Effect Of Halide Salts Research Articles

Effect of potassium halide salts on mutual solubility of water + aromatic hydrocarbons liquid–liquid interface studied with surface and interfacial tensions

Surface tension (γ, mN/m) of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene (EB) aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs, low density liquids, LDL) and interfacial tension (IFT, mN/m) both with water and aqueous 0.1, 0.5, 1.0molkg−1 KF, KCl, KBr, KI (high density liquids, HDL) separately at 303.15K are reported. Contributions of –CH3 and –CH2CH3 of toluene and EB to hydrophobic interactions are calculated from γtoluene–γbenzene and γEB–γbenzene, respectively. IFTs of water+AHCs liquid–liquid interfaces (LLI) are as toluene (34.71)>EB (32.35)>benzene (32.32mNm−1), with a ~32.32mNm−1 decrease from 71.40mNm−1 of water. AHCs with hyperconjugation (HC) and positive inductive effects (+ve IE) with toluene and EB LLI have reduced IFT by 39.08, 2.39, −1.56mNm−1, respectively. The effects of π-conjugation, –H, –CH3 and –CH2CH3 on surface tension are calculated as π-conjugation=Δ(IFTair–liquid−IFTAPHS–benzene), –CH3=Δ(IFTAPHS–toluene−IFTAPHS–benzene). The effects of halide salts on hypercongugation –H(–CH3)/3, –CH2CH3 are obtained from Δ(IFTAPHS–EB −IFTAPHS–benzene).

Studies on the setting of polyelectrolyte cements: part VI. The effect of halide salts on the mechanical properties and water balance of zinc polycarboxylate and glass-ionomer dental cements.

A study is reported in which a zinc polycarboxylate and a glass polyalkenoate dental cement, respectively, were prepared from aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, KBr and KI, all at 1 mol dm3 concentration, as well as from pure water. For the zinc polycarboxylate, setting as determined by oscillating rheometry was speeded up and water uptake was enhanced by the presence of the salts. Conversely, compressive strength at 24 h was unaffected. On the other hand, for the glass polyalkenoate, the setting reaction was slowed down, water uptake inhibited and compressive strength at 24 h reduced (from 94.3 MPa with pure water to 59.8 MPa with NaCl, 65.8 MPa for KCl, 67.0 MPa for KBr and 81.1 MPa for KI). Previous work with polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution suggests that the halides probably enhance the rate of the neutralization process. For the zinc polycarboxylate, this leads to a more rapid setting reaction. By contrast, for the glass polyalkenoate, it results in slower setting and weaker cements. This result is attributed to inhibition of the secondary setting reaction, involving the formation of the silicate/phosphate network, by enhanced neutralization, a process which is consequently concluded to occur earlier in the overall setting of these cements than had been assumed previously.

Hydrogen hexachloroplatinate induces the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa

Human spermatozoa from healthy donors (n = 7) were washed in Tyrode's medium containing 0.6 mg/ml freeze-dried egg yolk, filtered through glass wool and exposed to 0.5, 5, 50, 500 or 1000 microM hydrogen hexachloroplatinate. Viability, membrane integrity and the acrosome reaction were examined using trypan blue exclusion, hypo-osmotic swelling test and fluoresceinated Pisum sativum agglutinin, respectively, after incubation for 3 or 6 h at 37 degrees C. While sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were not affected by the platinum compound after incubation for 3 h, the number of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa increased from 16.0 +/- 6.4% (control, mean +/- SEM) to 21.0 +/- 3.3 (0.5 microM), 22.3 +/- 4.3% (5 microM), 28.0 +/- 4.3% (50 microM, p < 0.01), 29.3 +/- 3.9% (500 microM, p < 0.01) and 43.9 +/- 7.4% (1 mM, p < 0.001); a further increase was detected after incubation for 6 h. However, the percentages of dead and immotile spermatozoa and those with defective membranes were also higher, suggesting that the acrosome reaction was caused by degenerative processes after long-term incubation. In conclusion, hydrogen hexachloroplatinate does not affect sperm motility, membrane integrity or viability, but it does induce the acrosome reaction after incubation for 3 h before cytotoxic effects are measurable. Similar effects of halide salts of platinum on receptor-mediated exocytosis have been described in other cells such as mast cells and basophils in vivo and in vitro.

Enhancement of antibody production by mercury and platinum group metal halide salts. Kinetics of total and ovalbumin-specific IgE synthesis.

The effects of halide salts of mercury, platinum and palladium on the synthesis of total and specific serum IgE and of total IgG were studied in groups of Hooded Lister rats immunised with antigen (ovalbumin) in the presence and absence of an adjuvant (Bordetella pertussis vaccine or aluminium hydroxide). Repeated intraperitoneal injections of mercuric chloride alone rapidly enhanced total IgE levels in control rats, independent of adjuvant. Injections of the platinum salt, however, elevated total IgE levels more slowly and then only in the B. pertussis-treated group. The halide salt of palladium was ineffective. In rats immunised with antigen and adjuvant, mercury treatment rapidly produced enhancement of the titre-specific IgE antibodies, whereas treatment with platinum again raised these levels more slowly. The palladium salt had no such effect.

The effect of halide salts on the NMR spectrum of methanol

The effect of halide salts on the NMR spectrum of methanol

Radiolysis of Liquid Methanol by Co 60 Gamma-Radiation

Previous reports on radiolysis of liquid methanol have compared G values for H2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol obtained on irradiation by Co60 7-rays and 28-Mev He++ ions and have suggested some reaction schemes (1, 2). Yields of H2, HD, and D2 in studies of CH30D with Co60 7-rays have indicated that there are at least two mechanisms of hydrogen production, one of which may not involve free H atoms (3). The relationships between the various yields and the minimum requirements of any proposed mechanism have not been clearly defined, however. In the work here reported we have studied the effect of dose and iodine concentration on the yields of the various products and on the iodine disappearance. Also, some preliminary results on the effects of halide salts are described and interpreted.