Side Effects In Group Research Articles

Color Tuning of Novel Indenopyrazine Core Emitter System by Using Side Group Effect

A new core material, indenopyrazine, was substituted with diphenylamine groups on the locations 2 and 8, to synthesize new green emitting material, DPA-SPY, for OLED, of which emission wavelength was changed by adjusting the dipole property and the conjugation length. And, DPA-SPY was used as an emitting material layer when non-doped devices were fabricated, and the features were checked: DPA-SPY showed a sharp green spectrum, as with the EL maximum wavelength of 500 nm, narrow FWHM of 49 nm, CIE coordinates of (0.288, 0.538), and luminous efficiency of 0.99 cd/A at the current density of 10 mA/cm2.

Comparison of the therapeutic effects of pleural perfusion of NDP and cDDP in NSCLC patients with malignant pleural effusion

To compare the therapeutic effects of pleural perfusion of NDP and cDDP in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with malignant pleural effusion, their quality of life and toxic side effects. Sixty-eight NSCLC patients with malignant pleural effusion after chest drainage were randomly divided into two groups according to the pathological types: 34 cases in the NDP (Group A) and cDDP groups (Group B), 34 cases each. They were treated with NDP (40 mg/m(2)) and dexamethasone (10 mg) dissolved in 40 ml normal saline, or cDDP (40 mg/m(2)) and dexamethasone (10 mg) dissolved in 40 ml of normal saline, respectively, through pleural perfusion weekly for 2-4 weeks. Routine and symptomatic treatment was used in all the patients. The therapeutic effects, life quality and toxic side effects were evaluated. The response rates of groups A and B were 88.23% and 61.7%, respectively, (P < 0.01). The rates of toxic side effects in groups A and B were 39.6% and 41.9%, respectively, (P > 0.05). However, the rates of gastrointestinal side effects of the two groups were 5% and 12.9%, respectively, (P < 0.05). The Karnofsky scores of group A were higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). The survival time of group A was significantly longer than that of group B. Pleural perfusion with NDP is a good treatment method with milder toxicity for patients with malignant pleural effusion caused by NSCLC.

P‐168: The Effects of Side Group and Its Link Position on OLED Performance: How to Control Side Groups for Efficient Emitters?

AbstractA promising class of blue‐violet emitters based on a new functional core, the indenopyrazine group, has successfully been synthesized for the first time by substitution with bulky m‐terphenyl side groups in the ortho, meta, or para positions. In particular, the OLED containing the para‐substituted derivative was found to exhibit excellent characteristics, with maximum EL emission at 423 nm, a full width at half maximum of 42 nm, pure violet emission with CIE coordinates (0.173, 0.063), and an external quantum efficiency of 1.88%.

Analysis on transport sensitivity for a carbon atomic wire attached with side groups

Based on the local atomic-orbital density functional theory plus the nonequilibrium Green’s function approach, we study the transport sensitivities of a carbon atomic wire attached, respectively with seven kinds of commonly seen side-groups NO2, CN, CHO, Br, C6H5, C5H4N, NH2. The calculated results show that the transport current is most sensitive to attached C6H5 and CHO groups, less sensitive to attached CN and C5H4N groups. Under certain bias values, the currents have a substantial decline and would reached to 1/2, or even 1/3 the magnitude as the unattached system C6. But the transport of the carbon atomic wire is little influenced by the attached NO2, NH2, and Br. The intrinsic origins of side-group effects on the transport current in the wire are the suppression of the transmission eigen-channel, change of the Mulliken population, diminution of the delocalization of highest occupied molecular orbital or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and alteration of the resonant molecular orbital.

Mechanical properties and osteocompatibility of novel biodegradable alanine based polyphosphazenes: Side group effects

The versatility of polymers for tissue regeneration lies in the feasibility to modulate the physical and biological properties by varying the side groups grafted to the polymers. Biodegradable polyphosphazenes are high-molecular-weight polymers with alternating nitrogen and phosphorus atoms in the backbone. This study is the first of its kind to systematically investigate the effect of side group structure on the compressive strength of novel biodegradable polyphosphazene based polymers as potential materials for tissue regeneration. The alanine polyphosphazene based polymers, poly(bis(ethyl alanato) phosphazene) (PNEA), poly((50% ethyl alanato) (50% methyl phenoxy) phosphazene) (PNEA 50mPh 50), poly((50% ethyl alanato) (50% phenyl phenoxy) phosphazene) (PNEA 50PhPh 50) were investigated to demonstrate their mechanical properties and osteocompatibility. Results of mechanical testing studies demonstrated that the nature and the ratio of the pendent groups attached to the polymer backbone play a significant role in determining the mechanical properties of the resulting polymer. The compressive strength of PNEA 50PhPh 50 was significantly higher than poly(lactide- co-glycolide) (85:15 PLAGA) ( p < 0.05). Additional studies evaluated the cellular response and gene expression of primary rat osteoblast cells on PNEA, PNEA 50mPh 50 and PNEA 50PhPh 50 films as candidates for bone tissue engineering applications. Results of the in vitro osteocompatibility evaluation demonstrated that cells adhere, proliferate, and maintain their phenotype when seeded directly on the surface of PNEA, PNEA 50mPh 50, and PNEA 50PhPh 50. Moreover, cells on the surface of the polymers expressed type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, which are characteristic genes for osteoblast maturation, differentiation, and mineralization.

Clinical analysis of 136 cases of the side effects by corticosteriod for local injection

ObjectiTe To investigate the side effects of corticosteroid for local injection. Methods To compare the side effects of group A and group B.Results The side effects of corticosteroid for local injection are common,the most common one are menstrual disorder,skin recession,pigmentdecrease.And these in group A are significantly different compared with group B.Conclusions When taking the corticosteroid for local injection,one may pay attention to choice the medicine .dose, consistency and internission of every injection. Key words: Corticosteroid hormone; Local injection; Side effect

The effect of phenoxymethyl side groups on the liquid crystal alignment behavior of polystyrene derivatives

We synthesized a series of polystyrene derivatives containing various side chain terminal moieties, such as phenoxymethyl, 4-methoxyphenoxymethyl, 4-fluorophenoxymethyl, 4-methylphenoxymethyl, and 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxymethyl groups, using polymer analogous reactions, in order to investigate the effect of the side group on their liquid crystal (LC) alignment behaviors. The polymers containing 4-fluorophenoxymethyl, 4-methylphenoxymethyl, or 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxymethyl side groups had lower surface energy values and the LC cells fabricated using the unrubbed films of these polymers showed homeotropic LC alignment behavior. The LC cells fabricated using the rubbed films of the polymers containing phenoxymethyl or 4-fluorophenoxymethyl groups showed homogeneous planar LC alignment behavior in which the LCs were aligned perpendicular to the rubbing direction. This homogeneous planar and perpendicular alignment behavior was ascribed to the favorable anisotropic interactions between the LC molecules and the side groups preferentially oriented perpendicular to the rubbing direction.

Effect of side groups of polymer glycol on microphase‐separated structure and mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers

AbstractThe effect of side methyl and dimethyl groups of the soft segment component on the microphase‐separated structure and mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) was investigated. Poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMG), and PTMG incorporating dimethyl groups (PTG‐X) and methyl side groups (PTG‐L) were used as a polymer glycol, which forms a soft segment in the PUEs. The PUEs were synthesized with 4,4′‐dipheylmethane diisocyanate [1,1′‐methylenebis(4‐isocyanatobenzene)], 1,4‐butane diol, and 1,1,1‐trimethylol propane by a prepolymer method. The degree of microphase separation of the PUEs became weaker with increasing side group content in polymer glycols. Dynamic viscoelastic properties measurement showed reorganized‐crystallization and melting of the soft segment for the PUEs based on PTMG, PTG‐L, and PTG‐X with a lower content of the side groups, but not for a PTG‐L and PTG‐X with higher content of the side groups. Tensile testing revealed that increasing methyl group concentration made the PUEs soften and weaken. The PTMG‐based PUEs obviously exhibited strain‐induced crystallization of the soft segment chains during elongation process. In contrast, for the PTG‐L and PTG‐X‐based PUEs, crystallinity decreased with increasing side group content, and the PUEs with PTG‐L and PTG‐X with highest methyl group content did not crystallize even at a large strain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2054–2063, 2008

Ligand effects in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions

AbstractA range of sterically hindered diimine ligands and their palladium (II) complexes were synthesized. These compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The use of the palladium complexes as catalysts for Suzuki and Heck coupling has been studied in an attempt to demonstrate the effect of side groups on catalytic activity. It was clearly seen that the location of side CH3 groups which bound to benzene ring had little effect on catalytic activity. Interestingly when we changed these CH3 groups with Cl groups the activity of the complexes increased. On the other hand, side groups which bound to imine nitrogen also had a large effect on catalytic activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effect of side groups on the electronic transport properties of molecular devices

Basing on ab initio methods and nonequilibrium Green's function(NEGF) theory, we have investigated the electronic transport properties of 4-4′-dimercaptodibenzene molecular which have been functionalized with different side groups. Numerical results show that the same side group on different site does not strongly affect the resonances responsible for current flow through the molecular. But different side groups on the same site will have a stronger effect on the energetics of the molecular device than on the orbitals responsible for current transport. So functionalization has a significant effect on the interactions within the molecular, and the molecular with NO2 side group exhibit local minima associated with twisted conformations of the molecular device which can induce the molecular memory effect.

Exhibition of Soft and Tenacious Characteristics Based on Liquid Crystal Formation by Introduction of Cholesterol Groups on Biodegradable Lactide Copolymer

Cholesterol side-functionalized poly(depsipeptide- co- dl-lactide) (PGD- dl-LA-(cholesterol) n ) and poly(depsipeptide) (PGD-(cholesterol) n) were prepared as novel biodegradable liquid crystalline (LC) polymers. These polymer films exhibited different LC phases depending on the cholesterol unit content in the polymers. The thermodynamic stability of these LC phases was quite high, and PGD-(cholesterol) n film exhibited continuous LC phases up to 202 degrees C. The resulting cholesterol LC phases were indicated to act as physical cross-linking points to form noncovalent network structures among the polymer chains. Therefore, PGD- dl-LA-(cholesterol) n film exhibited a rubbery and stretchy nature at 37 degrees C due to physical cross-linking points based on cholesterol LC phase well-dispersed in the film. The cholesterol side-group effects leading to rubbery character and hydrolytic resistance reported herein are rather unique. The biodegradable LC material exhibiting a soft and tenacious nature is a promising candidate for a new class of implant biomaterials used with dynamic organs of the body such as the heart and blood vessels.

Diffusion and swelling of carbon dioxide in amorphous poly(ether ether ketone)s

The interaction of the supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2) with the amorphous poly(ether ether ketone) was systematically investigated by desorpted measurement. The PEEK films were treated with CO 2 at different pressure, temperature and soaking time. The gravimetric desorption data were kinetically and thermodynamically evaluated assuming Fickian diffusion. The behavior of desorpted diffusion deviated from Fickian diffusion, when the pressure increased and ranged between 3 and 28 MPa. Swelling and diffusion of CO 2 in relation to system temperature and pressure were discussed. Some different extrapolated methods were introduced here to obtain the C 0. Comparison to the gas contents in these film samples containing different side group, the effects of side groups on the gas diffusion and solubility were discussed. The data of gas permeability could be cited to validate this result.

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy of jet-cooled 1-pyrenecarboxyaldehyde (C 17H 10O) and 1-methylpyrene (C 17H 12) cations

To study the correlation between pyrene-like species and the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), we have investigated the electronic transitions of 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde + and 1-methylpyrene +, which were prepared with a pulsed discharge slit nozzle and detected by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Several vibronic bands were observed near the λ4428 DIB is detected. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed to aid the assignment of these bands. It is found that none of the observed bands correlate with the λ4428 DIB. The effect of side groups on the vibronic spectrum of pyrene + is discussed.

Effect of Side Groups on the Conformation of a Series of Polysiloxanes in Solution

The molecular conformation has been obtained for polysiloxane chains in which the pairs of substituents bonded at the silicon atom are CH3, CH3; C2H5, C2H5; CH3, C6H13; CH3, C16H33; and CH3, C6H5. Polysiloxanes dissolved in toluene and benzene were studied using a coupled system: Gel Permeation Chromatography/Light Scattering (GPC/LS). Attention was focused on the influence in the molecular conformation of the quality of the solvent and the type of substituent on the main chain. The results obtained were strongly dependent on the side group size and flexibility. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) samples of 273,400 and 97,600 daltons showed a semi-flexible conformation, but the sample of relatively low molecular weight (36×103 daltons) exhibited a slope of 0.6 in good solvents; i.e., demonstrated the behavior of dilute (non-overlapping) coils in a good solvent. With respect to the poly(diethylsiloxane), the source of the coil's expansion is the high mobility of the side chains. Poly(methylphenylsiloxane) exhibits a rigid rod conformation in both solvents. The orientation of the phenyl groups and the attractive interaction between these groups dominate the polysiloxane chain behavior in good solvents. For these polysiloxanes, the expansion factor value is analyzed and the influence of solvent on the polymer's unperturbed dimensions is discussed. Poly(methylhexylsiloxane) and poly(methylhexadecylsiloxane) show a spherical conformation in both solvents. This conformation may arise from strong interactions between the bulky side groups and the main chain.

TSC study of length ester side group effect on sub-vitreous relaxations in poly( n-alkyl methacrylates)

A comparative study by thermo-stimulated currents (TSC) of three poly( n-alkyl methacrylates) is performed. TSC complex spectra exhibit two dipolar relaxations considered in the following: the glass relaxation and a secondary relaxation related to motion of ester side groups. For each sample, the fractional polarisations protocol is applied to describe the fine structure of these complex spectra. It allows us to define the evolution of activation parameters with temperature. The influence of side chain architecture is then considered. It emphasises that the β mode is independent of the ester group length. On the contrary, the α mode is highly sensitive to structural change. These results are finally explained in terms of molecular mobility.

Dose-effect Relationship of Bolus 5-Fluorouracil in the Treatment of Advanced Colorectal Cancer

The effect of different dose intensities of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in advanced colorectal cancer was investigated. A total of 312 patients were randomized to receive 400 mg/m 2 (group A), 500 mg/m 2 (group B) or 600 mg/m 2 (group C) of 5-FU with leucovorin 60 mg/m 2 on two consecutive days every second week. Treatment continued to progression. Pharmacokinetic analyses with calculation of the area under the concentration (AUC) were performed in 91 patients. The primary endpoint was survival, and secondary endpoints were time to disease progression, toxicity and, if the disease was measurable, tumour response. The study was well balanced in the three groups with respect to a number of patient characteristics. Crude survival as estimated by Kaplan-Meier plots was not statistically significantly different (p=0.07) but tended to show the best results in the intermediate dose group (median survival 10, 12.5 and 10 months, respectively). Analyses of time to progression or death showed significant differences among the three groups (p=0.02) with the longest progression-free interval in the intermediate group receiving 500 mg/m 2 . The objective response rates were 23%, 39% and 28%, respectively (p=0.02). The actual/projected dose intensity (mg/m 2 /week) was 92%, 92% and 84%, respectively. AUC did not correlate with response or survival. The frequency of severe side effects in group C was significantly higher than that of groups A and B. The study indicated that an increase from 800 to 1000 mg/m 2 of bolus 5-FU fortnightly improved the treatment results but a further increase only worsened the toxicity.

A Randomized Comparison of Cilostazol Versus Ticlopidine Therapy After Elective Coronary Stent Implantaion

Background:Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a widely acceptable treatment for ischemic heart disease. However, restenosis after successful PTCA, which develops in 20-30% of all patients, remains a serious late complication. This study was performed to compare the efficacy of cilostazol with that of ticlopidine for the prevention of stent restenosis. Materials and Methods:Fifty three patients who had undergone coronary stent implantation were divided into group A (n=25) receiving 100 mg aspirin and 200 mg cilostazol and group B (n=28) receiving 100 mg aspirin and 500 mg ticlopidine, between Sep 1998 and Feb 1999 at Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were preformed at regular intervals. Results:There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Coronary artery restenosis was observed in 5 (20.8%) patients of group A and 8 (26%) of group B, a difference which was not statistically significant (p=NS). The minimal luminal diameter was 2.10±0.89 mm in group A and 1.93±0.65 mm in group B (p=NS). Two patients in group A complained of headaches, while 6 (21. 4%) patients of group B developed side effects including thrombocytopenia in 2 patients, and skin rash in 2 patients (Edwhat of the remaining 2 patients with side effects in group B?). No instances of cardiac death occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion:The findings of this study suggest that aspirin plus cilostazol may be a safer as well as an qually antithrombotic regimen, compared to that of aspirin plus ticolpidine, for recovery after elective coronary stent implantation.(Korean Circulation J 2001;31(8):780-787)

Effect of Side Group on Mean-Square Radius of Gyration of Atactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) Chain

Taking account of the effect of the large side group, the expression of the unperturbed mean-square radius of gyration, S2, is improved from the Lagrange relation. Using the derived relation, the ratio curve, S2/x vs. the logarithm of degree of polymerization x for the atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (A-PMMA) chain, gives a small bump, which agrees better with experiment data. The characteristic ratio S2/2xl2 and the temperature coefficient dlnS2/dT dependence on the stereoirregularity are also investigated by the derived formula.

Effect of side groups on the action of β-xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei against substituted xylo-oligosaccharides

The action of β-xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei against different substituted xylo-oligosaccharides was studied. The enzyme cleaved off all unsubstituted xylose units from the non-reducing end of 1,2-linked uronic acid substituted xylo-oligosaccharides. Surprisingly, an l-arabinofuranosyl group linked α-1,3 to the xylopyranosyl ring was found to protect the β-1,4-xylosidic linkage before the substituted xylose unit from being cleaved by the β-xylosidase. Most probably the 1,3-linked substituent sterically hinders the hydrolysis. According to the results of the present work, β-xylosidase of T. reesei is not able to remove all unsubstituted xylose units from the non-reducing end of substituted xylo-oligosaccharides, as had been believed previously.

Effect of side groups on dynamics of polymer chains

The dynamics of polymer chains, such as (ABRBR) x, are investigated by means of the equivalent linear polymer chains, (AB′B′) x, with the probability p of movement of bead B′, It is found that the relaxation times of the equivalent linear polymer chains obey the relation T k ( p) = T k0 · p − βk , where β 1 = 0.75, β 2 = β 3 = 0.85, in the absence of excluded volume, and T k ( p) = T k0 · p − βk (excluding k = 1), where β 2 = β 3 = 0.90, in the presence of excluded volume, where T k0 is the relaxation times T k of linear polymer chains, or T k0 = T k ( p = 1.0).