Effect Of Nanoencapsulation Research Articles

Effect of nanoencapsulation on the solubility and antioxidant activity of astaxanthin pigmented oil extracted from shrimp waste (Litopeneaus vannamei).

Astaxanthin-pigmented oil from shrimp waste meal was nanoencapsulated by O/W emulsification using porcine gelatin (EAG) and a combination with soy protein (EAGS 2:2 and EAGS 3:1) to improve the solubility and antioxidant activity of the pigmented oil. The encapsulates presented spherical shape and smooth surface; particle size equal to 159.68 (14.42) nm for EAG, 192.72 (10.44) nm for EAGS 2:2, and 95.41 (17.83) nm for EAGS 3:1; amorphous structure; and chemical interactions. The oil incorporation efficiency ranged from 87.60-89.20%, the percentage of astaxanthin incorporated was approximately 68%, and the dispersibility in water around 50%. The antioxidant potential evaluation indicated that all formulations preserve or enhance the antioxidant activity of the oil up to three times than non-encapsulated oil. Therefore, porcine gelatin alone or in combination with soy protein was effective in promoting the solubility and enhancing the antioxidant activity of the astaxanthin-pigmented oil, demonstrating interesting characteristics for use in food.

Health benefits of astaxanthin and its encapsulation for improving bioavailability: A review

As a carotenoid originally used as a pigment in the aquaculture industry, astaxanthin is gaining interest in food, nutritional, and biopharmaceutical sciences in recent years due to its great antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its health effects on diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and so on. However, the poor chemical stability and water solubility make practical applications of astaxanthin on human health become challenging. Nanoencapsulation of astaxanthin is considered a possible solution to tackle such challenges by improving chemical stability, and providing controlled release, thus enhancing its bioaccessibility and bioavailability. In this article, an updated overview of the chemistry, sources, and extraction methods of astaxanthin is provided. Moreover, recent studies on the health effects of astaxanthin were introduced and then the recent progress on the preparation of various nanoparticles for the encapsulation of astaxanthin are highlighted. This perspective article aims to provide guidance on potential structural designs of nanoparticles for the encapsulation of astaxanthin and the effects of nanoencapsulation on its functionality.

Effect of nano-delivery systems on the bioavailability and tissue biodistribution of vitamin E tocotrienols

Vitamin E is one of the most important essential vitamins to support the regulation of oxidative stress in human body. Tocotrienols are part of the vitamin E family. The potentials of tocotrienols as nutraceutical ingredient are largely understated due to low oral bioavailability, which is a common problem associated with fat-soluble bioactive compounds. Nanoencapsulation technology offers innovative solutions to enhance the delivery mechanisms of these compounds. In this study, the effect of nanoencapsulation on the oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of tocotrienols were investigated using two types of formulations, i.e. nanovesicles (NV-T3) and solid lipid nanoparticles (NP-T3). At least 5-fold increment in maximum plasma concentrations, evident with dual-peak pharmacokinetic profiles, were observed after oral administration of nano-encapsulated tocotrienols. Plasma tocotrienol composition showed a shift from α-tocotrienol dominant in control group (Control-T3) to γ-tocotrienol dominant after nanoencapsulation. Tissue distribution of tocotrienols was found to be strongly influenced by the type of nanoformulation. Both nanovesicles (NV-T3) and nanoparticles (NP-T3) showed elevated accumulation in the kidneys and liver (5-fold) compared to control group while selectivity for α-tocotrienol was evident for NP-T3. In brain and liver of rats given NP-T3, α-tocotrienol emerged as the dominant congener (>80%). Acute oral administration of nanoencapsulated tocotrienols did not show signs of toxicity. The study concluded enhanced bioavailability and selective tissue accumulation of tocotrienol congeners when delivered via nanoencapsulation.

Effect of Nanoencapsulation on the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Algerian Origanum glandulosum Desf. against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a danger to public health and exposes patients to high risk, increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. For this purpose, three months of evaluation of MDR’s prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the military regional university hospital of Constantine from different services and samples was carried out. Among a total of 196 isolates, 35.2% were MDR. The use of essential oils such as Origanum glandulosum Desf. as an alternative to antibiotics is attractive due to their rich content of bioactive compounds conferring many biological activities. Also, to overcome the drawbacks of using oils as the hydrophobicity and negative interaction with the environmental conditions, in addition to increasing their activity, encapsulation for the oil was performed using high-speed homogenization (HSH) into nanocapsules and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) into nanoemulsion. Nine volatile constituents were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) in hydrodistilled oil with thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene as dominants. A dramatic decrease in the major volatile components was observed due to the use of HSH and HPH but generated the same oil profile. The mean particle size of the nanoemulsion was 54.24 nm, while that of nanocapsules was 120.60 nm. The antibacterial activity of the oil and its nanoparticles was estimated on MDR isolates using the disk diffusion, aromatogram, and broth microdilution methods. Consistent with the differences in volatile constituents, the oil exhibited a higher antibacterial activity compared to its nanoforms with the diameters of the inhibition zone against E. coli (20 mm), S. aureus (35 mm), and A. baumannii (40 mm). Both formulations have shown relatively significant activity against the biofilm state at sub-inhibitory concentrations, where nanoemulsion was more potent than nanocapsules. The results obtained suggested that nanoformulations of essential oils are strongly recommended for therapeutic application as alternatives to antibiotics.

Interaction of Nanoatrazine and Target Organism: Evaluation of Fate and Photosystem II Inhibition in Hydroponically Grown Mustard (Brassica juncea) Plants.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles are an efficient carrier system for atrazine. However, there is a gap regarding the effects of nanoencapsulation on herbicide-plant interactions. Here, we evaluate the fate and photosystem II inhibition of nano and commercial atrazine in hydroponically grown mustard (Brassica juncea) plants whose roots were exposed to the formulations. In addition, to quantify the endogenous levels of atrazine in plant organs, we measured the inhibition of photosystem II activity by both formulations. Moreover, the fluorescently labeled nanoatrazine was tracked in plant tissues using confocal microscopy. The nanoencapsulation induced greater inhibition of photosystem II activity as well as higher accumulation of atrazine in roots and leaves. The nanoparticles were quickly absorbed by the roots, being detected in the vascular tissues and the leaves. Overall, these results provide insights into the mechanisms involved in the enhanced preemergent herbicidal activity of nanoatrazine against target plants.

Essential-Oil-Loaded Nanoemulsion Lipidic-Phase Optimization and Modeling by Response Surface Methodology (RSM): Enhancement of Their Antimicrobial Potential and Bioavailability in Nanoscale Food Delivery System.

Nanoencapsulation is an attractive technique used for incorporating essential oils in foods. Thus, our main goal was to formulate a novel nanoemulsion (NE) with nanoscale droplet size and lowest interfacial tension in the oil–water interface, contributing positively to the stability and the enhancement of essential oil potential. Thereby, response surface methodology (RSM), with mixture design was used to optimize the composition of the NE lipid phase. The essential oil combinations were encapsulated through high-pressure homogenization (HPH) with the binary emulsifier system (Tween 80: Gum Arabic). Then, the electrophoretic and physical properties were evaluated. We also conducted a follow-up stability and antimicrobial study that examined the stabilization mechanism of optimal NE. Thereafter, the effect of nanoencapsulation on the essential oil composition was assessed. The RSM results were best fitted into polynomial models with regression coefficient values of more than 0.95. The optimal NE showed a nanometer-sized droplet (270 nm) and lower interfacial tension (~11 mN/m), favoring negative ζ-potential (−15 mV), showing good stability under different conditions—it synergistically enhances the antimicrobial potential. GC-MS analysis showed that the use of HPH affected the active compounds, consistent with the differences in linalool and 2-Caren-10-al content. Hence, the novel nanometric delivery system contributes to food industry fortification.

The Effects of Nano-Casein Encapsulation and Productions of a Controlled-Release on Eugenol Containing Bio-Pesticide Toxicity

The concern against long-term health and environmental adverse effects of synthetic pesticides has encouraged the development of biopesticides. Eugenol, a major constituent of clove oil, has been proven as potential bio-pesticides. However, the evaporation and photosensitive properties of Eugenol need to be controlled. Nano-encapsulation is a promising method that can preserve eugenol from evaporating and photodegradation. This study aims to investigate the production of a controlled-release of eugenol in casein micelle as well as the effects of nano-encapsulation on Eugenol Containing Biopesticide (ECB) toxicity against Artemia salina sp. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) was implemented to investigate effect of nano-encapsulation on ECB and the Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the formula to investigate the production of a controlled-release of eugenol. The optimum condition revealed loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency response for 64.67% and 79.64%, respectively. The average diameter of the obtained nanocapsule-eugenol (NCE) was 179.83 nm. Release study was performed at 40 °C that represent as pesticide applied in farm, revealed that casein micelle capsule could delayed the release of eugenol. A cytotoxicity assay showed that the NCE has 21 times more effective compared with eugenol only. It was found that nano encapsulated ECB was statistically more toxic than ECB-suspension (without nanoencapsulation) with a confidence level of 95%. Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) of nano-ECB was 0.264 µg/L while LC50 of ECB-suspension was 4.445 µg/L. The increase of toxic properties after nano-encapsulation by casein could be explained by the increase of eugenol stability. Thus nano-encapsulation can be proposed as a method for improving the bio-pesticide ability of eugenol.

Protective effect of surface-modified berberine nanoparticles against LPS-induced neurodegenerative changes: a preclinical study.

Berberine (BBR) exerts documented protection against neurodegenerative disorders. However, data on the effect of nano-encapsulation on the neuroprotective effect of BBR are lacking. We investigated the effect of BBR loading into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) and their surface modification with Tween 80 (T80), polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG), and miltefosine (MFS) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurodegenerative changes in addition to hepatotoxicity in rats. BBR-NPs were prepared by ionic gelation and characterized for morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colloidal properties, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of a 14-day pretreatment with four BBR-NPs formulations (4mg/kg BBR/day) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection were challenged by a single i.p. 4mg/kg dose of LPS on the fifteenth day. Neuroprotective efficacy and potential toxicity of BBR-NPs relative to BBR solution were assessed biochemically and histopathologically. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's comparison test was used for statistical analysis. CS nano-encapsulation and surface modification of BBR-NPs altered the neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of BBR depending on the physicochemical and/or biological effects of BBR, CS, coating materials, and NP-related features. Similar to the prophylactic and treatment efficacy of NPs for brain delivery, safety of these nanostructures and their individual formulation components warrants due research attention.

Effect of nanoencapsulation using poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) on anti-angiogenic activity of bevacizumab for ocular angiogenesis therapy

Antibody-based therapy is an effective strategy for treating ocular angiogenesis. However, short-acting efficacy and poor treatment compliance usually occurs in clinical practices. Thus, it is required to develop a drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability and decrease the toxicity of anti-angiogenic antibody. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, bevacizumab was encapsulated into poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles. PLGA encapsulation could prolong the residency of bevacizumab in the vitreous and aqueous humor and produce long-lasting drug concentrations. Bevacizumab-encapsulated PLGA had no significant cytotoxicity and tissue toxicity effect in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies showed that bevacizumab-encapsulated PLGA was more effective than bevacizumab in inhibiting VEGF-mediated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. In vivo studies showed that bevacizumab-encapsulated PLGA enhanced the anti-angiogenic efficiency of bevacizumab for treating corneal neovascularization and retinal neovascularization. Thus, bevacizumab-encapsulated PLGA could increase the bioavailability and decrease the toxicity of bevacizumab during ocular angiogenesis therapy.

Effect of nanoencapsulation using PLGA on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of guabiroba fruit phenolic extract

Guabiroba fruit has been highlighted for its high phytochemical content, particularly of phenolic compounds. The stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of these compounds can be enhanced by nanoencapsulation, to improve functionality. Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles containing phenolic extract of guabiroba (GPE) were synthesized by an adapted emulsion-evaporation method and their physico-chemical and functional properties were studied at two lactic to glycolic acid ratios (50:50 and 65:35). Higher (P<0.05) or equivalent antioxidant capacity compared to free GPE were observed for GPE-loaded nanoparticles. Free extract and PLGA nanoparticles were effective inhibitors of Listeria innocua, with lower (P<0.05) GPE concentrations required for inhibition when nanoencapsulated. Also, reduction of ROS generation in non-cancer cells was achieved with lower GPE concentrations (P<0.05) after encapsulation. These results suggest that PLGA nanoparticles can be used as a delivery system for phenolic compounds at lower levels than originally required for enhanced functional properties.

Effect of nano-encapsulation of vitamin A and β-carotene on development of embryos in two different alternative animal models (WEC and FETAX)

Effect of nano-encapsulation of vitamin A and β-carotene on development of embryos in two different alternative animal models (WEC and FETAX)

Effects of nanoencapsulation and PEGylation on biodistribution of indocyanine green in healthy mice: quantitative fluorescence imaging and analysis of organs

Near-infrared nanoconstructs present a potentially effective platform for site-specific and deep tissue optical imaging and phototherapy. We have engineered a polymeric nanocapsule composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) chains cross-linked with sodium phosphate and doped with indocyanine green (ICG) toward such endeavors. The ICG-doped nanocapsules were coated covalently with polyethylene glycol (5000 daltons) through reductive amination. We administrated the constructs by tail vein injection to healthy mice. To characterize the biodistribution of the constructs, we performed in vivo quantitative fluorescence imaging and subsequently analyzed the various extracted organs. Our results suggest that encapsulation of ICG in these PEGylated constructs is an effective approach to prolong the circulation time of ICG and delay its hepatic accumulation. Increased bioavailability of ICG, due to encapsulation, offers the potential of extending the clinical applications of ICG, which are currently limited due to rapid elimination of ICG from the vasculature. Our results also indicate that PAH and ICG-doped nanocapsules (ICG-NCs) are not cytotoxic at the levels used in this study.

Effect of nanoencapsulation on the phenomenon of drug interaction between anti-M.avium drug, rifabutin and anti-HIV drug, ritonavir by employing poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles

Background Interaction between M.avium and HIV drugs is unavoidable in HIV patients as for an improved life expectancy of HIV patients, additional medications have to be administered along with HIV drugs. The anti-M.avium drug rifabutin and protease inhibitor, ritonavir are associated with significant drug interactions involving the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system. Little information is available on the role of various drug delivery strategies in alleviations of interactions between anti-M. avium and anti-HIV drugs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effect of encapsulation of rifabutin and ritonavir in PLGA nanoparticles on the already known drug interaction exhibited by these drugs.

Lipid-Core Nanocapsules as a Nanomedicine for Parenteral Administration of Tretinoin: Development and &lt;I&gt;In Vitro&lt;/I&gt; Antitumor Activity on Human Myeloid Leukaemia Cells

Tretinoin-loaded conventional nanocapsules have showed a significant protection of this drug against UVC radiation. However, this formulation presents a limited stability on storage. We hypothesized that the association of tretinoin to lipid-core nanocapsules could increase the physicochemical stability of such formulations, focusing on the development of a reliable nanomedicine for parenteral administration. However, this advantage should still be accompanied by the known photoprotective effect of conventional polymeric nanocapsules against the exposure of tretinoin to UV radiation. Results showed that tretinoin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules improved the physicochemical stability of formulations under storage, without changing their ability to protect tretinoin either against UVA or UVC radiation. In addition, the effect of nanoencapsulation on the antiproliferative and differentiation properties of tretinoin was studied on human myeloid leukemia cells (HL60 cells) showing that tretinoin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules presents a longer antitumor efficiency compared to the free tretinoin. These results allow us to propose the current formulation (tretinoin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules) as a promising parenteral nanomedicine for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia.