Effects Of Different Extraction Methods Research Articles

The effects of different extraction methods on the structure and antioxidant properties of Bletilla striata polysaccharide

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is one of the main active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine Bletilla striata (Thunb) Richb.f and the extraction method of BSP has a significant impact on its properties. This study investigated the effects of four extraction methods, namely hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, enzyme extraction, and microwave extraction, on the structure and antioxidant properties of BSP. Characterization results from FTIR and NMR showed that all four BSP consisted mainly of glucose and mannose, forming α-glycosidic and β-glycosidic linkages to form glucomannan. Hot water extraction had the lowest extraction rate of BSP at 21.78% ± 0.73%. The polysaccharide BSP-H obtained from hot water extraction had the smallest absolute Zeta potential and Grain size, but the largest molecular weight at 204 kDa. It exhibited the best thermal stability and superior antioxidant activity compared to polysaccharides extracted using the other three methods, as evaluated by three different antioxidant assays. Although the antioxidant activity of BSP-V was slightly weaker, it showed a significant improvement compared to the remaining two polysaccharides. These results suggest that hot water extraction is the most suitable method for large-scale application of BSP, preserving its activity effectively, thus facilitating practical production and product development.

Ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction of selenium-rich rice bran protein: a study on its structural and physicochemical properties

This study explores the effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and functional performance of selenium-rich rice bran protein (Se-RBP). Four extraction techniques—alkaline extraction (AAE), microwave extraction (MAE), ultrasonic extraction (UAE), and ultrasonic-assisted microwave extraction (UMAE)—were assessed for their efficiency and impact on protein structure, solubility, and functional properties, including emulsifying and foaming capacities. The results demonstrate that UMAE significantly enhances the functional properties of Se-RBP, achieving an emulsion stability index of 86.76% and a foaming capacity of 188.63%, both of which outperform the other methods. Furthermore, UMAE-treated Se-RBP exhibited a 35.43% increase in selenium bioavailability following gastrointestinal digestion. UMAE also delivered the highest antioxidant activity, reducing the IC50 for DPPH radical scavenging to 0.85 mg/mL. These improvements are attributed to UMAE’s ability to achieve a finer, more uniform particle distribution and increased exposure of bioactive compounds. This study reveals the potential of UMAE in optimizing the extraction and functional utilization of Se-RBP.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on the Structural and Functional Properties of Soluble Dietary Fibre from Sweet Potatoes.

In this study, hot water treatment (WT), ultrasonic treatment (UT), ultrasonic-sodium hydroxide treatment (UST), ultrasonic-enzyme treatment (UET), and ultrasonic-microwave treatment (UMT) were used to treat sweet potatoes. The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the extracted soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) were named WT-SDF, UT-SDF, UST-SDF, UET-SDF, and UMT-SDF, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal properties, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were employed. The structural results indicated that the UST-SDF exhibited the best thermal stability, highest crystallinity, and maximum specific surface area. Moreover, compared to hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, or ultrasonic extraction in combination with other methods, enhanced the physicochemical and functional properties of the SDF, including extraction yield, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), sodium cholate adsorption capacity (SCAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), and antioxidant properties. Specifically, the UST-SDF and UMT-SDF showed better extraction yield, WHC, OHC, GAC, CAC, SCAC, and NIAC values than the other samples. In summary, these results indicate that UST and UMT could be applied as ideal extraction methods for sweet potato SDF and that UST-SDF and UMT-SDF show enormous potential for use in the functional food industry.

Comparison of quantity, quality and antibacterial activity of essential oil Mentha longifolia (L.) L. under different traditional and modern extraction methods.

Extraction is the first and most important step in obtaining the effective ingredients of medicinal plants. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. is of considerable economic importance as a natural raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Since the effect of different extraction methods (traditional and modern methods) on the quantity, quality and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of this plant has not been done simultaneously; the present study was designed for the first time with the aim of identifying the best extraction method in terms of these features. For this purpose, extracting the essential oil of M. longifolia with the methods of hydrodistillation with Clevenger device (HDC), steam distillation with Kaiser device (SDK), simultaneous distillation with a solvent (SDE), hydrodistillation with microwave device (HDM), pretreatment of ultrasonic waves and Clevenger (U+HDC) and supercritical fluid (SF) were performed. Chemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against various clinical microbial strains was evaluated by agar diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). The results showed that the highest and lowest yields of M. longifolia leaf essential oil belonged to HDC (1.6083%) and HDM (0.3416%). The highest number of compounds belonged to SDK essential oil and was equal to 72 compounds (with a relative percentage of 87.13%) and the lowest number of compounds was related to the SF essential oil sample (7 compounds with a relative percentage of 100%). Piperitenone (25.2-41.38%), piperitenone oxide (22.02-0%), pulegone (10.81-0%) and 1,8-cineole (5-35.0%) are the dominant and main components of M. longifolia essential oil were subjected to different extraction methods. Antimicrobial activity results showed that the lowest MIC value belonged to essential oils extracted by HDM, SDK, SDE and U+HDC methods with a value of 1000 μg/mL was observed against Gram-negative bacteria Shigella dysenteriae, which was 5 times weaker than rifampin and 7 times weaker than gentamicin. Therefore, it can be concluded that in terms of efficiency of the HDC method, in terms of the percentage of compounds of the HDM method, and in terms of microbial activity, the SDK, HDM and U+HDC methods performed better.

Comparison of Maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method in Determining Quercetin Content of Clitoria ternatea L. Flowers

Butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) contain the compound quercetin which has been studied extensively. Butterfly pea flowers have shown various pharmacological activities. The extraction method has an impact on the amount of active compound extracted. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different extraction methods on quercetin content of C. ternatea L flowers using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC system uses an ODS-3 column stationary phase; a mobile phase mixture of 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid and methanol (36:64); a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min; and a PDA-UV detector. The extraction methods used were maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using methanol as a solvent. The results showed that the quercetin content of C. ternatea L flower extract with maceration method results was 1.0669 ± 0.0283 mg/g and with UAE method was 1.3915 ± 0.1789 mg/g. Statistical test results showed that differences in both extraction method did not have a significant effect on quercetin content. However, the UAE method is considered more efficient in terms of extraction time, so the UAE method can be used as an alternative for extracting quercetin from C. ternatea L. flowers.

Effects of different extraction methods on the structure and function of blackberry seed polysaccharides

SummaryThe different extraction methods including hot‐water extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and microwave‐assisted extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction, ultrasound and microwave‐assisted extraction, and ultrasound and enzyme‐assisted extraction (UEE) methods were carried out to extract blackberry seed polysaccharides (BSPs). The extraction yield, structure, antioxidant capacity, and glucometabolic enzyme inhibition activities of BSPs were determined in this work. Extraction methods have no influence on the monosaccharide composition of BSPs but affected the molar ratio of monosaccharides. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction results showed that the extraction method cannot effect on the functional groups and crystal forms of BSPs. The findings also revealed that UEE led to the highest BSP extraction yield (4.56%), highest antioxidant capacities, and highest α‐amylase (48.49%) and α‐glucosidase (67.33%) inhibitory rates, which may because of the dispersed molecular weight distribution and loose microstructure of BSPs. These results suggest that UEE may be used in the industry to obtain BSPs with high functional activities.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical constituents in goupi plaster prepared by various extraction methods using UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

Goupi plaster, a representative preparation of black plaster, has demonstrated promising effects in treating knee osteoarthritis. However, high temperature used in traditional frying extraction may cause decomposition of its effective components, thus limiting the efficacy. This study aimed to explore the scientific nature of the traditional preparation technology of Goupi plaster, and to compare the effects of different extraction methods on the types of chemical components and the content of index components. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and UPLC-MS/MS technologies which have high efficiency, sensitivity and accuracy, were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the chemical components of Goupi plaster under different preparation processes. The results show that the extraction solvent approach is different from the traditional frying extraction method, and has a positive effect. However, the mechanism of action of Goupi plaster is complex and its pharmacological effects are diverse. Future studies should explore whether it necessary to change the frying extraction method. This experiment provides a theoretical basis that will guide further scientific discussion and research into the frying extraction of Goupi plaster.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Biological Activities of Pearl Powder Extracts

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Biological Activities of Pearl Powder Extracts

Effect of different extraction methods on yield and quality of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) seed oil

Microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods can increase the yield and quality of oil extraction. This study investigated their effects on araticum seed oil extraction compared with conventional methods. Oils were extracted using press and Soxhlet techniques, combined with microwave- and ultrasound-assisted methods at different times. Key parameters such as yield, acidity index, peroxide index, iodine index, moisture, saponification index, ether-insoluble impurities, antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The highest oil yield (24.22%) was achieved by combining the press with Soxhlet. Based on EC50 values, antioxidant activities ranged from 1.06 ± 0.10 to 5.19 ± 0.39 mg/mL and 2.26 ± 0.33 to 10.43 ± 0.28 µM trolox/g for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The ultrasound-assisted method showcased superior antioxidant activity. Predominant fatty acids included oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Extractions by ultrasound-assisted press at 15 and 30 min showed enhanced antioxidant potency and reduced peroxide and acidity indices. The extraction method affected the characteristics of the oil, and changes in the fatty acid profile were observed. Non-heating methods yielded more unsaturated acids but with low extraction yield.

Effect of roasting temperature on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic profile, chemical properties, and oil extraction method on fatty acids composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds and oil

In this study, the effects of roasting chia seeds at different temperatures (90 and 120 °C) on total phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents and antioxidant activities were examined. Additionally, the effects of different extraction methods on the phenolic components of chia seeds and the chemical properties and fatty acids of chia seed oils were investigated. Chia seed oil was extracted via Soxhlet without roasting as control, yielded 29.62%. The oils from seeds roasted at 90 °C and 120 °C had yields of 32.65% and 33.85%. The control oil had an acidity value of 4.70%. In comparison, the acidity values were 4.20% and 3.61% for the oils from seeds roasted at 90 °C and 120 °C. The total phenol result of the control sample was found to be 2.55 mg GAE/g, while the total phenol contents in Chia samples roasted at 90 °C and 120 °C are determined as 2.34 mgGAE/g and 2.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. Also, the flavonoid contents of the roasted chia samples (90 °C and 120 °C) were reported as 13.71 mgCE/g and 12.91 mgCE/g, respectively. It was observed that the application of roasting caused a decrease in quercetin and resveratrol values (p < 0.01). The highest antioxidant value (80.13%) was established in chia sample roasted at 90 °C. Quercetin, catechin, resveratrol, kaempferol and izorhamnetin were the main phenolic components of chia seeds. Other phenolic components such as syringic acid, p-cuoumeric acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid were found at quite low levels. It was observed that of roasting application caused a decrease in quercetin and resveratrol values. The highest fatty acids in chia seeds were linoleic and linolenic acids. Linolenic and linoleic acid results of chia oils were recorded to be between 64.58 and 68.10% to 17.30 and 18.44%, respectively. The palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic (except sonication) acid contents of the chia oils obtained by Soxhlet and sonication systems from roasted seeds were found high compared to the control.

Study of the Structure and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Different Parts of Stemona tuberosa Lour.

The polysaccharides from Stemona tuberosa Lour, a kind of plant used in Chinese herbal medicine, have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the effects of the extraction methods and the activity of polysaccharides from different parts are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different extraction methods on the yields, chemical compositions, and bioactivity of polysaccharides extracted from different parts of Stemona tuberosa Lour. Six polysaccharides were extracted from the leaves, roots, and stems of Stemona tuberosa Lour through the use of hot water (i.e., SPS-L1, SPS-R1, and SPS-S1) and an ultrasound-assisted method (i.e., SPS-L2, SPS-R2, and SPS-S2). The results showed that the physicochemical properties, structural properties, and biological activity of the polysaccharides varied with the extraction methods and parts. SPS-R1 and SPS-R2 had higher extraction yields and total sugar contents than those of the other SPSs (SPS-L1, SPS-L2, SPS-S1, and SPS-S2). SPS-L1 had favorable antioxidant activity and the ability to downregulate MUC5AC expression. An investigation of the anti-inflammatory properties showed that SPS-R1 and SPS-R2 had greater anti-inflammatory activities, while SPS-R2 demonstrated the strongest anti-inflammatory potential. The results of this study indicated that SPS-L1 and SPS-L2, which were extracted from non-medicinal parts, may serve as potent natural antioxidants, but further study is necessary to explore their potential applications in the treatment of diseases. The positive anti-inflammatory effects of SPS-R1 and SPS-R2 in the roots may be further exploited in drugs for the treatment of inflammation.

Future Challenges and Opportunities of Marine Algae in Cosmeceuticals

Abstract: Marine algae have garnered significant attention in the cosmeceutical industry due to their diverse array of bioactive compounds and unique properties. As the demand for sustainable and effective skincare solutions rises, marine algae offer a promising avenue for innovation. This study explores the future challenges and opportunities of utilizing marine algae in cosmeceuticals. One of the foremost challenges lies in the sustainable sourcing and cultivation of marine algae to meet the growing demand while preserving marine ecosystems. Overcoming this challenge requires advancements in biotechnology, including the development of efficient cultivation techniques and sustainable harvesting practice. Cosmetics are widely used by people around the world to protect the skin from external stimuli. Consumer preference towards natural cosmetic products has increased as the synthetic cosmetic products caused adverse side effects and resulted in low absorption rate due to the chemicals’ larger molecular size. The cosmetic industry uses the term “cosmeceutical”, referring to a cosmetic product that is claimed to have medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae are rich in bioactive substances that have shown to exhibit strong benefits to the skin, particularly in overcoming rashes, pigmentation, aging, and cancer. The current review provides a detailed survey of the literature on cosmeceutical potentials and applications of algae as skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and antimicrobial agents. The biological functions of algae and the underlying mechanisms of all these activities are included in this review. In addition, the challenges of using algae in cosmeceutical applications, such as the effectiveness of different extraction methods and processing, quality assurance, and regulations concerning extracts of algae in this sector were also discussed.

Effects of different extraction methods on the structural and biological properties of Hericium coralloides polysaccharides

In current study, polysaccharides from Hericium coralloides were extracted by heat reflux, acid-assisted, alkali-assisted, enzyme-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, cold water, pressurized hot water, hydrogen peroxide/ascorbic acid system and acid-chlorite delignification methods, which were named as HRE-P, ACE-P, AAE-P, EAE-P, UAE-P, CWE-P, PHE-P, HAE-P, and ACD-P, respectively. Their physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activities were investigated and compared. Experimental outcomes indicated notable variations in the extraction yields, chemical compositions, monosaccharide constituents and molecular weights of the obtained nine polysaccharides. HRE-P demonstrated the highest activity against ABTS and OH radicals, CWE-P against ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radicals, and UAE-P against DPPH radicals. In addition, UAE-P, CWE-P, and HAE-P exhibited better protective effects on L929 cells, when compared to the other obtained polysaccharides. Additionally, correlation analysis indicated that monosaccharide composition and total polyphenol content were two prominent variables influencing the bioactivity of H. coralloides polysaccharides.

Effects of different extraction methods on the release of non-volatile flavor components in shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes)

Shiitake mushroom is a highly nutritious and delicious edible fungus with a unique flavour, making it popular among consumers globally. In this study, the effects of different extraction methods on the release of non-volatile flavour substances in shiitake mushroom were investigated using e-tongue, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of pretreatment showed that hot air drying at 60 ℃ had higher umami intensity. On the basis of it, enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be beneficial for the release of soluble sugars (alcohols), organic acids, and free amino acids, especially umami, sweet amino acids like Glu, Ser, and Thr. Double enzymatic hydrolysis had higher umami intensity. On the other hand, cooking was beneficial to the release of 5′-nucleotides, with 5′-AMP and 5′-GMP being key flavour substances in high-pressure cooking. In conclusion, enzymatic hydrolysis can increase the ratio of umami and sweet amino acids, and high-pressure cooking is the best way to promote the release of 5′ -nucleotides. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the development of shiitake mushroom condiment.

Characterization Of Coconut Oil (Cocos Nucifera L.) From Commonly Cultivated Kenyan Varieties Extracted by Different Methods

The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different extraction methods and varieties on the extraction yields and quality profile of the resultant coconut oil. Three mature coconut varieties (East Africa Tall, Tall Yellow and Dwarf) were collected and subjected to different oil extraction techniques (traditional method, modified traditional method, mechanical expression and soxhlet method). The quality characteristics of the oil were determined using established standard protocols. Soxhlet extraction exhibited the highest oil yield ranging from 45.4% to 58.4% followed by mechanical expression (39.2-50.1%) and the least was traditional extraction method (6.3 to 10.2%) yield depending on variety. The Dwarf variety gave significantly lower yields compared to the other varieties. The quality characteristics were within codex standards except for the high levels of free fatty acid in traditionally (0.42%) and mechanically (0.33%) extracted oil. Lauric acid was the dominant fatty acid at 47.5%-53.5% followed by myristic acid at 15.3-18.5% depending on variety and the method of extraction. The % saturated fatty acid in all varieties was &gt;90%. Unlike in previous studies, arachidic acid was present in all varieties. The study has demonstrated that extraction methods and variety influence the oil yield and quality characteristics of coconut oil.

Effects of different extraction methods on the physico-chemical characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from Clitocybe squamulosa

This study comparatively evaluated the effects of the commonly used six extraction methods (acidic, alkaline, enzymatic, ultrasonic, high-pressure, and microwave) on the physico-chemical properties, processing characteristics, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Clitocybe squamulosa (CSFPs). The results show that polysaccharides extracted using an enzyme-assisted extraction method has a relatively high extraction yield (4.46 ± 1.62 %) and carbohydrate content (70.79 ± 6.25 %) compared with others. Furthermore, CSFPs were all composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and glucosamine hydrochloride. Only ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides (CSFP-U) has a triple helix chain conformation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant differences in the microstructure of polysaccharides prepared using different methods. Besides that, the polysaccharides prepared by alkali extraction (CSFP-B) and high-pressure assisted extraction (CSFP-H) have good water (2.86 ± 0.29 g/g and 3.15 ± 0.29 g/g) and oil (8.13 ± 0.32 g/g and 7.97 ± 0.04 g/g) holding properties. The rheological behavior demonstrated that CSFPs solutions were typical non-Newtonian fluid. Apart from this, the antioxidant capacity (clearing DPPH (IC50 = 0.29) and ABTS free radicals (IC50 = 0.19), total reduction ability (IC50 = 3.02)) of polysaccharides prepared by the microwave-assisted extraction (CSFP-M) method was significantly higher than that of other extraction methods. By contrast, the polysaccharide prepared by acid extraction (CSFP-A) has the optimum binding capacity (bile acid salt (71.30 ± 6.78 %) and cholesterol (57.07 ± 3.26 mg/g)). The antibacterial activity of CSFPs was positively correlated with their concentration. Thus, the research results can provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of polysaccharides from C. squamulosa.

Comparison on biological activities of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides extracted with five methods

Studying the physicochemical properties and biological activities of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBPs) is of great significance. The previous study had extracted LBPs(LBP-1, LBP-2, LBP-3, LBP-4, and LBP-5) by five different methods(cold water extraction, boiling water reflux extraction of the residue after cold water extraction, ultrasonic extraction with 50% ethanol, ultrasonic extraction with 25% ethanol of the residue after 50% ethanol extraction, and hot water extraction). In this study, the structures of the obtained five LBPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the antioxidant, blood lipid-lowering, nitrosation-inhibting, acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting, and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities of the five LBPs were measured in vitro. The results showed that high-temperature extraction destroyed the polysaccharide structure, while ultrasound-assisted extraction ensured the structural integrity. The thermal stability and degradation behaviors differed among the five LBPs. However, the UV spectroscopic results of the five LBPs did not show significant differences, and all of the five LBPs showed the characteristic absorption peaks of proteins. LBP-3 and LBP-4 exhibited strong antioxidant activity, while LBP-3 had the strongest blood lipid-lowering activity. In addition, LBP-3 outperformed other LBPs in inhibiting nitrosation and acetylcholineste-rase, and LBP-2 showed the strongest inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. This study explored the effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of LBPs, with a view to providing a basis for the selection of suitable extraction methods to obtain LBPs with ideal biological activities.

The Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Total Tannin Content of Methanol Extract of Simpur Air Leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa)

The use of metal mordants in fabric dyeing can harm the environment and health, so it is necessary to look for natural mordants that are more environmentally friendly. The utilization of Simpur Air leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa) as a biomordant is one of the efforts to produce a more environmentally friendly tannin mordant. D. suffruticosa has been reported to contain tannin compounds in all parts of the plant. However, scientific evidence of differences in the total tannin content of methanol extracts of D. suffruticosa leaves with various extraction methods have not been found so far. This study aims to determine the effect of different extraction methods on the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extracts of D.suffruticosa leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 755.8 nm with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. D. suffruticosa leaves are extracted by using three methods, namely maceration, soxhletation and reflux. Tannic acid is used as a comparator. The results show that the yield value of D. suffruticosa leaves extracted by maceration, soxhletation and reflux methods were 8.35%; 12.26%; and 25.24%, respectively. The total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves with maceration method is 0.15% ± 0.007; soxhletation is 0.18% ± 0.007 and reflux is 0.21% ± 0.016. Based on the results of the data analysis, the significance value &lt;0.05 was obtained. It can be concluded that the extraction method affects the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves.

Optimization of Three Extraction Methods and Their Effect on the Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium huoshanense.

Dendrobium huoshanense is a famous edible and medicinal herb, and polysaccharides are the main bioactive component in it. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), and hot water extraction (HWE) conditions and obtain the polysaccharides named DHP-E, DHP-UM, and DHP-H. The effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, and bioactivity of polysaccharides were compared. The differential thermogravimetric curves indicated that DHP-E showed a broader temperature range during thermal degradation compared with DHP-UM and DHP-H. The SEM results showed that DHP-E displayed an irregular granular structure, but DHP-UM and DHP-H were sponge-like. The results of absolute molecular weight indicated that polysaccharides with higher molecular weight detected in DHP-H and DHP-UM did not appear in DHP-E due to enzymatic degradation. The monosaccharide composition showed that DHPs were all composed of Man, Glc, and Gal but with different proportions. Finally, the glycosidic bond types, which have a significant effect on bioactivity, were decoded with methylation analysis. The results showed that DHPs contained four glycosidic bond types, including Glcp-(1→, →4)-Manp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, and →4,6)-Manp-(1→ with different ratios. Furthermore, DHP-E exhibited better DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These findings could provide scientific foundations for selecting appropriate extraction methods to obtain desired bioactivities for applications in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Process optimization and effect of different extraction methods on the characteristics and activities of Herba Patriniae polysaccharides: A correlation analysis

The process of papain assisted hot water (WP), cellulase assisted hot water (WC), papain mixed cellulase assisted hot water (WPC), ultrasonic assisted papain (PU), and ultrasonic assisted cellulase (CU) for Patriniae polysaccharides (HPs) extraction were optimized using the indicate of polysaccharide yield, respectively. Then, the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of HPs were compared, with an additional correlation analysis between the characteristics and activities of HPs. The results showed that CU demonstrated the highest extraction rate at 30.50 % among all methods. Compared to previous hot water extraction (HW), the enzyme-assisted extraction increased molecular weight, reducing sugar, mannose, and glucose content of HPs, while ultrasound-assisted extraction lowered mannose and glucose content of HPs, and increased reducing sugar content of HPs. All HPs showed concentration-dependent hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities. Correlation analysis revealed that HPs with moderate galactose content, higher reducing sugar, protein, glucose, mannose, xylose, and molecular weight polysaccharide content would exhibit superior hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities, with CU-HPs expressing these excellent characteristics. Together with the exceptional polysaccharide yield, CU was a promising strategy to extract HPs, whose optimum process were: enzyme addition 2.5 %, solid–liquid ratio 1:25, ultrasonic power 150 W, ultrasonic time of 50 min.