Effects Of Crude Aqueous Extract Research Articles

The effect of crude aqueous extract of the Allium sativum on spermatogenesis in balb/C mice

Objective: Among herbal medicine, Allium sativum (garlic) has historically been used widely for the treatment of many disease such as hypertension, diabetes, tuberculosis, leprosy, constipation, parasitic infection, food poisoning, emmenagogue, abortion induction and many other disease. However, data about the particular effects of garlic such as activator of spermatogenesis has not been considered as much. In this study, we evaluated the effect of crude garlic extract on mouse spermatogenesis. Eighteen mature male balb/c mice were divided into 2 groups (n=9). Group one received crude aqueous extract of the bulb of Allium sativum by gavages at doses of 4 mL/kg. Group two (control) received just the same volume of distilled water at the same manner of other group. At the end of exposure time, all groups were anesthetized, sacrificed and their testes were removed for histochemichal studies using histological techniques. By using of stereological methods, our data showed a significant free sex cell proliferation in experimental in contrast control group. It seems that consumption and administration of Allium sativum can result in significant structural changes in male reproductive system and affect spermatogenesis. The mechanism, by which Allium sativum induces these effects, is unknown and remains to investigated.

Antifertility effects of aqueous crude extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaves in male mice

Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (OG) is widely used in folk medicine for several conditions because of its high medicinal value and therefore calls for its toxicological screening. The present study is designed to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of OG on hormonal and semen parameters of mice. Animals were divided into 3 groups and orally administered OG (11 - 88 mg/kg) daily for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, while a fourth (control) group received only distilled. They were sacrificed at the end of each treatment period and blood sample was assayed for serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. Semen was collected and analyzed for semen parameters, while the testis was evaluated for histological changes. OG caused no significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the serum levels of the hormones studied. However, sperm count and motility were decreased, while the percentages of abnormal sperm cells, sperm debris and primordial cells were increased dose- and time-dependently. Furthermore, OG caused histopathological damages to the seminiferous epithelium of the testes. The results indicate that OG has anti-fertility effect in the male mouse, which may be mediated through a direct deleterious action on the testis without disruption of the testicular endocrine function. Key words: Antifertiliy, mice, Ocimum gratissimum, seminiferous.

Crude Aqueous Extract of Garlic Reduces MIC of Isoniazid and Rifampicin Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Broth Microdilution Method

Garlic extract is known to possess anti-mycobacterial property. The present study evaluates the effect of crude aqueous extract of garlic on MIC of isoniazid and rifampicin against drug sensitive strains.Crude aqueous extract of garlic was prepared according to method described by Fromtling and Bulmer. Clinical isolates of MTB were obtained from patients reporting to the hospital and were used for the study after antibiotic sensitivity testing. Sensitivity testing for isoniazid and rifampicin alone and in combination with different dilutions of aqueous extract of garlic was performed in 96-well microtitre plates. H37Rv was used as control strain for the study.Crude aqueous extract of garlic alone inhibited the growth of clinical isolates of MTB in dilution of 2.64+1.24 ul/100ul of broth. The MIC of isoniazid was reduced from 0.42 ± 0.22 ug/ml to 0.11 ± 0.04 ug/ml, while MIC of rifampicin was reduced from 1.73 ± 0.44 ug/ml to 0.62 ± 0.65 ug/ml in presence of garlic extract.Crude extract of garlic reduces the MIC of isoniazid and rifampicin and offers potential new chemical entities for further research.

Cytogenetic effect of crude aqueous extract from leaf of Lycium barbarum on root tip of Allium cepa L.

This study was carried out to investigate the cytogenetic effects of crude aqueous extract of Lycium barbarum on the roots tip of Allium cepa Using three concentration 125, 25, 50 mg/ ml for 2, 4, 6 hours treatment periods.This study were included some cytogenetic analysis such as mitotic index , phase index and chromosome aberration. The data showed that the treatment with 50mg/ml for 6huors led to reduce the mitotic index less than 50% . This reduction considered to have toxic and sublethal effect . These results revealed mutagenic potency by inducing differents type of chromosome aberration.

Cytogenetic effect of crude aqueous extract from leaf of Lycium barbarum on root tip of Allium cepa L.

This study was carried out to investigate the cytogenetic effects of crude aqueous extract of Lycium barbarum on the roots tip of Allium cepa Using three concentration 125, 25, 50 mg/ ml for 2, 4, 6 hours treatment periods.This study were included some cytogenetic analysis such as mitotic index , phase index and chromosome aberration. The data showed that the treatment with 50mg/ml for 6huors led to reduce the mitotic index less than 50% . This reduction considered to have toxic and sublethal effect . These results revealed mutagenic potency by inducing differents type of chromosome aberration.

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Iris hookeriana against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Iris hookeriana Linn. rhizome against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. A worm motility inhibition assay was used for in vitro study and a faecal egg count reduction assay was used for an in vivo study. The in vitro study revealed anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous extracts and crude ethanolic extracts on live Trichuris ovis worms (P < or = 0.05) as evident from their paralysis and/or death at 8 h after exposure. The aqueous extracts of I. hookeriana resulted in a mean worm motility inhibition of 54.0%, while ethanolic extracts resulted in a mean worm motility inhibition of 84.6%. The mean mortality index of aqueous extracts was 0.55, while for ethanolic extracts it was 0.85. The lethal concentration 50 for aqueous extracts was 0.45 mg ml- 1 and for ethanolic extracts it was 0.15 mg ml- 1. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of I. hookeriana in sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes demonstrated a maximum (45.62%) egg count reduction in sheep treated with ethanolic extracts at 2 g kg- 1 body weight on day 10 after treatment, closely followed by ethanolic extracts at 1 g kg- 1 body weight on day 10 after treatment (43.54% egg count reduction). The aqueous extracts resulted in a maximum of 31.53% reduction in faecal egg counts on day 10 after treatment with 1 g kg- 1 body weight. Thus ethanolic extracts exhibited greater anthelmintic activity under both in vitro and in vivo conditions; this could be due to the presence of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in I. hookeriana. From the present study it can be suggested that I. hookeriana rhizome exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and has the potential to contribute to the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of small ruminants.

Effects of crude aqueous medicinal plant extracts on growth and invasion of breast cancer cells

Plants used in folklore medicine continue to be an important source of discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. In the present study, we determined the effects of crude aqueous extracts of a panel of medicinal plants on the growth and invasion of cancer cells. Our results showed that extracts of L. tridentata (Creosote Bush) and J. communis L. (Juniper Berry) significantly decreased the growth of MCF-7/AZ breast cancer cells. The latter as well as A. californica (Yerba Mansa) inhibited invasion into the collagen type I gel layer. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) decreased when the cells were exposed to aqueous extracts of L. tridentata, J. communis L. and A. californica. This study provides original scientific data on the anticancer activity of selected aqueous medicinal plant extracts used in traditional medicine.

Effect of crude extracts of mixtures of different plant species in the control of Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom. and pod setting of cowpea plants

The effect of crude aqueous extracts of orange, Citrus sinensis L., peel and chilli pepper, Capsicum annum L. in mixtures with extracts of other plant species on Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cowpea flowers and pod setting ability of the treated plants was evaluated in two years of field studies. Compared with the other treatments, crude extract mixtures of chilli pepper with neem leaf, orange peel with African curry (Ocimum gratissimum L.) leaf and orange peel with Gmelina arborea L. leaf (in that order) were superior in reducing the numbers of thrips (<0.5 thrips/flower) in cowpea flowers and subsequently ensuring higher pod load per plant on treated plots. The mixture of chilli pepper with neem leaf extract was the most effective and compared favourably with the synthetic insecticide check (Uppercott) both on thrips suppression as well as on pod setting per plant. This result indicates the potential of using extract mixtures of different plant species with varying insecticidal attributes for protection of cowpea flowers in low input agriculture practised by limited resource farmers in developing countries.

Fungitoxicidade, atividade elicitora de fitoalexinas e proteção de alface em sistema de cultivo orgânico contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pelo extrato de gengibre

O patógeno Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é um fungo que sobrevive no solo e causa a doença conhecida como mofo branco ou podridão de esclerotínia na cultura da alface (Lactuca sativa) e outras culturas. A doença é considerada de difícil controle, uma vez que o fungo é muito agressivo e produzem estruturas de resistência, os escleródios. Na busca de novos métodos de controle de doenças, os extratos de plantas com propriedades terapêuticas surgem como opção. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do extrato bruto aquoso (EBA) de gengibre (Zingiber officinalis) nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% sobre o crescimento micelial e produção de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum, in vitro. Também foi verificada a eficiência do gengibre na proteção de plantas de alface cultivadas organicamente e inoculadas com o patógeno. Além da incidência da doença, foi analisado o rendimento da cultura e a atividade de peroxidase nos tecidos da planta. Água e o indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-metil foram utilizados como tratamentos controle. Adicionalmente, a capacidade elicitora do EBA de gengibre em proporcionar o acúmulo das fitoalexinas deoxiantocianidina e gliceolina foi avaliada em bioensaios com sorgo e soja, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a atividade antimicrobiana dos EBA de gengibre, com inibição do crescimento micelial e da produção de escleródios. Na cultura da alface, verificou-se que a aplicação de massa de gengibre na base da planta aumentou a atividade da enzima peroxidase e reduziu a incidência da doença. A presença de compostos elicitores no EBA de gengibre foi observada pela indução da produção de fitoalexinas em sorgo e soja, que ocorreu de maneira dose-dependente. Estes resultados indicam o potencial de Z. officinalis para o controle de S. sclerotiorum em alface, o qual pode ocorrer tanto por atividade antimicrobiana direta quanto pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa das plantas.

Effect of crude aqueous leaf extract of Viscum album (mistletoe) in hypertensive rats

<b>Objectives: </b> To study the effect of the crude aqueous extract from <i> Viscum album</i> (mistletoe) leaves on arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in albino Wistar rats under pentobarbitone anesthesia. <br><b> Materials and Methods: </b> About 42 male rats (130-150 g) were randomly divided into three batches, as normotensives (NMT, n=18), renal artery-occluded hypertensives, (ROH, n=12), salt-induced hypertensives, (SIH, n=12), The normotensives were further divided into three groups, untreated (control), sham-operated and extract-treated subgroups (n=6 per subgroup) while the ROH and SIH groups were also divided into the treated and untreated subgroups of six rats each. The extract (150 mg/kg) was administered via the oral route, once daily for six weeks. Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), atropine (1.5 mg/kg i.v.) and noradrenaline (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) were also administered to elucidate the probable mechanism of action of the extract. <br><b> Results:</b> The results showed that the control MAP and HR in the normotensives were 97.50±3.20 mmHg and 440.00±12.60 beats/min, respectively. The crude extract produced a significant decrease in BP i.e., 11.28, 23.98 and 18.80% in the NMT, ROH and SIH treated subgroups. The depression produced by the extract on the corresponding HR was not significant in the normotensive, ROH or SIH subgroups. Propranolol blocked the action of the extract on BP. However, atropine did not prevent the extract-induced depression of BP. The extract blocked noradrenaline-induced increase in BP in the NMT. <br><b> Conclusion:</b> Our data suggest that the mistletoe extract produces antihypertensive effect without alteration in HR, possibly involving sympathetic mechanism.

Effect of Piper betle L. Leaf Extract on the Virulence Activity of Streptococcus mutans-An in vitro Study

In this study the effect of crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Piper betle L. on the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 was investigated. It was carried out based on the effect of the extract towards growth, cell surface hydrophobicity, adhering property and glucosyltransferase activity of the S. mutans. The concentration of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. used in the experiments above was between 0 to 20 mg mL-1. Chlorhexidine (0.12) and sterile deionised water was used as positive and blank control, respectively. The results obtained showed that the crude extract at a concentration as low as 2.5 mg mL-1 exhibited reduced effect towards the growth (p<0.01), adhering ability (p<0.01), glucosyltransferase activity (p<0.05) and cell surface hydrophobicity (p<0.05) of S. mutans when compared with the blank control. This implies that the Piper betle L. extract may have anti-virulence property towards S. mutans. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

A pharmacological study on Berberis vulgaris fruit extract

Berberis vulgaris fruit (barberry) is known for its antiarrhythmic and sedative effects in Iranian traditional medicine. The effects of crude aqueous extract of barberry on rat arterial blood pressure and the contractile responses of isolated rat aortic rings and mesenteric bed to phenylephrine were investigated. We also examined effect of the extract on potassium currents recorded from cells in parabrachial nucleus and cerebellum rejoins of rat brain. Administration of the extract (0.05–1 mg/100 g body weight of rat) significantly reduced the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized normotensive and desoxycorticosteron acetate-induced hypertensive rats in a dose-dependent manner. Concentration–response curves for phenylephrine effects on isolated rat aortic rings and the isolated mesenteric beds in the presence of the extract were significantly shifted to the right. Application of the extract (1–50 μg/ml) shifted the activation threshold voltage to more negative potentials, leading to an enhancement in magnitude of the outward potassium current recorded from cells present in rat brain slices of parabrachial nucleus and cerebellum. This effect on potassium current may explain the sedative and neuroprotective effects of barberry. The present data support the hypothesis that the aqueous extract of barberry has beneficial effects on both cardiovascular and neural system suggesting a potential use for treatment of hypertension, tachycardia and some neuronal disorders, such as epilepsy and convulsion.

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT (CRUDE) OF LEAVES OF &lt;i&gt;Vernonia Amygdalina&lt;/i&gt; (DEL) ON BLOOD GLUCOSE, SERUM ALBUMIN AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN DIABETIC ALBINO RATS

Effect of crude aqueous extract of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina on blood glucose, serum albumin and cholesterol levels on alloxan induced diabetic albino rats was investigated. Blood glucose, serum albumin and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced. From 296.75 ± 9.0mg/dl to 179.0 ± 7.3mg/dl for blood glucose; 4.08 ± 0.4mg/dl to 0.93 ± 0.23mg/dl for serum albumin, while cholesterol level decreased from 280.33 ± 4.65mg/dl to 170.45 ± 4.52mg/dl. The effect was dose dependent, as the reduction followed increase in dose given to the animals. The biochemical implication of our findings are discussed. KEY WORDS: Blood glucose, serum albumin, Cholesterol, hypoglycemic, antilipolytic and lipogenic effects. Global Jnl Pure & Applied Science Vol.10(1) 2004: 189-194

English

&nbsp; The effect of crude aqueous extracts of&nbsp;Azadirachta indica&nbsp;(neem) against the larvae of&nbsp;Anopheles&nbsp;mosquito was investigated. Exposure of the larvae to undiluted extracts of seed oil, leaf and bark for 12 hours led to 100, 98, and 48% mortality, respectively. Dilution of these extracts also resulted in mortality of the larvae. We suggest that the seed oil and leaf extract of neem contain properties that could be developed and used in the control of mosquitoes in the tropics. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Anopheles&nbsp;mosquito, neem,&nbsp;Azadirachta indica.

Pharmacological effects of Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) aqueous crude extract on rat's heart

The effect of aqueous crude extract (ACE) of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) was studied on rat's perfused ventricles. This plant is used in South American traditional medicine as an antihypertensive and we already demonstrated previously its hypotensive properties. In this paper, maximal left intraventriclular pressure ( P) of rat's hearts beating at 0.2 Hz firstly increased to 162.1±11.1% of basal value during 1–3 min of perfusing ACE 0.6%. Maximum rate of contraction (+ P) also increased to duplicating + P/ P ratio. Both types of effect were significantly decreased by either propranolol 0.35 μM, and pre-treatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg), suggesting that they were caused by a compound that releases cathecolamines with β-adrenergic action. Nevertheless, after 20 min of perfusing ACE, ventricles decreased P to about 50% of their basal value, suggesting a negative-inotropic compound present in the extract. The perfusion of 1.2% ACE decreased P in a pressure–[Ca] o curve (0.5–2 mM) in a non-competitive manner, suggesting that an irreversible Ca-blocking compound is also present in the extract. In summary, E. uniflora ACE has a dual effect on the heart related to its hypotensive action and is probably responsible for the therapeutic or adverse effects in patients under cardiac risk.

Ameliorative effects of Anoectochilus formosanus extract on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats

The purpose of this study was to determine ameliorative effects of crude aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus (AFE) on osteopenia in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. First, all of the rats were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX rats were allowed to lose bone for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks post-OVX, the OVX rats were divided into four groups treated with water, 17β-estradiol (30 μg/kg, daily s.c. injection) or AFE (0.5, 2 g/kg, daily, orally) for 12 weeks. In OVX rats, the increases of body weight and serum total cholesterol were significantly decreased by AFE or 17β-estradiol treatment. In OVX rats, atrophy of uterus and vagina was preserved by treatment with 17β-estradiol, but not by AFE. The decreased weight of pituitary was increased by treatment with both 17β-estradiol and AFE. There were decreases in bone density and calcium content including the right femur and the fourth lumbar vertebra, when compared with the sham control rats. Treatment with either 17β-estradiol or AFE ameliorated these changes induced by OVX. In addition, ovariectomy increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The increases were suppressed by the treatment with 17β-estradiol and AFE. Our results demonstrated that AEF could ameliorate ovariectomy-induced osteopenia.

Antioxidant activity and protective effect on DNA cleavage of extracts from Cistus incanus L. and Cistus monspeliensis L.

The genus Cistus includes many typical species of Mediterranean flora; Cistus species are used as antidiarrhetics, as general remedies for treatment of various skin diseases in folk medicine and as anti-inflammatory agents. These species contain flavonoids that are considered to be chain-breaking antioxidants. In this work, we have investigated the effects of crude aqueous extracts from Cistus incanus and Cistus monspeliensis on DNA cleavage and their free-radical scavenging capacity. In addition, their effect on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes was evaluated. These extracts showed a protective effect on DNA cleavage and a dose-dependent free-radical scavenging capacity; Cistus monspeliensis was more active than Cistus incanus; these results were confirmed by a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. The experimental evidence, therefore, suggests that because of their antioxidant activity these extracts may offer excellent photoprotection for skin and may be useful in the treatment of human diseases where oxidative stress plays a key role.

Effects of crude aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in male albino mice

The effect of an aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds (5 mg/kg body/day im and 20 mg/kg body wt/day oral) were investigated in male mice treated for 60 days. Reversibility studies were also carried out to elucidate if any induced effects were transient. The aqueous extract did not manifest any estrogenic effects in male mice, and LD 50 studies indicated its nontoxic nature. The body weight or the weights of reproductive organs, kidney, and adrenal were not affected, indicating that the extract did not promote body weight gain through obesity or water retention. The serum SGOT, SGPT, protein, and cholesterol levels were also within the normal range in the extract-treated mice, suggesting that the extract does not influence liver function or cholesterol and protein metabolism. These data suggest that the aqueous extracts of papaya seeds is safe and could serve as an effective male contraceptive in rodents.