Low-power Effects Research Articles

Frontiers of Hierarchy Research: The Impacts of Low Power and Changing Power

Power, defined as individuals’ asymmetric control over valuable resources, is a central reality of organizational life. Decades of power research have offered us plenty of insights into how the powerful think, feel, and behave. However, researchers contend that this emphasis on high power may have resulted in an insufficient understanding of low-power individuals, and that taking a static view of power may have hampered the development of the literature. To help move the literature forward, our symposium contains two papers that focus explicitly on the effects of low power, one paper that investigates the causes of increasing power, and one paper that examines the effects of power fluctuations. Taken together, these papers extend our understanding and generate new research directions for how the power literature can move forward. How do Low-Power Individuals Compete? An Investigation of Covert Competition Presenter: Yufei Zhong; Georgia Institute of Technology Presenter: Huisi Li; Georgia Institute of Technology The Power to Leverage Your Power: How Social Power Affects the Use of Negotiation-Specific Power Presenter: Alice J. Lee; Columbia Business School Presenter: Nicholas Hays; Michigan State U. Presenter: Huisi Li; Georgia Institute of Technology Presenter: Adam Galinsky; Columbia Business School The Distortionary Power of Naysaying: Naysaying and Negativity Inflate Decision Makers’ Confidence Presenter: Jieun Pai; U. of Virginia Presenter: Eileen Chou; U. of Virginia The Energizing Effect of Daily Power Fluctuations Presenter: Hae-Lyeng Rose Kim; Robert H. Smith School of Business, U. of Maryland Presenter: Trevor Foulk; Robert H. Smith School of Business, U. of Maryland Presenter: Michael Schaerer; Singapore Management U. Presenter: Jake Gale; U. of Florida Presenter: Eric Anicich; U. of Southern California

Just because you're powerless doesn't mean they aren't out to get you: Low power, paranoia, and aggression

Due to its pervasive negative consequences, failing to understand the origins of paranoia can be costly for organizations. Prior research suggests that powerful employees are particularly likely to experience paranoia as others want to exploit the resources they control, implying that employees low in power should feel less paranoid. In contrast, we build on Conservation of Resources Theory and sociocultural perspectives of power to argue that the inherent vulnerability associated with being low power also evokes paranoia as a protection mechanism. Because paranoia causes employees to form malevolent attributions towards others, we predict that paranoia, in turn, leads to aggressive tendencies. Five studies (N = 2,341), including three experiments, a correlational study, and an experience sampling study, support our predictions. We further find that the effect of low power on paranoia is weaker when employees can rely on other valuable resources, including individual (socioeconomic status) and social (organizational support) resources.

The low power effect on holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP); A comparison between 20 W and 37,5 W energy regarding apical enucleation efficacy and patient safety

The Holmium laser has proven to be an invaluable tool for endoscopic prostate enucleation. The proper energy selection, during the different steps of the procedure, has always been a matter of debate. In this work we compare the effectiveness of the Holmium laser, using two different low-power energy settings, during enucleation and hemostasis (20W and 37.5W). One hundred and sixty patients underwent a HoLEP procedure with a 50Hz and 2J (100W) setting. During enuleation and hemostasis, two different low-power settings were applied (20W vs. 37.5W). In both groups, only the prostatic tissue in the bladder neck and enucleated tissue far away from the apex, were cut with a setting of 50Hz and 2J (100W). The mean enucleation efficiency (0.78 vs. 1.2g/min-p:001) was significantly higher by utilizing 37.5W energy (group 2). Additionally, the mean enucleation rate (0.64 vs. 0.88%-P:0.001) and laser efficiency (2.07 vs. 2.12 joule/g-P:0.003) were significantly higher in group 2. The enucleation time was significantly shorter (54 vs. 75.5 mins-P:0.002), while the mean catheter removal time (27 vs. 42 hrs-P:0.008) and Hb decrease (0.5 vs. 0.6g/dl--P:0.019) were significantly lower in group 2. HoLEP can be performed efficiently with 100 W-37.5W settings. Enucleation and hemostasis can be performed successfully with 37.5W, while the use of 100W during bladder neck dissection shortens the duration of the procedure. 3.

Low-Power Multi-Sensor System with Power Management and Nonvolatile Memory Access Control for IoT Applications

The low-power multi-sensor system with power management and nonvolatile memory access control for IoT applications are proposed, which achieves almost zero standby power at the no-operation modes. A power management scheme with activity localization can reduce the number of transitions between power-on and power-off modes with rescheduling and bundling task procedures. In addition, autonomously standby mode transition control selects the optimum standby mode of microcontrollers, reducing total power consumption. We demonstrate with evaluation board as a use case of IoT applications, observing 91 percent power reductions by adopting task scheduling and autonomously standby mode transition control combination. Furthermore, we propose a new nonvolatile memory access control technology, and estimate the possibility for future low-power effect.

Ultrasonic hyperactivation of cellulase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles

In the present work, effect of low power, low frequency ultrasound on cellulase immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (cellulase@MNPs) was studied. To gain maximum activity recovery in cellulase@MNPs various parameters viz. ratio of MNPs:cellulase, concentration of glutaraldehyde and cross-linking time were optimized. The influence of ultrasonic power on cellulase@MNPs was studied. Under ultrasonic conditions at 24kHz, 6W power, and 6min of incubation time there was almost 3.6 fold increased in the catalytic activity of immobilized cellulase over the control. Results also indicated that there was improvement in pH and temperature stability of cellulase@MNPs. Furthermore, thermal deactivation energy required was more in cellulase@MNPs than that of the free cellulase. Secondary structural analysis revealed that there were conformational changes in free cellulase and cellulase@MNPs before and after sonication which might be responsible for enhanced activity after ultrasonication. Finally, the influence of ultrasound and cellulase@MNPs for biomass hydrolysis was studied.

Virtex 4 FPGA Implementation of Viterbi Decoded 64-bit RISC for High Speed Application using Xilinx

modern era of electronics and communication decoding and encoding of any data(s) using VLSI technology requires low power, less area and high speed constrains. The viterbi decoder using survivor path with necessary parameters for wireless communication is an attempt to reduce the power and cost and at the same time increase the speed compared to normal decoder. This paper presents three objectives. Firstly, an orthodox viterbi decoder is designed and simulated. For faster process application, the Gate Diffused Input Logic (GDIL) based viterbi decoder is designed using Xilinx ISE, simulated and synthesized successfully. The new proposed GDIL viterbi provides very less path delay with low power simulation results. Secondly, the GDIL viterbi is again compared with our proposed technique, which comprises a Survivor Path Unit (SPU) implements a trace back method with DRAM. This proposed approach of incorporating DRAM stores the path information in a manner which allows fast read access without requiring physical partitioning of the DRAM. This leads to a comprehensive gain in speed with low power effects. Thirdly, all the viterbi decoders are compared, simulated, synthesized and the proposed approach shows the best simulation and synthesize results for low power and high speed application in VLSI design. The Add-Compare-Select (ACS) and Trace Back (TB) units and its sub circuits of the decoder(s) have been operated in deep pipelined manner to achieve high transmission rate. Although the register exchange based survivor unit has better throughput when compared to trace back unit, but in this paper by introducing the RAM cell between the ACS array and output register bank, a significant amount of reduction in path delay has been observed. All the designing of viterbi is done using Xilinx ISE 12.4 and synthesized successfully in the FPGA Virtex 4 target device operated at 64.516 MHz clock frequency, reduces almost 41% of total path delay. Keywordsdecoder, GDIL technique, SPU, DRAM, Add Compare Select (ASC), Trace Back (TB), Xilinx, FPGA.

Production Line Data Acquisition and Interlock System

Currently, the competitiveness of enterprises is turning to a full range of competitive products, quality, cost, and services. At the same time production is gradually shifted to automation, systematic mode. In this context, the fast, accurate transfer of information within the enterprise becomes particularly important. In order to manufacture products according to customer requirements, and efficient to meet the market demand, it’s vital to collect and deliver information timely and accurately during the whole process of production. This paper presents a data acquisition and interlock system for wafer production line to achieve the comprehensive management and control of the production process of the wafer. The system uses the Internet of Things (IOT) technology, wireless self-help network connection to connect network while booting. This achieves parameter settings, data acquisition, smart management and real-time monitoring of the flow sequence control in wafer production. In addition, the Internet of Things wireless communication technology to provide greater flexibility, fluidity, eliminating the cost and effort spent on wiring, realized in the true sense of the real-time, intelligent, low-power effect.

116 THE EFFECT OF LOW POWER LASER ACUPUNCTURE ON EXPERIMENTAL PAIN THRESHOLD IN NORMAL SUBJECTS

Purpose: In this research the immediate and latent effect of low power Ga-Al-As laser irradiation applied to acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold were studied. Study design: Quasi experimental. Material and Method: Seventy adult women ranging in age from 20 40 years were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. Laser group (n = 33) received L.P.L to appropriate acupuncture points for wrist pain, control group (n = 33) received placebo laser. This study was single blind. We measured experimentally induced pain threshold at ipsilateral nondominant wrist following electrical stimulus, once before treatment and three times after treatment with short intervals. Parameters for laser were, wavelength, 780 nm; power output 5 mw and acupuncture points: LI4, LI5 each point was treated for 60 s which amounted to 0.3 J/point. Radiation technique was direct contact method. Parameters for electrical stimulus were monophase squard wave with duration of 5ms; interpuls interval, 500ms and intensity, 0 30mA. Results: The laser group demonstrated a statistically significant (p = 0.001) increase in mean value for pain threshold at 10 minutes after treatment, but control group did not. Also changes in pain threshold in laser group were greater than of control group. This increase remained significant only at 10 minutes after treatment measurements (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Low power Ga-Al-As laser stimulation applied to acupuncture points can increase experimentally induced pain threshold.

Comparison of Thermocoagulation Effects of Low Power, Slow Heating Versus High Power, Rapid Heating Nd: YAG Laser Regimens in a Canine Prostate Model

We compared the thermocoagulation effects of low power, slow heating (15 W x 180 seconds) versus high power, rapid heating (50 W x 60 seconds) laser regimens in the canine prostate. The study was performed in 20 mongrel canines. On each prostate, the low power regimen was delivered at the 2 and 4 o'clock positions, and the high power at the 8 and 10 o'clock positions. The laser power was measured at the fiber tip. Seven dogs (acute group) were sacrificed 1 hour after the procedure. The other 13 dogs (chronic group) were sacrificed at different time intervals from 3 days to 9 weeks after the procedure. The average depth of coagulation was significantly greater in lesions treated at low power (acute: 10.7 mm., chronic: 13.3 mm.) than in those treated at high power (acute: 8.5 mm., chronic: 11.6 mm.). Another potential benefit of the low power regimen observed in the study was preservation of the integrity and efficiency of the laser probe.

Effects of Low Power Laser Irradiation on the Mineralization of Tooth Germ in Mice

Recently, much attention has been given to various biological effects to the reaction from low power laser irradiation. Among these effects, it is widely admitted thatwound healing is advanced by low power laser irradiation. In the present study, the effectof low power diode laser irradiation on the growth process of teeth as examined using theorgan culture of tooth germs dissected from 17-day-old mouse embryos. The irradiation of30mW was applied to tooth germs for 1 to 7 days for 5 minutes per day and the effect on thetooth germ was evaluated by biochemical analysis and histological observation.Irradiation for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days did not increase the alkaline phosphatase activity in the tooth germ. Irradiation for 5 or 7 days increased the calcium content in the tooth germ.Histologically, irradiation for 5 days increased the quantity of enamel, irradiation for 7days increased the quantity of enamel and dentine. These results suggest that irradiation oflow power diode laser accelerate the mineralization of the tooth germ. For evaluating theaction on mineralization in the tooth germ, irradiation for 7 days was optimal. (J. Jpn. Soc. Laser Dent. 4: 39-43, 1993 Reprint requests to Dr. Isobe)

The Effects of Helium-Neon Laser on Formalin-Induced Activity of Dorsal Horn Neurons in the Rat

Abstract Extracellular recordings were made from single convergent neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn of the halothane-anesthetized rat, and the effects of low power (8.5 mW; 632.8 nm) helium-n...

Low power interstitial Nd YAG laser photocoagulation in normal and neoplastic rat colon.

The effects of low power (1-2 Watts), long exposure (30-400 seconds), interstitial Nd YAG laser therapy on dimethylhydrazine induced rat colonic neoplasms and normal rat colon have been studied. After a single exposure with appropriate laser parameters, dimethylhydrazine induced rat colonic neoplasms underwent coagulative necrosis, sloughed off over a four day period, and left an ulcer which healed within 28 days. Inadequate laser energy resulted in incomplete tumour necrosis whilst excessive laser power or energy increased the likelihood of perforation. Treatment of normal colon with 1 Watt for 30 seconds or longer resulted in coagulative damage which healed by granulation. Mean colonic bursting pressures were significantly decreased one hour after treatment with 1 Watt for 75 or 100 seconds compared with untreated colon (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001 respectively) but not in colon treated with 1 Watt for 30 or 50 seconds. In animals treated with 1 Watt for 100 seconds mean bursting pressures were significantly lower than untreated animals when the animals were killed two, four, and seven days after lasering (p less than 0.001 in each case) but not in animals killed at 11, 17, or 21 days. The technique may be of value in the treatment of some inoperable colorectal cancers and sessile polyps in man.