Effects Of Different Loads Research Articles

Cerium Dioxide Particles to Tune Radiopacity of Dental Adhesives: Microstructural and Physico-Chemical Evaluation.

The insufficient radiopacity of dental adhesives applied under composite restorations makes the radiographic diagnosis of recurrent caries challenging. Consequently, the misdiagnosis may lead to unnecessary replacement of restorations. The aims of this study were to formulate experimental dental adhesives containing cerium dioxide (CeO2) and investigate the effects of different loadings of CeO2 on their radiopacity and degree of conversion for the first time. CeO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and laser diffraction for particle size analysis. Experimental dental adhesives were formulated with CeO2 as the inorganic filler with loadings ranging from 0.36 to 5.76 vol.%. The unfilled adhesive was used as a control. The studied adhesives were evaluated for dispersion of CeO2 in the polymerized samples, degree of conversion, and radiopacity. CeO2 presented a monoclinic crystalline phase, peaks related to Ce-O bonding, and an average particle size of around 16 µm. CeO2 was dispersed in the adhesive, and the addition of these particles increased the adhesives’ radiopacity (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the degree of conversion with CeO2 loadings higher than 1.44 vol.%. However, all materials showed a similar degree of conversion in comparison to commercially available adhesives. CeO2 particles were investigated for the first time as a promising compound to improve the radiopacity of the dental adhesives.

The effect of different loads on semi-tethered swimming and its relationship with dry-land performance variables

ABSTRACTSemi-tethered loaded swimming (denoted STLS) has been used widely to develop or test swimmers skills, although its transference to increase performance seems overestimated. In addition, its relationship with dry-land tests remains obscured by imprecise reports. Sixteen competitive male swimmers (age: 18.31 ± 1.42) participated in a two-fold purpose study: Firstly, swimming performance was assessed at different STLS intensities on an adapted Smith Machine. A repeated measures 1-way ANOVA was conducted to find differences between the variables collected through a linear encoder at 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of the maximal load (ML). Secondly, the relationships between the swimming velocities and the different sorts of variables obtained on a dry-land arm-stroke strength test were studied by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that less velocity, acceleration and impulse were delivered at high loads (p < 0.001). It increased the velocity fluctuation, affecting the swimming patterns adversely. On the other hand, the correlations between velocity-based dry-land variables and swimming velocities (r = 0.71) seem to be more suitable to predict swimming performance, rather than strength-based variables (r = 0.49). In conclusion, coaches should reconsider using STLS, as little or no benefit may be obtained in performance.

PLA/MMT-TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Bionanocomposites: Chemical Structure and Surface Wettability

Polylactic Acid (PLA) has been used widely in packaging application because of its biodegradability. The aim of this study is to produce PLA nanocomposites by solvent casting incorporating montmorillonite nanoclays (MMT) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The effect of different loadings of MMT in PLA and different loadings of TiO2 on chemical structure and surface wettability were studied. The nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting at different loadings of MMT (0, 2, 4, 6 wt %) and different loadings of TiO2 (1 and 3 wt %) respectively. The chemical structure and surface wettability were determined. The absorption peaks in the range of 3550-3200 cm-1 had increased after incorporating of TiO2 and it indicated that there is the presence of stretching vibration of O-H groups. Moreover, increasing the percentage of TiO2 mass in the nanocomposites decreased the contact angle with water which led to increasing the wettability of the nanocomposites.

The Influence of Adopted Chemical Modification Route on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Alumina Nanoparticles-Impregnated Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Nanocomposite

In this study, the effect of different loadings of Lica-38-treated and untreated alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) nanocomposite, which is prepared by melt blending method, was investigated. Scanning electron microscope showed good dispersion of nanofiller in the polymer matrix. Young’s modulus and impact strength for both treated and untreated nanocomposites enhanced with filler loading until 6 wt.%, beyond which deterioration was observed. In addition, the role of Lica-38 agent was vivid as the improvement in mechanical properties of the nanocomposite was attained when embedded with treated nanoparticles. The storage modulus and thermal stability have also improved following the same trend as mentioned earlier. The thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of treated Al2O3 nanoparticles, which is ascribed to their connected percolated network that acted as efficient thermal pathways in the TPNR matrix. These results support the fact that the chemically modified nanocomposite has a potential application in electronic packaging.

Impact of different intensities of forced exercise on deficits of spatial and aversive memory, anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal BDNF during morphine abstinence period in male rats.

Forced exercise can alleviate cognitive-behavioral deficits in an experimental model of addiction. However, the effects of different intensities of forced exercise in improving behavioral, cognitive and biochemical deficits during morphine abstinence period are not well investigated. Thus, the current work examined the effects of different loads of forced exercise on cognition functions, anxiety behavior and BDNF changes in the hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and also serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone during the abstinent period in male rats. Animals received morphine injections (10mg/kg, twice a day) for 10 consecutive days. Then, the animals were exposed to a 4-week forced exercise training program under low, moderate or high intensities (30min per session on 5days a week), which accompanied by behavioral and biochemical tests. In Experiment 1, anxiety-like behaviors using elevated plus maze (EPM), and light/dark box (L/D box) were examined. In Experiment 2, cognitive functions using T-maze alteration and passive avoidance tasks were tested, which accompanied by BDNF measurements in the hippocampus and PFC. In Experiment 3, serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone following the termination of forced exercise regimen were measured. Morphine-abstinent animals exhibited anxiogenic -like behaviors in the EPM, but not L/D box. They also exhibited impaired T-maze alternation performance and passive avoidance memory, and a decline in hippocampal BDNF, but not PFC. Forced exercise at a moderate intensity alleviated anxiety, cognitive and BDNF defects in morphine-abstinent animals. The high load exercise enhanced serum levels of corticosterone in both saline and morphine groups. Thus, regular moderate forced exercise may be beneficial in preserving cognitive and mood functions in male addicts during the abstinent period and drug rehabilitation.

The removal of Rhodamine B by H2O2 or ClO2 combined with hydrodynamic cavitation.

Rhodamine B (RhB), widely used as an industrial dye, is a toxic organic that is hazardous to human health and can cause water pollution. In this study, the removal rate of RhB was investigated by the following methods: hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) operated individually, and HC combined with oxidants H2O2 or ClO2. The effect of different operating parameters including pressure (2-6 bar) and initial pH (2-8) on the extent of degradation was investigated using an orifice plate as the cavitation device to achieve maximum removal of RhB. Under the parameters of HC, the effect of different loadings was investigated: H2O2 (n(RhB):n(H2O2) was varied from 1:17.60 to 1:211.28) and ClO2 (n(RhB):n(ClO2) was varied from 1:8.87 to 1:177.53). A combination of cavitation and H2O2 or ClO2 resulted in degradations of 80.6% and 95.3%. The results indicated that the combination of HC and oxidants was better than the individual HC process for the degradation of RhB. When combining HC with H2O2 or ClO2, the synergistic coefficients of 62.54 and 74.79 were obtained. The combination of HC and ClO2 was proven to be more effective for the removal of RhB compared to HC alone and the hybrid process of HC and H2O2.

Synthesis and characterization of PVA/Starch/CMC composite films reinforced with walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell flour

Polyvinyl alcohol/Starch/Carboxymethyl cellulose (PSC) composite films were synthesized by solvent casting method using glycerol as plasticizer and citric acid as cross linking agent. The effect of different loadings of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on thermal and tensile properties of PVA/Starch (PS) composites was investigated. The increasing concentration of CMC enhanced the thermal stability of PS composite films. PSC film at an optimum level of CMC showed the maximum tensile strength (36.56 ± 1.54 MPa) and was further chosen to analyze the effect of walnut shell flour (WSF) addition. PSC films reinforced with different amounts of WSF were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, UV absorption spectra, tensile testing, water absorption study and soil burial degradability test. The reinforcement of WSF showed a remarkable improvement in thermal stability and water resistant property of the films. Addition of WSF in PSC films reduced the degradability of films, with maximum percentage of weight loss obtained with 2% loading. Further, the tensile strength was found to be improved up to 6% level (41.09 ± 0.71 MPa). ANOVA of the tensile data recognized the considerable differences between the mean tensile strength from one composition to another (p < 0.05).

Electrical and Chemical Properties of Graphene over Composite Materials: A Technical Review

Graphene is a material that has superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. It has drawn the attention of many scientific researchers for this purpose. In this paper, three different types of fillers, GNPs, MWCNTs and EG reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were mainly studied. Different shear mixing speeds and shear mixing times were considered during the study of the nanocomposites with 0.1 wt% loading of the fillers. The effects of various types of fillers and different shear mixing speeds and durations on mechanical and electrical properties of the final composites were examined. The GNPs-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite was the only one that showed a 13% improvement in elastic modulus as compared to pure epoxy when the shear mixing conditions were 3000 rpm for 2 hours. The research also studied the effects of different loadings of GNPs and the addition of acetone as a solvent on the final mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the composites (with the fixed shear mixing speed and time). The tensile strength of the composites reduced drastically when the loading of GNPs increased while the elastic modulus shows some increase with the growth in GNP loading. The study found that GNPs reinforced composites did not show the percolation threshold even with 5 wt% (with the ratio to the weight of epoxy) loading of the GNPs. The GNPs-reinforced epoxy composites showed an 116% improvement in the thermal conductivity as compared to the pure epoxy samples when the GNPs loading was 5 wt%. The results from the studied literatures also showed that the samples prepared with the addition of acetone had higher thermal diffusivity than the samples prepared without acetone.

Effects of Loading Conditions on Articular Cartilage in a Metal-on-Cartilage Pairing.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the response of articular cartilage to frictional load when sliding against a metal implant, and identify potential mechanisms of damage to articular cartilage in a metal‐on‐cartilage pairing. Bovine osteochondral cylinders were reciprocally slid against metal cylinders (cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy) with several variations of load and sliding velocity using a microtribometer. The effects of different loads and velocities, and the resulting friction coefficients on articular cartilage, were evaluated by measuring histological and metabolic outcomes. Moreover, the biotribocorrosion of the metal was determined. Chondrocytes stimulated with high load and velocity showed increased metabolic activity and cartilage‐specific gene expression. In addition, higher load and velocity resulted in biotribocorrosion of the metal implant and damage to the surface of the articular cartilage, whereas low velocity and a high coefficient of friction increased the expression of catabolic genes. Articular cartilage showed particular responses to load and velocity when sliding against a metal implant. Moreover, metal implants showed tribocorrosion. Therefore, corrosion particles may play a role in the mechano‐biochemical wear of articular cartilage after implantation of a metal implant. These findings may be useful to surgeons performing resurfacing procedures and total knee arthroplasty. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society J Orthop Res 37:2531–2539, 2019

The Influences of Different Bamboo Filler Loading on Tensile Properties and Impact Strength of RHDPE/BF Composites

Recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different loading of bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding. The fillers loading were reinforced with plastic for different loading which is 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% and 20 wt.% for two different matrixes, which is recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. Mechanical measurements will show the presence of different loading filler will insignificantly effect in the composites tensile strength and also impact. The result of the mechanical analysis carried out showed that the presence of natural filler in composites will improve the properties of the material.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Composites Filled with Waste Rubber Glove Crumbs

Recycling of waste rubber gloves is an alternative to sustainable methods in ensuring that waste rubber does not pile up. The main focus of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of utilising waste rubber gloves as fillers in unsaturated polyester-based composites. The evaluation also studies the effect of different loading of rubber content towards the composite’s mechanical properties with 8 different rubber contents being considered. Rubber contents of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 wt. % have been studied in this work. Waste rubber gloves were ground into crumbs using cryogenic grinding and added into the unsaturated polyester. The composite is characterised for its tensile and flexural strength, elastic modulus, impact strength and fracture surface morphology. The addition of rubber crumbs has increased the toughness of the composite while it decreased the tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus. Due to rubber hydrophobic behaviour, adhesion between rubber crumbs and polyester gets weaker as the rubber content was increased, therefore the tensile strength of the composite dropped. The SEM micrographs of the tensile fracture surface of the composite revealed that voids in the composite increases as the rubber content is increased. Voids occur due to inhomogeneous distribution of rubber crumbs throughout the composite.

Effect of cesium incorporation in hydrotalcite-like compounds

Hydrotalcite-like compounds are synthetic anionic clays that have outstanding adsorption and catalytic properties. Hydrotalcite nanoclays (Mg–Al layered hydroxides) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Obtained solids were converted into mixed metal oxides by thermal decomposition at temperatures up to 723 K. High adsorption and reconstructive properties of the mixed metal oxides allowed incorporating metal ions in their structure. Thus, these materials can be used as ion traps from aqueous media. Cesium ions were incorporated into hydrotalcite lamellar structure by impregnation method. Effects of different loads of Cs+ and adsorption times on the material properties were studied. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry for obtaining a localized chemical analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 for measurement of basic sites density. The amounts of metal incorporated in the structure was high enough due to small size of Cs+ ion. Synthetized materials also demonstrated high concentrations of strong surface basic sites formed through a synergistic effect of Cs and Mg ions. Basic properties of Cs-containing hydrotalcites enable their potential use as catalysts of base-catalyzed reactions.

Pneumatic Soft Arm Based on Spiral Balloon Weaving and Shape Memory Polymer Backbone

This paper presents a novel design of soft arm with triplet spiral balloons weaving and a shape memory polymer (SMP) backbone mechanism, which enables dexterous actuation and an additional variable stiffness function. The soft arm is aimed for assisting minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The triplet spiral balloons, which are actuated by pressure air, are woven helically around the SMP backbone, covered by a rubber sheath. This structure gives the soft arm a wide range of actuation, which allows it to reach the target without damaging surrounding tissues blocking its way. The SMP backbone, whose stiffness changes with the temperature, gives the arm the ability of shape holding. Temperature control of the SMP backbone is realized by the electric wire and cooling channels. A prototype is manufactured and a set of experiments is conducted with the aim of assessing the performance of variable stiffness and actuation. The effects of different loads and pressures on trajectory of the arm are evaluated together with the force-deflection curves. The prototype has also been validated with abdominal phantom, demonstrating the potential clinical value of the system.

Evaluation of anaerobic digestion post-treatment options using an integrated model-based approach

The objective of this paper is to present the main results of an engineering-research project dealing with model-based evaluation of waste streams treatment from a biotech company. This has been extensively done in domestic treatment systems, but is equally important, and with different challenges in industrial wastewater treatment. A new set of biological (activated sludge, anaerobic digestion), physicochemical (aqueous phase, precipitation, mass transfer) process models and model interfaces are required to describe removal of organics in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor plus either traditional nitrification/denitrification (A1) or partial nitritation (PN)/anammox (ANX) (A2) processes. Model-based analysis shows that option A1 requires a decrease in digestion energy recovery (Erecovery) in order to have enough organic substrate for subsequent post NO3 reduction treatment (95 kWh.kg N−1). In contrast, A2 in an aerobic granular sludge reactor allows for higher UASB conversion since N removal is carried out autotrophically. The study also reveals that the addition of an aerated pre-treatment unit prior to the PN/ANX (A2) reactor promotes COD and H2S oxidation, CO2 and CH4 stripping, a pH increase (up to 8.5) and a reduction of the risk of intra-granular precipitation as well as sulfide inhibition. Simulations indicate clear differences regarding the microbial distribution/abundance within the biofilm in A2 when comparing the two operational modes. Final results show the effects of different loading and operational conditions; dissolved oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSSop), energy recovery (Erecovery); on the overall process performance; N removal, aeration energy (Eaeration), net energy production (Erecovery); using response surfaces, highlighting the need of integrated approaches to avoid sub-optimal outcomes. The study shows the benefits of virtual plant simulation and demonstrates the potential of model-based evaluation when process engineers in industry have to decide between competing options.

Effects of different loading exercises on apelin levels and physical and hematologic parameters of swimmers.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise loads (short, medium and long swimming distances) on apelin levels and some physical and hematologic parameters of male professional swimmers. Materials and methods Apelin levels, hematologic parameters, whole blood values and physical measurements, including body mass index (BMI), aerobic power values and anaerobic power values, were also obtained. Results It was determined that the thrombocyte, erythrocyte and leukocyte values from the hematologic parameters increased after exercise (p < 0.05). According to the results, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the pretest apelin level (2090.75 pg/mg) and the apelin levels taken after swimming M 200 m (4260.43 pg/mg) and after swimming L 400 m (3694.4 pg/mg). Conclusions The different exercise loads had significant effects on the hematologic parameters and apelin values in the swimmers. The study also determined the relationships between swimming exercises and aerobic and anaerobic capacity and BMI.

Mechanical analysis of a flexible cable battery using the finite element model

Portable flexible electronic devices are receiving much attention for their flexible, portable, and wearable characteristics. The performance of such devices depends on the performance of the flexible battery to a great extent. The resistance of the battery is an important index of performance and a series of tests show that the resistance increases during deformation of the battery. In investigating how the mechanical behavior affects the resistance of the battery and optimizes the battery structure, a finite element model is developed to analyze the properties of the flexible-cable battery from a mechanical view. The model is used to analyze the mechanical behaviors of a wire-cable-type battery when the battery is solely subject to axial stretching, bending, or torsion. Effects of the cable lay angle and friction coefficient are considered. Effects of different loads on the resistance are presented considering the relationship between the strain and resistance. Simulation results show that the effect of the friction coefficient can be ignored. When the battery bears different loads, different lay angles are suggested for good flexibility and a small increase in resistance.

Effect of clay on the dielectric properties of novel fluorinated methacrylate nanocomposites

In this work, the dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate) copolymer (PMATRIF) and vinylbenzyl‐functionalized montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles prepared via in situ free radical polymerization were studied. The effect of different loadings of (MMT) filler (in weight ratios of 1, 3, and 5%) on the molecular dynamics and polarization of PMATRIF was investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy from 10−1 to 106 Hz and at temperatures between 20 and 170°C. For PMATRIF matrix, the real part ε′ and the imaginary part ε″ of the dielectric permittivity curves revealed four dielectric processes β, α, αβ, and ionic conduction phenomenon. Furthermore, it was found that incorporating MMT led to an increase in the dielectric losses and generated additional relaxation processes known as Maxwell–Wagner Sillars polarization. Calculation of the activation energy for the different processes revealed that α relaxation followed the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann–Hesse dependency while the other processes were suitably fitted with the Arrhenius law. In order to probe matrix/MMT interface properties, dielectric strength of the interfacial polarization Δε is calculated by fitting the dielectric permittivity through the known Havriliak–Negami model. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3333–3341, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Investigating the impact models for nanoparticles manipulation based on atomic force microscope (according to contact mechanics)

The impact in the nano scale, especially for the softer nanoparticles, is very important. As a result, the effect of different loadings on the contact process of nanoparticles and nanoparticles impact before initiation of contact are studied in this paper. To investigate the nanoparticles impact before contact begins, three theories including Hertz, JKR and Jamari are investigated. Regarding the impact, cubic and elliptical geometries are selected for nanoparticles. In order to study the contact process more comprehensively, the contact of nanoparticles is studied using the governing equations of elasticity. To validate the results, the developed models and an experimental sample are compared with each other. The sample has a relatively soft polystyrene surface. In comparison between the experimental results for force – displacement graph shows that by considering the initial impact the results accuracy improves up to 2.23%.

Effect of bamboo fiber on the degradation behavior and in vitro cytocompatibility of the nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (n-HA/PLGA) composite

To obtain an ideal nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (n-HA/PLGA) composite for bone materials, bamboo fiber (BF) was selected to reinforce n-HA/PLGA. The effects of different loadings and surface modification methods for BF on in vitro degradation behavior and cell viability of n-HA/PLGA were evaluated. In vitro degradation was tested in a simulated body fluid while cell viability experiment was carried out using human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). The changes of tensile strength, water absorption, surface microstructure and thermal properties during the soaking were investigated by means of electromechanical universal tester, scanning electron microscope and differential scanning calorimeter. Moreover, the cell attachment and proliferation of samples were evaluated by fluorescence microscope, inverted microscope and MTT method. The results showed that the degradation started from the interface between BF and n-HA/PLGA matrix, and the degradation rate of the BF/n-HA/PLGA composite was accelerated with the increasing BF amount. Fortunately, the surface-modified BF could improve the interface compatibility and display more suitable degradation rate. In addition, the in vitro cell incubating experimental results reflected that BF was nontoxic and had no side effect on cell attachment and proliferation. Especially, BF/n-HA/PLGA composite with 5% surface-modified BF had better cytocompatibility. The study suggested that the surface-modified BF had a great potential in developing BF/n-HA/PLGA composite used as bone materials in the future. Bamboo fiber (BF) played an important role in improving the mechanical property of n-HA/PLGA composite. Here, the effect of different contents and surface modification methods for BF on in vitro degradation behavior and cell viability of n-HA/PLGA composite was comprehensively study by the experiments of soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) and incubating with human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). The results showed that the incorporation of BF accelerated the degradation of the BF/n-HA/PLGA composite, and the composite with higher BF content had faster degradation. Fortunately, the surface-modified BF made the composite has more suitable degradation than the unmodified BF. Moreover, in vitro cell incubating experiment results reflected that BF was nontoxic and exhibited no side effects on cell attachment and proliferation of the BF/n-HA/PLGA composite. Especially, BF/n-HA/PLGA composite with 5% surface-modified BF displayed better cytocompatibility. In brief, the study suggested that BF had a great potential in developing BF/n-HA/PLGA composite used as bone materials in the future.

Processing and properties of high density polyethylene/date palm fiber composites prepared by a laboratory mixing extruder

In this work, “green” composites made from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and natural fiber based date palm fiber have been prepared and studied. The effects of different loadings of date palm fibers (DPF) on the morphological, thermal and melt rheological properties of the composites have been investigated. Morphological investigation showed that the fibers were evenly dispersed in HDPE matrix at all DPF loadings. Additionally, the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the addition of the DPF in the HDPE matrix has slightly increased the crystallization temperature (ΔT = ± 1.33 oC). However, the crystallinity index, Xc of the composites at all DPF loadings were lower than the neat HDPE. The decrease of Xc was approximately 10.5 – 14 %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis results revealed that the addition of the DPF into the HDPE matrix has increased the crystallization temperature. However, the crystallinity index of the composites at all DPF loadings were lower than the neat HDPE. In term of melt rheological analysis, the complex viscosity of the composites were all higher than the HDPE matrix and increased with the increase of DPF loadings, which was due to the restriction of the HDPE chain segment movements as the amount of DPF increased.