Effect Of Substrate Temperature Research Articles

Mechanical Analysis of Parameter Variations in Large-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Thermoplastic Composites

Large structural parts manufactured by Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (EAM) are limited by strong anisotropy due to insufficient bond formation and reduced molecular entanglement along the layer interface. To understand the correlation between process and material parameters and to enable digital modeling of EAM, the effect of different substrate temperatures and layer heights on tensile strength was investigated. A simple testing methodology for pelletized carbon fiber-filled polyamide 6 was developed. Tensile tests were performed in a full factorial Design of Experiments (DoE) to determine the tensile properties. For bulk simulation, the nominal strength and modulus were also determined based on contact width obtained by optical microscopy. The results demonstrated high anisotropy, with the maximum transverse tensile strength reaching only 27% of the corresponding longitudinal results and the transverse tensile modulus reaching only 20% of its longitudinal value. The effects of varying layer height were less significant than varying substrate temperature. The results support the hypothesis that sufficient transverse tensile strength is achieved between the extrapolated crystallization onset and melt temperature. The methodology of this study can be used as a benchmark method to qualify new thermoplastic polymers for EAM processes and to determine optimal process parameters for improved fusion bonding.

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Morphological, Structural, and Optical Properties of Doped Layer on SiO2-on-Silicon and Si3N4-on-Silicon Substrate.

A high concentration of Er3+ without clustering issues is essential in an Er-doped waveguide amplifier as it is needed to produce a high gain and low noise signal. Ultrafast laser plasma doping is a technique that facilitates the blending of femtosecond laser-produced plasma from an Er-doped TeO2 glass with a substrate to form a high Er3+ concentration layer. The influence of substrate temperature on the morphological, structural, and optical properties was studied and reported in this paper. Analysis of the doped substrates using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that temperatures up to approximately 400 °C are insufficient for the incoming plasma plume to modify the strong covalent bonds of silica (SiO2), and the doping process could not take place. The higher temperature used caused the materials from Er-doped tellurite glass to diffuse deeper (except Te with smaller concentration) into silica, which created a thicker film. SEM images showed that Er-doped tellurite glass was successfully diffused in the Si3N4. However, the doping was not as homogeneous as in silica.

Effects of substrate, temperature, salinity, size and transportation on burrowing capacity of juvenile undulated surf clamPaphia undulata

The undulated surf clam, Paphia undulata, is cultured and commercially harvested in southern China, providing a source of food and income. This study evaluated the effects of substrate physical properties, temperature, salinity, size and transportation (exposure time and temperature) on the burrowing capacity of juvenile P. undulata to establish suitable conditions for aquaculture purposes. The percentage of burrowing clams and digging index significantly increased with increased substrate water contents, and the highest percentage of burrowing (97.5%) was recorded in mud substrate with 40% water content. However, digging index decreased significantly with increasing substrate sand contents, and the highest and lowest mean index was recorded in substrates with sand contents 0%–20% and 100% respectively. The clams exhibited faster and higher percentage of burrowing at temperatures 20 and 30°C as opposed to 10 and 34°C. The percentage of burrowing was high at salinity levels 20–40 psu compared with 15 psu. In terms of size, percentage of burrowing followed the order 3 < 5 mm < 10 mm < 15 mm < 20 mm, while burrowing time followed the order 20 mm < 15 mm < 10 mm < 5 mm < 3 mm. Clams exposed to air at 24°C for 1.5 h had the highest percentage of burrowing. In conclusion, mud substrate with ≥40% water content at temperature (20–30°C) and salinity (20–40 psu) was appropriate for P. undulata burrowing and may be appropriate for its culture. Moreover, the suitable transportation condition was <24 h at 24 and 28°C. These findings are useful for P. undulata aquaculture.

Ag Surface and Bulk Segregations in Sputtered ZrCuAlNi Metallic Glass Thin Films.

We report on the formation of Ag-containing ZrCuAlNi thin film metallic glass (nano)composites by a hybrid direct-current magnetron sputtering and high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering process. The effects of Ag content, substrate temperature and substrate bias potential on the phase formation and morphology of the nanocomposites were investigated. While applying a substrate bias potential did not strongly affect the morphological evolution of the films, the Ag content dictated the size and distribution of Ag surface segregations. The films deposited at low temperatures were characterized by strong surface segregations, formed by coalescence and Ostwald ripening, while the volume of the films remained featureless. At higher deposition temperature, elongated Ag segregations were observed in the bulk and a continuous Ag layer was formed at the surface as a result of thermally enhanced surface diffusion. While microstructural observations have allowed identifying both surface and bulk segregations, an indirect method for detecting the presence of Ag segregations is proposed, by measuring the electrical resistivity of the films.

Effect of substrate temperature on sputter-deposited boron carbide films

Sputter deposition of B4C films with tailored physical properties remains a challenge. Here, we systematically study how substrate temperature influences the properties of B4C films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering onto planar substrates held at temperatures in the range of 100−510°C. Results show that all films are amorphous stoichiometric B4C, with low O content of ∼1 at. %. Films deposited onto substrates at 100°C exhibit high compressive residual stress and decreased mechanical properties. For elevated substrate temperatures in the range of 180−510°C, film mass density, surface roughness, Young’s modulus, and hardness are weakly dependent on substrate temperature. However, in this temperature range, an increase in substrate temperature leads to larger residual compressive stress accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the concentration of nanoscale inhomogeneities. At least for the landing atom ballistics conditions studied here, a substrate temperature range of ∼185−250°C is optimum for growing films with near-zero intrinsic residual stress. The overall weak substrate temperature dependence of film properties revealed in this work is favorable for the development of a robust deposition process, particularly for the case of deposition onto non-planar substrates where temperature control is often challenging.

Investigation of substrate temperature effect on physical properties of sprayed Cu2MgSnS4 thin films for solar cells and humidity sensing applications

Investigation of substrate temperature effect on physical properties of sprayed Cu2MgSnS4 thin films for solar cells and humidity sensing applications

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of Sprayed Tin Selenide Thin Films Applicable for Photovoltaic Measurements

Thin films of Tin selenide (SnSe) have been prepared on glass substrates at different temperatures in the range of 250 °C–375 °C in steps of 25 °C for optimization were discussed. The deposited tin selenide thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Elemental dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Optical absorption, Photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. From XRD analysis a single-phase tin selenide thin film having orthorhombic crystalline structure with crystallite size of 17 nm to 62 nm were investigated. The surface morphology revealed the presence of uniformly distributed spherical grains of SnSe thin films without pores and voids. Optical absorption spectrum revealed a direct band gap of 1.15 eV and having very high absorption coefficient (˃104/cm) was calculated. The Raman scattering analysis confirmed the presence of B3g and Ag vibrational modes of SnSe thin films. PL studies revealed a strong luminescence peak near-band-edge (NBE) emission at 785 nm due to recombination of bound excitons. Photoconductivity characteristics of SnSe thin films were due to the existence of continuous distribution of localized states in the band gap data. Thus tin selenide thin films were used as an absorber layer in the photovoltaic application.

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of Radio‐Frequency Magnetron‐Sputtered Ce0.97Co0.03O2 Thin Films

Single‐phase Ce0.97Co0.03O2 films are successfully deposited on Si(100) by radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering. The effects of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of Ce0.97Co0.03O2 films are investigated. X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) and Raman spectra confirm the formation of the pure CeO2 phase with highly (111) preferred orientation for all films. The crystallite size increases with increasing substrate temperature. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of Ce0.97Co0.03O2 films exhibit dense and uniform microstructures with grain sizes of ≈18, 28, and 35 nm for substrate temperatures of 30, 500, and 700 °C, respectively. The surface roughness is increased from 1.49 to 6.72 nm with increase in substrate temperature. Emission at centers of 335, 350, 375, and 392 nm is observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Emission peaks of all films with different substrate temperatures have similar shapes and different intensities. Optical characteristics are studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the UV−NIR region. The optical constants (n and k) are determined by analyzing the SE spectra. The results show that with increase in substrate temperature, the values of n and k increase, while the value of E g decreases. The obtained results can serve as a database for the optical properties of Ce0.97Co0.03O2 films.

The effects of substrate temperature on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Cr1-xTe epitaxial films

Cr1-xTe epitaxial films have been grown on SrTiO3 (111) single-crystal substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. The effects of substrate temperature on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the Cr1-xTe films are studied. As the substrate temperature increases, the Cr content increases, which results in the increase in the Curie temperature and in-plane magnetization and decrease in the out-of-plane magnetization and coercive field as well as significant changes in magnetoresistance and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the Cr1-xTe films. All Cr1-xTe films show metal-to-semiconductor-like transitions which are coupled with paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transitions whose temperatures depend on the Cr concentration x. Upon the application of magnetic fields, all samples show negative magnetoresistance effect which is strongest near the transitions and can be understood within the framework of electronic phase separation. These results demonstrate that the substrate temperature have significant effects on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Cr1-xTe films and should be carefully controlled in order to obtain desired electronic and magnetic properties.

Effect of substrate temperature on the structural, static and dynamic magnetic properties of FeSi/MgO(001) films

FeSi films with different substrate temperature (T s) were deposited on MgO(001) substrates by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering. During the change of crystal structure from the amorphous to the epitaxial state, the magnetic anisotropy changed in three stages: dominant uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (T s < 400 °C), enhanced cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy (400 °C ⩽ T s⩽ 600 °C) and weak cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy (T s = 700 °C and 800 °C). In addition, the resonance frequency ƒ r first decreased and then reached its maximum value before finally disappearing due to the large coercivity field. These results demonstrate the correlation between the structure and static and dynamic magnetic properties of FeSi films, and provide an effective method for preparing soft films with deterministic uniaxial or cubic magnetic anisotropy for practical applications.

Effects of substrate temperature on the structure and luminescence of transparent red-emitting Eu-doped Y2O3 thin films

Effects of substrate temperature on the structure and luminescence of transparent red-emitting Eu-doped Y2O3 thin films

Hydrogen Production from Biomass and Organic Waste Using Dark Fermentation: An Analysis of Literature Data on the Effect of Operating Parameters on Process Performance

In the context of hydrogen production from biomass or organic waste with dark fermentation, this study analysed 55 studies (339 experiments) in the literature looking for the effect of operating parameters on the process performance of dark fermentation. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and residence time on hydrogen yield, productivity, and content in the biogas was analysed. In addition, a linear regression model was developed to also account for the effect of nature and pretreatment of the substrate, inhibition of methanogenesis, and continuous or batch operating mode. The analysis showed that the hydrogen yield was mainly affected by pH and residence time, with the highest yields obtained for low pH and short residence time. High hydrogen productivity was favoured by high feed concentration, short residence time, and low pH. More modest was the effect on the hydrogen content. The mean values of hydrogen yield, productivity, and content were, respectively, 6.49% COD COD−1, 135 mg L−1 d−1, 51% v/v, while 10% of the considered experiments obtained yield, productivity, and content of or higher than 15.55% COD COD−1, 305.16 mg L−1 d−1, 64% v/v. Overall, this study provides insight into how to select the optimum operating conditions to obtain the desired hydrogen production.

Effects of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Substrate Temperature on the Structure and Morphology of Sc and Y Co-Doped ZrO2 Solid Electrolyte Thin Films Prepared via Pulsed Laser Deposition.

Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) co-doped ZrO2 (ScYSZ) thin films were prepared on a SiO2-Si substrate via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. In order to obtain good quality thin films with the desired microstructure, various oxygen partial pressures ( from 0.01 Pa to 10 Pa and substrate temperatures (Ts) from 25 °C to 800 °C were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns results showed that amorphous ScYSZ thin films were formed at room substrate temperature while cubic polycrystalline thin films were obtained at higher substrate temperatures (Ts = 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C). Raman spectra revealed a distinct Raman shift at around 600 cm−1 supporting a cubic phase. However, a transition from cubic to tetragonal phase can be observed with increasing oxygen partial pressure. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) spectra suggested supporting analysis that more oxygen vacancies in the lattice can be observed for samples deposited at lower oxygen partial pressures resulting in a cubic structure with higher dopant cation binding energies as compared to the tetragonal structure observed at higher oxygen partial pressure. On the other hand, dense morphologies can be obtained at lower (0.01 Pa and 0.1 Pa) while more porous morphologies can be obtained at higher (1.0 Pa and 10 Pa).

Influence of Substrate Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of Co-Evaporated Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SnS&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/ITO Thin Films

In this study report the structural and optical properties of Copper Tin Sulfide (Cu2SnS3) thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using co-evaporation technique. High purity of copper, tin and sulfur were taken as source materials to deposit Cu2SnS3 (CTS) thin films at different substrate temperatures (200-350 °C). Further, the effect of different substrate temperature on the crystallographic, morphological and optical properties of CTS thin films was investigated. The deposited CTS thin films shows tetragonal phase with preferential orientation along (112) plane confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Micro-Raman studies reveled the formation of CTS thin films. The surface morphology, average grain size and rms values of the deposited films are examined by Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) shows the presence of copper, tin and sulfur with a nearly stoichiometric ratio. The optical band gap (1.76-1.63 eV) and absorption coefficient (~105 cm-1) of the films was calculated by using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The values of refractive index, extinction coefficient and permittivity of the deposited films were calculated from the optical transmittance data.

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Spray Deposited Zinc Sulphide Thin Films

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Spray Deposited Zinc Sulphide Thin Films

Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Optoelectronic Properties of Dc Magnetron Sputtered Copper Oxide Films

Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Optoelectronic Properties of Dc Magnetron Sputtered Copper Oxide Films

Functional properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) viscera protein hydrolysates

This study analyzes the effect of degree of hydrolysis (DH) and pH of protein hydrolysates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) viscera on their functional properties such as solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties. Additionally, the enzymatic hydrolysis of rainbow trout viscera with Alcalase® 2.4L was optimized. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to assess the effect of substrate concentration (S), enzyme concentration (E), temperature (T), fat concentration (F), and agitation speed (v) on DH. The study found that the highest DH of 20.48 ± 1.07% was attained under the optimum conditions, including S of 54.5 g of protein/L, E of 0.72 UA/g protein, F of 5.09% (w/w), v of 102 rpm, pH 8.5 and T of 60 °C, during a reaction time of 6 h. The results show that the functionalities of the hydrolysates were affected by both DH and pH. The hydrolysate with DH 20% at pH 7 exhibited the highest solubility. The emulsifying and foaming properties of hydrolysates reached their highest values at DH 5%. Concerning the effect of pH, the study found that all functional properties at different DHs had the lowest values at pH 4.0. Therefore, the study results suggest that protein hydrolysates of rainbow trout viscera could have potential uses as functional ingredients in food.

Optimization Studies in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Wheat Bran Flour into Ethanol

The effects of process variables in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of wheat bran flour were studied in bulk fermentation using a coculture of Aspergillus niger - Kluveromyces marxianus. The effect of substrate density, pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration on wheat bran was predicted by designing experiments in which a single parameter is varied keeping other variables at a constant level. The above parameters were optimized for a batch culture in a fermentor. Optimal values for substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration during processing were 200 g/l, 5.5, 65°C, and 7.5 IU, respectively. In pre-treatment experiments, the concentration of enzymes and the pre-treatment temperature are highly correlated. The influence of pH, temperature, and substrate density on ethanol production was investigated. Temperature pH was determined as optimal, 32°C and 5.5, respectively. After 48 hours of fermentation at optimum pH, a solution of wheat bran containing a maximum of 6% starch produces a maximum of 22.9 g/l ethanol.

Effect of metal substrate temperature on the determination of trace metal elements in water by combined LIBS with electro-deposition

The present study has attempted to improve the detection sensitivity of electro-deposition assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by raising the metal substrate temperature.

Effect of growth parameters on defect structure and optical properties of ultrathin SnO2 films

Tin oxide films with thicknesses in the range from 5 to 110 nm have been deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering of Sn in Ar + O plasma at a low working pressure of 1.0× 10 −3 Torr on glass substrates at different temperatures (150–400 °C). The effect of deposition time, substrate temperature, and oxygen partial pressure on surface morphology , crystallographic structure, optical properties, and photoluminescence characteristics of SnO 2 films has been studied and correlated with their defect structure . The structural transformation from nanocrystalline to polycrystalline of thicker films >40 nm and films were grown at higher temperature is explained based on adatom mobility and uniform substrate coverage. Based on photoluminescence characteristics and transmittance spectra, the 20 nm thick film exhibits the least defect structure and best electronic and optical behaviors. • Ultrathin SnO 2 films (5–20 nm) are successfully grown by DC reactive sputtering. • Effect of scaling down film thickness (down to 5 nm) on physical properties. • Correlation between defect structure and optical properties. • Thinner films are much smoother than the thicker films. • Low structural defect concentration found in 10–40 nm films.