Effect Of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG Research Articles

Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG for Regulation of Inflammatory Response in Radiation-Induced Enteritis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotics in radiation enteritis using in vivo mice. A total of 40 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control, probiotics, radiotherapy (RT), and RT + probiotics. For the group of probiotics, 0.2mL of solution that contained 1.0 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of LGG was used and orally administered daily until sacrifice. For RT, a single dose of 14Gy was administered using a 6 mega-voltage photon beam to the abdominopelvic area. Mice were sacrifice at day 4 (S1) and day 7 (S2) after RT. Their jejunum, colon, and stool were collected. A multiplex cytokine assay and 16s ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing were then performed. Regarding cytokine concentrations in tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, showed significantly decreased protein levels in colon tissues of the RT + probiotics group than in the RT alone group (all p < 0.05). As for comparing microbial abundance through alpha-diversity and beta-diversity, no significant differences were observed between the RT + probiotics and RT alone groups, except for an increase in alpha-diversity in the stool of the RT + probiotics group. Upon analysis of differential microbes based on treatment, the dominance of anti-inflammatory-related microbes, such as Porphyromonadaceae, Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Ruminococcus, was observed in the jejunum, colon, and stool of the RT + probiotics group. With regard to predicted metabolic pathway abundances, the pathways associated with anti-inflammatory processes, such as biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, peptidoglycans, tryptophan, adenosylcobalamin, and propionate, were differentially identified in the RT + probiotics group compared to the RT alone group. Protective effects of probiotics on radiation enteritis were potentially derived from dominant anti-inflammation-related microbes and metabolites.

Association between Age, Weight, and Dose and Clinical Response to Probiotics in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

BackgroundGastroenteritis is a common and impactful disease in childhood. Probiotics are often used to treat acute gastroenteritis (AGE); however, in a large multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 971 children, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was no better than placebo in improving patient outcomes. ObjectivesWe sought to determine whether the effect of LGG is associated with age, weight z score and weight percentile adjusted for age and sex, or dose per kilogram administered. MethodsThis was a preplanned secondary analysis of a multicenter double-blind RCT of LGG 1 × 1010 CFU twice daily for 5 d or placebo in children 3–48 mo of age with AGE. Our primary outcome was moderate to severe gastroenteritis. Secondary outcomes included diarrhea and vomiting frequency and duration, chronic diarrhea, and side effects. We used multivariable linear and nonlinear models testing for interaction effects to assess outcomes by age, weight z score and weight percentile adjusted for age and sex, and dose per kilogram of LGG received. ResultsA total of 813 children (84%) were included in the analysis; 413 received placebo and 400 LGG. Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups. There were no differential interaction effects across ranges of age (P-interaction = 0.32), adjusted weight z score (P-interaction = 0.43), adjusted weight percentile (P-interaction = 0.45), or dose per kilogram of LGG received (P-interaction = 0.28) for the primary outcome. Whereas we found a statistical association favoring placebo at the extremes of adjusted weight z scores for the number of vomiting episodes (P-interaction = 0.02) and vomiting duration (P-interaction = 0.0475), there were no statistically significant differences in other secondary outcome measures (all P-interactions > 0.05). ConclusionsLGG does not improve outcomes in children with AGE regardless of the age, adjusted weight z score, and adjusted weight percentile of participants, or the probiotic dose per kilogram received. These results further strengthen the conclusions of low risk of bias clinical trials which demonstrate that LGG provides no clinical benefit in children with AGE.This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01773967.

Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG on the Number and Differentiation of T Lymphocytes in the Intestine of Early Weaned Piglets

Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG on the Number and Differentiation of T Lymphocytes in the Intestine of Early Weaned Piglets

Soy Protein Diet, but Not Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Decreases Mucin-1, Trefoil Factor-3, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Colon of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Treated C57BL/6 Mice ,

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases has increased during recent decades. Within the colon, the families of mucins (MUC) and trefoil factors (TFF) facilitate mucosal protection. Probiotic administration influences the intestinal MUC layer. Additionally, food components may affect gut microflora or have direct effects on the MUC barrier. Our objective was to determine whether diet and/or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) would mediate dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis by altering expression of the MUC and TFF genes. C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing 20% (wt:wt) casein, soy, or whey proteins with or without LGG for 12 d. Seven days after starting LGG diets, the mice were given 2% DSS in drinking water for 4 d. Two additional casein groups with or without LGG were given tap water, for a total of 8 groups. One day after the DSS treatment, the mice were killed and the colon and cecum tissues and cecum contents were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Whey protein significantly increased cecal LGG content compared with the other diets. In the casein diet groups, MUC1 and TFF-3 expression in colon was significantly induced by DSS independent of LGG. Compared with other DSS-treated groups, soy protein decreased MUC-1 and TFF-3 in the colon. Similarly, soy protein decreased the impact of DSS on inflammatory scores, TNFα gene expression, and colon shortening. There was no overall effect of LGG on these measurements. In conclusion, soy protein suppressed the DSS-induced inflammatory stimulation of MUC, TFF, and TNFα gene expression independently of LGG.

Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence

SummaryProbiotics are live microorganisms – mainly bacteria – which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. There is rising interest in this area, but reports in the media are often conflicting. The aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the effects of probiotics on health, focusing on gut‐related health issues and the immune system, with the objective to provide a clearer picture of whether and how probiotics can be beneficial for health. The outcomes of this review are based on more than 100 original studies, meta‐analyses and systematic reviews. A variety of different strains have been used in studies on probiotics, and it is important to remember that the effectiveness of probiotics is strain‐specific, which means that each single probiotic strain has to be tested to assess its potential health benefits.Overall, despite the diversity of strains used in the studies included in this review, there is evidence that probiotics have the potential to be beneficial for our health. Studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease show probiotic strains to be able to decrease the recurrence of ulcerative colitis and occurrence and recurrence of pouchitis, however, current evidence suggests that probiotics are ineffective in treating patients with Crohn's disease. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome show a reduction in symptoms when treated with selected probiotic strains, but high placebo effects have been reported as well. The evidence of the efficacy of probiotics in patients suffering from constipation is limited, but the evidence seems promising for some strains to bring relief to patients suffering from constipation.There is good evidence that a number of probiotic strains are effective in preventing antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea. The most commonly studied strains are Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Saccharomyces boulardii, but other strains and mixtures of strains seem to be effective as well. There is also promising evidence of a preventive effect of probiotics in Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhoea, although some studies have been too small to obtain statistically significant findings. The effect of probiotics in acute diarrhoea, particularly in children, is well studied. Selected probiotic strains seem to be effective in reducing the duration of acute diarrhoea. LGG and S. boulardii are again the most commonly used strains and a number of studies have shown them to be effective, although one meta‐analysis showed that the effect of LGG was only significant in children in Western countries, not in children in developing countries, which may be due to different causes of diarrhoea in these regions. Studies investigating the preventive effect of probiotics in the context of common cold and flu infections show that the studied strains failed to lower the incidence of episodes but that they have the potential to decrease the duration of episodes, which suggests that the immune system may be more efficient in fighting off common cold and flu infections after consuming these strains. The evidence so far does not suggest that probiotics are effective in preventing or treating allergies or in treating eczema. However, some probiotic strains seem to lower the risk of developing eczema if taken by pregnant women and their infants in early life.

Should long-term prophylactic use of probiotics for infants and young children give cause for concern?

In the past decade, several probiotic strains have been investigated for health benefit effects and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) has been one of the most studied probiotic strains. Short-term beneficial effects on viral infectious diarrhoea have been reported in a number of studies, but a prophylactic effect on diarrhoea has not been documented. Furthermore, while some studies have reported a prophylactic, or even a curative, effect of LGG on atopic eczema in young children, more recent studies have not confirmed these findings. Quite the contrary, an increased incidence of allergic sensitization has been reported among children receiving LGG-supplemented infant formula feed at an early age. To date, there is thus no certain documented prophylactic effect of LGG on any medical condition in children. When used as a supplement in infant formula and baby foods, LGG is intended for long-term daily use in children as opposed to a short-term, specific, treatment. Furthermore, the targeted consumer group includes children below the age of 12 months. These two aspects demand particular consideration with regard to the lack of knowledge of the effects of long-term treatment with large doses of live bacteria both on the ecology of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and on its immunomodulating properties. Neither of these systems is fully matured in infants and small children, and may therefore be particularly vulnerable. Probiotics may also alter intestinal metabolism due to their enzymatic activities, transfer genes coding for resistance to antimicrobials and have other adjuvant effects of which we yet know very little. In conclusion, we consider that there is insufficient scientific knowledge to support manipulation of the immune system in a predictable manner by administration of probiotics to young children. Manipulation at an early age is of particular concern, as the effects may be non-reversible. Key words: probiotics, diarrhoea, infant formula, baby foods, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, microbiota, atopic eczema, allergic sensitization

Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG Suppresses MeningiticE. coliK1 Penetration across Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro and Protects Neonatal Rats against Experimental Hematogenous Meningitis

The purpose of this study was to examine prophylactic efficacy of probiotics in neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by E. coli K1. The potential inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on meningitic E. coli K1 infection was examined by using (i) in vitro inhibition assays with E44 (a CSF isolate from a newborn baby with E. coli meningitis), and (ii) the neonatal rat model of E. coli sepsis and meningitis. The in vitro studies demonstrated that LGG blocked E44 adhesion, invasion, and transcytosis in a dose-dependent manner. A significant reduction in the levels of pathogen colonization, E. coli bacteremia, and meningitis was observed in the LGG-treated neonatal rats, as assessed by viable cultures, compared to the levels in the control group. In conclusion, probiotic LGG strongly suppresses meningitic E. coli pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The results support the use of probiotic strains such as LGG for prophylaxis of neonatal sepsis and meningitis.