, no.33 (May 1991): 239–251.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211148Marilyn Boltz Rhythm and “good endings”: Effects of temporal structure on tonality judgments, Perception & Psychophysics 46, no.11 (Jan 1989): 9–17.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208069Mari Riess Jones Dynamic pattern structure in music: Recent theory and research, Perception & Psychophysics 41, no.66 (Nov 1987): 621–634.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210494Mari Riess Jones, Lee Summerell, Elizabeth Marshburn Recognizing Melodies: A Dynamic Interpretation, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no.11 (Jan 2018): 89–121.https://doi.org/10.1080/02724988743000051Diana Deutsch Recognition of durations embedded in temporal patterns, Perception & Psychophysics 39, no.33 (May 1986): 179–186.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212489Peter J. Essens Hierarchical organization of temporal patterns, Perception & Psychophysics 40, no.22 (Mar 1986): 69–73.https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208185 References, (Jan 1986): 240–252.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-057068-6.50016-3Mari Riess Jones Structural Organization of Events in Time, (Jan 1985): 192–214.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70491-8_13

On Intemperance in its Medical and Social Aspects

Abstract The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function in the posterior medial network.