Effect Of Sodium Benzoate Research Articles

Effect of sodium benzoate on the growth and enzyme activity of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum in Zobo drink during storage at 30 ± 2°C

The effect of different concentrations of sodium benzoate on the growth and enzyme elaboration potentials of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum in zobo drink packaged in glass bottles were investigated. All the tested concentrations of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.075% (w/v) caused decreases in the counts of A. niger and P. citrinum at 30 ± 2°C. Concentration of 0.05% (w/v) of the preservative hurdle showed complete inhibition of A. niger in the 4th week whereas the same effect was observed in the 5th week on P. citrinum. Enzyme activity in the control experiments was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of treated and fresh Zobo samples.

Effect of sodium benzoate on the growth and enzyme activity of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum in Zobo drink during storage at 30 ± 2°C

The effect of different concentrations of sodium benzoate on the growth and enzyme elaboration potentials of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum in zobo drink packaged in glass bottles were investigated. All the tested concentrations of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.075% (w/v) caused decreases in the counts of A. niger and P. citrinum at 30 ± 2°C. Concentration of 0.05% (w/v) of the preservative hurdle showed complete inhibition of A. niger in the 4th week whereas the same effect was observed in the 5th week on P. citrinum. Enzyme activity in the control experiments was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of treated and fresh Zobo samples.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants, formic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of wilted grass silage

The efficiency of a novel strain of lactic acid bacteria inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076, E76) on the fermentation quality of wilted silage was studied. Furthermore, the possibility to improve aerobic stability of silages by combining an inoculant and chemical preservatives was investigated. Two experiments were conducted with wilted timothy-meadow fescue herbage (dry matter 429 and 344 g kg-1) using six treatments. In experiment I, E76 (106 cfu g-1 fresh matter (FM)) was applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (0.3 g kg-1 grass FM) or low rate of formic acid (0.4 l t-1 FM). In experiment II, E76 and a commercial inoculant were applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate. Untreated silage and formic acid (4 l t-1 FM) treated silage served as negative and positive controls in both experiments. The effect of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in experiment I, on aerobic stability was tested by treating silages prior to aerobic stability measurements. The novel lactic acid bacteria inoculant was equally effective in improving fermentation quality as the commercial inoculant. However, the aerobic stability of both inoculated silages was poorer than that of formic acid treated or the untreated one in one of the experiments. The results suggested that antimicrobial properties of E76 were not effective enough to improve aerobic instability. One option to overcome this problem is to use chemical additives in combination with the inoculants.;

The effect of sodium benzoate and sodium 4-(phenylamino)benzenesulfonate on the corrosion behavior of low carbon steel

The effect of sodium benzoate (SB) and sodium 4-(phenylamino)benzenesulfonate (SPABS) on the corrosion behavior of low carbon steel has been investigated using gravimetric method in the temperature range of 30–80 °C, velocity range of 1.44–2.02 m s−1 and concentration range of 6.94 × 10−4 to 4.16 × 10−3 mol dm−3 SB and 3.69 × 10−4 to 2.06 × 10−3 mol dm−3 SPABS. Optimization of temperature, fluid velocity, and inhibitors concentration has been made. The obtained results indicate that the inhibition efficiency (w IE %) at 1.56 m s−1 is not in excess of 81.5% at 4.16 × 10−3 mol dm−3 SB and 84.4% at 2.06 × 10−3 mol dm−3 SPABS. The inhibitive performance of these compounds showed an improvement with increasing concentration up to critical values of SB and SPABS; beyond these concentrations no further effectiveness is observed. These inhibitors retard the anodic dissolution of low carbon steel by protective layer bonding on the metal surface. The adsorption of SB and SPABS on the low carbon steel surface was found to obey the Freundlich isotherm model. The FT-IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the surface adsorbed film. Low carbon steel corrosion in presence of sodium benzoate and sodium 4-(phenylamino)benzenesulfonate has been investigated. The adsorption mechanism obeyed Freundlich isotherm model. FT-IR was used to analyze the adsorbed film

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes Growth in Cured Ready-to-Eat Meat Products by Use of Sodium Benzoate and Sodium Diacetate

The effect of sodium benzoate (0.08 to 0.25%) in combination with different concentrations of sodium diacetate (0.05 to 0.15%) and NaCl (0.8 to 2%) and different finished product moisture (55 to 75%) on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products was evaluated using a central composite design over 18 weeks of storage at 4°C. The effects of these factors on time to growth were analyzed using a time-to-failure regression method. All main effects were significant except product moisture, which was significant when included in the two- and three-way interactions (P < 0.05). Sodium benzoate was more effective (lengthening time to growth) when used with increasing concentrations of sodium diacetate and salt and decreasing finished product moisture. The model indicated that low-moisture products, e.g., bologna or wieners, could have time-to-growth values longer than 18 weeks if they were formulated with 0.1% sodium benzoate and 0.1% sodium diacetate. Time to growth in high-moisture products, e.g., ham or cured turkey breast at 75% moisture, was predicted to be much shorter for the same basic formulation (0.1% sodium benzoate and 0.1% sodium diacetate). Consequently, high-moisture ready-to-eat products in which sodium benzoate is limited to 0.1% (current standard for generally recognized as safe) may need additional ingredients to effectively inhibit growth of L. monocytogenes.

Hypothesis: proposals for the management of a neonate at risk of hyperammonaemia due to a urea cycle disorder

It is difficult to prevent hyperammonaemia in patients with urea cycle disorders that present in the newborn period. This is true, even if treatment is started prospectively because of an affected relative. We propose several additional measures that could be used in conjunction with conventional therapy to improve the metabolic control. Catabolism could be reduced by delivering the babies by elective caesarean section, by starting intravenous glucose immediately after delivery and, possibly, by using beta-blockers or octreotide and insulin. The effectiveness of sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate might be increased by giving phenobarbital to the mother before delivery and subsequently to the baby to induce the enzymes for conjugation. We would expect the proposed measures to reduce the risk of hyperammonaemia and to improve the outcome for these patients. They have not, however, previously been used in this context, so families would need to be counselled carefully and controlled studies should be undertaken.

In vivo effects of sodium benzoate on plasma aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase of wistar albino rats

The in vivo effects of varying concentrations of sodium benzoate (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight) administered by gavage to male albino wistar rats (100 g average weight) over a 14-day period on the plasma levels of aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were investigated. Thirty-six (36) male wistar albino rats (average weight of 100 g) were divided into four groups and housed in well-kept cages at the animal house. The rats were fed ad libitum on normal diets while the sodium benzoate solutions in water were given orally at 2-day intervals for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from sacrificed animals at zero, 2-, 6- and 14-day and levels of plasma enzymes determined by standard methods. The results revealed that for aspartate amino transferase (AST), at 30 mg/kg, enzyme activity (IU/l) increased progressively from 27.33 ± 1.04 on the zero-day to 36.83 ± 1.25 on the 14th day; at 60 mg/kg, the increase was to 38.50 + 0.50 on the 14th day, while the enzyme level increased to 36.40 ± 0.96 on the 14th day at 120 mg/kg of sodium benzoate. The increases were significant (p<0.05) relative to the control. For alkaline phosphatase (ALP), enzyme activity (IU/l) at 30 mg/kg increased from 114.83 ± 0.76 on the zero-day to 130.33 ± 1.04 on the 14th day; at 60 mg/kg, the increase was to 130.16 ± 0.76 on the 14th day, with an increase to 130.00 ± 0.40 noted on the 14thday at 120 mg/kg sodium benzoate. The increase observed for ALP were significant (p<0.05). The findings suggest that short-term administration of sodium benzoate produce notable increases in serum levels of the two enzymes investigated. Key words: Sodium benzoate, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase.

Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Change of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Methyl Hippuric Acid among Workers Coexposed to Toluene and Xylene

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effect of drink containing sodium benzoate on the change of urinary hippuric acid (UHA) and methyl hippuric acid (UMHA) excretion among workers coexposed to low toluene and xylene. Methods: Study subjects were 55 male shipbuilders who were divided into 3 groups; nonexposed group (n=10, who were not exposed to organic solvent and had drunk sodium benzoate), exposed A group (n=24, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had drunk sodium benzoate), and exposed B group (n=21, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had not drunk sodium benzoate). The study methodology consisted of questionnaire survey, urinary analysis for metabolites of toluene and xylene before and after drinking with or without sodium benzoate, and personal air sampling of toluene and xylene. Results: Before drinking, there was no significant difference in UHA or UMHA between the exposed A and B groups. After 1.5 hour of drinking, UHA of the exposed A group was significantly higher than that of the exposed B group. After 3 hours, however, UHA of the exposed A group was decreased to the level of the exposed B group, regardless of the ambient toluene level. UMHA exhibited no significant difference between the exposed A and B groups regardless of time and ambient toluene level. The regression model showed that drinking of sodium benzoate was positively correlated with UHA after 1.5 hours of drinking, but not after 3 hours. In addition, sodium benzoate didn’t affect UMHA. Conclusions: This study showed that sodium benzoate initially increased UHA temporally but that its effect disappeared after 3 hours. In the medical examination of toluene exposure workers, the ingestion of drink containing sodium benzoate should be forbidden during the 3 hours prior to urinary sampling.

Vibrational and microbiological study on alkaline metal picolinates and o-iodobenzoates

FT-IR and Raman experimental data were assigned to appropriate bond vibrations and used to compare the different electronic charge distributions in the aromatic rings and carboxylic anions of various lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium o-iodobenzoates and picolinates. Then principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to attempt to distinguish the biological activities of these compounds according to selected band wavenumbers. The growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala under optimal growth conditions were measured after 24 hours of incubation by the classical plate method. The influence of the picolinates and o-iodobenzoates on the growth of these microorganisms, again after 24 hours of incubation, was also measured and compared to the effect of sodium benzoate, which was used as a reference material. In general, the o-iodobenzoates exhibited more activity against the microorganisms than the picolinates. A statistically significant linear correlation between the spectral data and the degree of influence of a given compound on microorganism growth was established. The correlation coefficients for the o-iodobenzoates were 0.696, -0.628, 0.693 and 0.755 for E. coli, B. subtilis, H. anomala and S. cerevisiae, respectively, and for the picolinates they were 0.818, 0.826, 0.821 and 0.877 for E. coli, B. subtilis, H. anomala and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is shown to be a rapid and reliable analytical tool for preliminary estimation of the antimicrobial properties of newly synthesized compounds, that can be applied before microbial performance tests.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; effects of sodium benzoate on the activities of aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and alkaline phosphatase from human erythrocytes of different genotypes

The in vitro effects of varying concentrations sodium benzoate on the activities of aspartate (E.C. 2.6.1.1) and alanine (E.C. 2.6.1.2) aminotransferases (AST and ALT, respectively) and alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1; abbreviated as ALP) from human erythrocytes of different genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) were investigated. The enzyme activities were measured in the absence and presence of five concentrations (from 0.03 to 0.21 %) of sodium benzoate using erythrocyte preparations from the three genotypes. The results showed significant (p Key words: sodium benzoate, aminotransferases, erythrocytes, phosphatase Biokemistri Vol.17(1) 2005: 33-38

Non-toxic alternative compounds for marine antifouling paints

In order to search for alternative non-pollutant substances as antifouling compounds, the effects of sodium benzoate and different tannins (from chestnut, mimosa and quebracho) were studied. Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Balanidae) nauplii were used in the laboratory for the bioassays. The results showed that both benzoates and tannins have a narcotic effect on these larvae, this effect was faster as the concentration of these compounds was increased. Larvae rapidly recovered when they were transferred to fresh, non-toxic, artificial sea water. Field trials in Mar del Plata harbor confirmed that soluble matrix paints, formulated with sodium benzoate or tannins as antifouling agents, were successful in preventing barnacle attachment. These results indicate the potential bioactivity of these compounds on fouling organisms.

Effect of sodium benzoate on blood ammonia response to oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotic patients: a note of caution

OBJECTIVE: The administration of sodium benzoate provides an alternative pathway for the disposal of waste nitrogen and this substance has been used to treat patients with urea cycle defects and more recently cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy. The aim of the study was to assess the ammonia-lowering effect of benzoate in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS: Glutamine challenge, a method to induce an increase of blood ammonia, was performed in six cirrhotics before and after 5 days of benzoate treatment (10 g/day). Number Connection Test and Posner’s Attention Test were also performed before and after benzoate treatment. RESULTS: Blood ammonia increased after the glutamine load both before (from 66 ± 12 μg/dl to 123 ± 34 μg/dl and 179 ± 53 μg/dl after 30 and 60 min, respectively; ANOVA p = 0.0004) and after benzoate treatment (from 102 ± 27 μg/dl to 185 ± 49 μg/dl and 250 ± 39 μg/dl after 30 and 60 min, respectively; ANOVA p = 0.00001). However, after benzoate treatment, the basal values (102 ± 27 vs 66 ± 12 μg/dl; p = 0.01) and peak increments of ammonia (166 ± 56 μg/dl vs 102 ± 40 μg/dl; p = 0.04) were significantly higher than before. The Number Connection test and the Posner’s test were not altered by benzoate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Benzoate increased both the basal and postglutamine ammonia levels. These results confirm what has already been observed in experimental animals and suggest a note of caution in the use of sodium benzoate in cirrhotic patients.

Effect of sodium benzoate on blood ammonia response to oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotic patients: a note of caution.

The administration of sodium benzoate provides an alternative pathway for the disposal of waste nitrogen and this substance has been used to treat patients with urea cycle defects and more recently cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy. The aim of the study was to assess the ammonia-lowering effect of benzoate in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy. Glutamine challenge, a method to induce an increase of blood ammonia, was performed in six cirrhotics before and after 5 days of benzoate treatment (10 microg/day). Number Connection Test and Posner's Attention Test were also performed before and after benzoate treatment. Blood ammonia increased after the glutamine load both before (from 66 +/- 12 microg/dl to 123 +/- 34 microg/dl and 179 +/- 53 microg/dl after 30 and 60 min, respectively; ANOVA p = 0.0004) and after benzoate treatment (from 102 +/- 27 microg/dl to 185 +/- 49 microg/dl and 250 +/- 39 microg/dl after 30 and 60 min, respectively; ANOVA p = 0.00001). However, after benzoate treatment, the basal values (102 +/- 27 vs 66 +/- 12 microg/dl; p = 0.01) and peak increments of ammonia (166 +/- 56 microg/dl vs 102 +/- 40 microg/dl; p = 0.04) were significantly higher than before. The Number Connection test and the Posner's test were not altered by benzoate treatment. Benzoate increased both the basal and post-glutamine ammonia levels. These results confirm what has already been observed in experimental animals and suggest a note of caution in the use of sodium benzoate in cirrhotic patients.

Effect of sodium benzoate and nitrobenzoate on oxide and adsorptive passivation of iron in acetate solution

It is shown by voltammetric and impedance measurements that hexamethylene imine benzoate and sodium nitrobenzoate cause the adsorptive passivation of iron and inhibit its oxide passivation in the acetate solution. In this case, oxygen inhibits the adsorptive passivation and promotes the oxide passivation.

Effects of sodium benzoate on the complications of 1.5% glycine solution using two different intravesical pressures in TURP operations: an experimental study

European Society of Anaesthesiologists; 8th Annual Meeting with the Austrian International Congress; Vienna, Austria, 1-4 April 2000

Sensitization of thermally injured spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus to sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate

The effects of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate added to the recovery medium, at different pH values (6·5, 6·0 and 5·0), on the recovery rates and heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 12980, 7953, 15951 and 15952) were investigated. Heated spores of strains 12980 and 7953 were inhibited by sorbate concentrations over 0·05%. Potassium sorbate at concentrations as low as 0·025%, and sodium benzoate at 0·1%, were very effective inhibitory agents for heat-damaged spores. Their effectiveness always increased at pH 5·0, at which no growth occurred, with sodium benzoate for strains 7953, 15951 and 15952, and with potassium sorbate for strains 15951 and 15952. Decimal reduction times, whenever recovery was possible, were not significantly (P > 0·05) affected. None of these compounds modified the z-values obtained for the spores of the four strains, which had a mean value of 7·53 ± 0·28.

Additive effect of sodium benzoate and lactulose in experimental hyperammonemia

Additive effect of sodium benzoate and lactulose in experimental hyperammonemia

Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of sodium benzoate and dichlorobenzyl alcohol against dental plaque microorganisms. An in vitro study.

Evaluation of antimicrobial agents is based on in vivo and in vitro studies. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sodium benzoate and dichlorobenzyl alcohol to 115 strains of plaque microorganisms were determined by a broth-dilution method. Sodium benzoate did not inhibit growth of any gram-positive cocci (MIC > 106,590 microM). MICs for Porphyromonas gingivalis and two strains of Treponema socranskii were 26,650 microM. The MIC of dichlorobenzyl alcohol to the reference strain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was 723 microM and to P. gingivalis, two strains of T. socranskii, and Candida albicans 1,446 microM. MICs for other organisms were 2,892 to 5,784 microM. Saliva samples from 10 volunteers, collected at various times after toothbrushing with a dentifrice containing 10% sodium benzoate and 0.3% dichlorobenzyl alcohol, were analyzed gas-chromatographically. Immediately after toothbrushing mean levels of sodium benzoate and dichlorobenzyl alcohol were 372,626 microM and 7,529 microM, respectively. After 5 min mean levels were 38,700 microM and 734 microM. In conclusion, the concentrations of both antimicrobials dropped rapidly during the first 30 min, but for 5-10 min they were high enough to inhibit growth of potential periodontal pathogens.

Plasma and urinary levels of carnitine in different experimental models of hyperammonemia and the effect of sodium benzoate treatment

The effect of hyperammonemia on plasma and urinary levels of carnitine was studied in different groups of +/Y (normal) and spf/Y (chronically hyperammonemic) mice. Experimental models of acute and subacute hyperammonemia were prepared in +/Y and spf/Y mice by the use of ammonium acetate ip injections and arginine-free diets, respectively. In acute hyperammonemia, the plasma levels of both free and acylcarnitines increased significantly whereas acyl/free carnitine ratio was decreased, indicating a mobilization of carnitine from the storage sites. The subacute hyperammonemia model showed the same tendency in respect of plasma and urinary carnitines; however, the values in plasma were more significantly different. The effect of sodium benzoate on plasma carnitine levels, during both an acute and a prolonged treatment, consisted in a significant lowering of free carnitine and a significant increase in the acyl/free carnitine ratio, in both +/Y normal and spf/Y mouse models. The changes in the urinary profile, on benzoate treatments, were not significant. These results demonstrate the individual effects of hyperammonemia and benzoate therapy on carnitine metabolism, which may be helpful in understanding and ameliorating the therapeutic approach to hereditary hyperammonemias.

Methylsuccinate and Mesaconate in Urine of Patients Treated with Sodium Benzoate

Two unusual peaks were found on gas chromatography of urine from four hyperammonemic patients treated with sodium benzoate. These peaks were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analyses as methylsuccinate and mesaconate. Of the two unusual substances, methylsuccinate was found to be a contaminant of sodium benzoate administered for the treatment of hyperammonemia. However, mesaconate was not a contaminant of sodium benzoate, though it could be detected in all urine samples from hyperammonemic patients treated with sodium benzoate. Mesaconate can be produced from methylsuccinate in vivo. Considering that mesaconate is an inhibitor of fumarase, the toxic effects of sodium benzoate may be attributable to the mesaconate. It is recommended that methylsuccinate-free sodium benzoate should be used for the treatment of hyperammonemia.