Effect Of Commitment Research Articles

Formulating Event Loyalty in Tourism: Lessons From the World Travel Market

The literature extensively focuses on loyalty formulation, but event loyalty is scarcely researched despite the substantial contribution of events in tourism. This article examines the formulation of event loyalty at the World Travel Market (WTM) in London. Using a sample of 274 visitors, it evaluates the impact of performance, the social, educational, and emotional value, and the marketing activities of WTM on event loyalty formulation and development. Moreover, it examines event loyalty in terms of employment orientation of an audience characterized in direct relevance with the tourism domain. The findings reveal that the most important factor affecting event loyalty is marketing activities followed by event performance, although all constructs appear to impact visitor loyalty of the examined event. In addition, the employment orientation of visitors substantially influences all the examined constructs. Finally, the study discusses several managerial implications concerning the formulation and development of loyalty in travel and tourism-related events.

Event quality and loyalty among runners with different running involvement levels

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: to investigate if the three service quality dimensions (service environment, interaction and outcome quality), proposed by Brady and Cronin (2001), influence the development of event loyalty, among runners of the “‘Alexander the Great’ International Marathon”, and to test if running loyalty moderates the relationship between event quality and event loyalty.Design/methodology/approachIn all, 368 runners participated in the study and filled the Sport Event Quality Questionnaire (Theodorakis et al., 2015) and an adjusted version of the Leisure Involvement Questionnaire (Kyle et al., 2010).FindingsThe results indicated that only the service environment and outcome dimensions contributed significantly to the prediction of event loyalty, while, and in contrast to other sport services, interaction quality was not shown to be an important determinant for the development of event loyalty. Furthermore, running involvement was shown to play a moderating role in the relationship between event quality and event loyalty. Service quality is more important for the development of event loyalty among low- than high-involved runners. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provided results on how high- and low-involved runners perceive event quality, and for which of these groups the event quality is an important antecedent for the development of event loyalty.Practical implicationsInvestigating the moderating role of involvement on the relationship between service quality and loyalty has also applied value. While committed runners have been traditionally seen as a key target group for event marketing professionals, the majority of runners in city marathons today are more leisure oriented. The increase in the number of leisure runners is actually the reason for the rapid growth of city marathons in the last few years. Meeting the needs of these leisure runners and increasing their loyalty levels is therefore a key task for marathon marketers today.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature, as for the first time it explores the moderating role of involvement on the relationship between service quality and loyalty in the context of a sport event.

Concepts of Event Loyalty and Destination Loyalty Based on the Example of Sports Fans of Poznan Half Marathon

Concepts of Event Loyalty and Destination Loyalty Based on the Example of Sports Fans of Poznan Half Marathon

Destination image and loyalty development: the impact of tourists’ food experiences at gastronomic events

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses an analysis of the impact of tourists’ food experiences at gastronomic events on destination image and these events’ contribution to both destination and event loyalty. Data were collected with a survey conducted during two renowned Spanish gastronomic festivals: the Cherry Blossom Festival, in the Jerte Valley, and the National Cheese Fair, in Trujillo. A total of 616 valid responses were obtained and analysed using the partial least squares path modelling technique. The results show that gastronomic experiences have a positive effect on destination image and loyalty. Furthermore, destinations’ structural elements have a significant relationship to destination brand but not to destination loyalty. Loyalty to gastronomic events is positively correlated with event brand and destination brand and image. Together, these elements have a positive relationship to destination loyalty. This study provides a novel approach to gastronomic experiences associated with place branding. The findings indicate that managers need to coordinate the different branding strategies of public and private administrators to focus these on emphasising the value of destinations’ structural elements and events’ brand and, thereby, enhancing tourists’ loyalty.

Factors effecting destination and event loyalty: examining the sustainability of a recurrent small-scale running event at Banff National Park

ABSTRACTAn important form of economic sustainability for tourism businesses is customer loyalty. Using a sample of 387 active sport tourists, factors that influence destination and event tourism loyalty are reported on in this paper. Thirty-six per cent of destination loyalty’s variance was explained – operationalized as intentions of active sport tourists to revisit and recommend Banff National Park (NP). Thirty-one per cent of event loyalty’s variance was explained – operationalized as participation in future offerings of an annual small-scale running race, Melissa’s Road Race, located in the park. Destination loyalty was directly and positively predicted by park attachment and indirectly influenced by event attachment, followed by nature-related travel motives, frequency of visits to the park and history of engagement in the race. Event loyalty was directly and positively predicted by event attachment and racers’ views regarding the appropriateness of Banff NP as a race context and indirectly by history of race participation. Running travel motives, perceived value of park entry and event fees failed to predict loyalty intentions. Two models were used to explore the ‘correct’ conceptualization of relationships between event attachment and park attachment. The model that depicted event attachment as an antecedent to park attachment demonstrated better fit with the data, and thus suggests support for the proposition that attachments which develop for special events may in turn support the development of destination attachment.

The Influence of Event Authenticity and Quality Attributes on Behavioral Intentions

Many studies have found that the perceived authenticity of cultural and religious events affects event satisfaction and loyalty. Little is currently known about how perceived authenticity is affected by the quality of other event attributes, such as food and the availability of information, which are independent determinants of satisfaction and loyalty. This article explores this complex relationship using empirical data collected through a survey conducted during the 2010 Holy Year in Santiago de Compostela. A total of 400 questionnaires were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of our analysis of the 2010 Holy Year provide support for the effect of event perceived authenticity on event satisfaction, and they also indicate that event perceived authenticity does not have a direct impact on event loyalty. Instead, its relationship to the intention to revisit is mediated by event satisfaction. In addition, the effects of event attributes were assessed for both event satisfaction and perceived authenticity, and significant differences were found.

Recreational sports event participants’ attitudes and satisfaction: cross-cultural comparisons between runners in Japan and the USA

Over the past two decades, sports tourism has become significantly popular worldwide. Marathons, an especially popular type of athletic event, have both influenced and been influenced by tourist activity. In this regard, profitable and sustainable marathons may necessitate that event planning practitioners understand event participants’ attitudes and needs, contributing to repeat attendance. Furthermore, cross-cultural research may help marathon organizers understand how cultural and other similarities and differences might relate to increased fulfilment of participants’ needs and wants. The purpose of this study is to make a preliminary assessment of the expected relationship between event participation and loyalty in a marathon event in two countries. A total of 420 participants, of whom 200 participants were from the United States of America's event and 220 participants from the Japan event, were included in this study. In the result, marathon participants’ attitudes towards and loyalty concerning the events indicated no significant differences stemming from gender, age, or full-versus-half marathon participation.

Testing the role of sport event personality on the development of event involvement and loyalty

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to test: the applicability of Aaker’s (1997) brand personality model in the context of mountain running races; and the influence of event personality on event involvement and loyalty.Design/methodology/approach– In total, 177 runners (n=177) at two mountain running races participated in the study and filled the brand personality (Aaker, 1997) and leisure involvement (Kyleet al., 2004a, b) questionnaires.Findings– The confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the brand personality and event involvement models. The analysis confirmed also the structural model. Four of the five personality facets (excitement, competence, ruggedness and sincerity) significantly influenced the three dimensions of event involvement, which in their turn influenced event loyalty (intention to participate and W-O-M communications).Practical implications– The topic of brand personality is important for building brand equity and guiding market positioning in the growing running races sector. The current study provides event organizers with a tool for measuring the personality of their events. Furthermore, it explains how event personality influences the development of event involvement, which is an important variable for the development of event loyalty.Originality/value– It contributes to the academic literature in two ways: first, the construct of brand personality has not been previously applied in the context of outdoor sport events and especially mountain running races; and second, while it has been theoretically proposed (Aaker, 1997; Keller, 2008) and empirically supported (Eisend and Stokburger-Sauer, 2013) in the general marketing literature that brand personality is associated with positive behavioral and attitudinal (e.g. brand loyalty and brand involvement) outcomes, there has been no published research to test the relationships among brand personality, involvement and loyalty in the context of outdoor sport events.

Linking Travel Motivation and Loyalty in Sporting Events: The Mediating Roles of Event Involvement and Experience, and the Moderating Role of Spectator Type

ABSTRACTSporting events are an important kind of travel attraction and hedonic service offering. This study examines the effects of travel motives and purpose on event loyalty through the mediating roles of event involvement and experience as well as the moderating role of spectator type. Based on a sample of event tourists at a major sporting event, the findings show a full mediation of event involvement and a partial mediation of event experience. Yet, the mediating effect of event involvement is moderated by spectator type in that the travel motives effect is significant for on-site paid and off-site spectators, but not for on-site complimentary spectators. In addition, the relationship between travel purpose and event involvement is more salient for on-site paid and off-site spectators than for complimentary spectators. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for theory and practice, the study’s limitations, and future directions of research.

KINERJA PELATIH SEKOLAH KHUSUS OLAHRAGAWANNEGERI RAGUNAN TAHUN 2011

The object of this research is to find out effect of coaching knowledge, commitment, and workmotivation on the performance of the coaches of State Sport School Athletes of Ragunan. The researchwas conducted at State SMP/SMU of Ragunan, Jakarta, 2010 with n=34 all population.The research areas follow: (1) there was not an effectof coaching knowledgeon work motivation, (2) there was an effectof coachingknowledgeon the performance of the coaches, (3) there was an effect of commitment onwork motivation, (4) there was an effect of commitment on the performance of the coaches, (5) therewas an effect of work motivation on the performance of the coaches, (6) there was an effect ofcommitment on the performance of the coaches by work motivation. The conclusions of the research isthat the work motivation and performance of the coaches can be increased by improving of coachingknowledge, and commitment.

Towards a Model of Wine Event Loyalty

The current research investigated factors that motivate attendance and produce loyalty to the UNLVino™ wine tasting event in Las Vegas. A model was developed to explain how attendance motivators, event satisfaction and emotional commitment contribute to wine event loyalty. Models were constructed for three behavioral loyalty indices: revisit intention, recommendation, and willingness-to-pay. Three factors were found to be primary attendance motivators: wine experience, enjoyment and social recognition. The importance of these factors did not differ between first-time and repeat visitors. The results showed that emotional commitment was the strongest predictor of behavioral loyalty, and served as a mediating variable for attendance motivated by the wine experience. Attendance motivated by enjoyment influenced loyalty directly and through its impact on satisfaction. The findings suggest that festival and event planners should seek ways to build emotional commitment and increase social capital among constituents.

Investigating the effect of collective organizational commitment on unit‐level performance and absence

The relationship between individual‐level organizational commitment and employee's performance has been the subject of considerable empirical investigation over several decades. However, few studies have examined the effect of collective organizational commitment on unit or organizational‐level performance, even though available theory suggests commitment's effects may be stronger at the unit level. We present results of a study examining the effects of unit‐level organizational commitment on the speed and quality of performance, and employee absence, drawing on a sample of 893 service sector employees (representing a 90% response rate) from 39 office units in a UK public sector organization. Results show that unit‐level organizational commitment was statistically significantly associated with both unit‐level performance quality (i.e., reduced customer complaints per service transaction) and performance speed (i.e., customer average queuing time). Collective organizational commitment was not significantly associated with a unit‐level measure of the average time customers spent at service counters with the tellers, nor was it associated with unit‐level employee absence.Practitioner Points Bottom‐line impact of organizational commitment: unit‐level organizational commitment had substantial effects on unit‐level performance. Managers must recognize that committed employees have a value beyond their immediate and individual performance as such individuals contribute to unit performance. Unit‐level organizational commitment implies different managerial interventions. Our research indicates the value to organizations of analysing survey data at the unit‐level: it is easier to ensure participant anonymity and confidentiality of responses and it provides information beyond individual level data.

How do brand communities generate brand relationships? Intermediate mechanisms

This research investigates the intermediate mechanism that translates brand communities into brand relationships. Using a sample of online brand communities from China, the study finds that consumer brand attachment plays a full mediating role between brand community commitment and brand commitment and exerts partial mediation between brand identification and brand commitment. Perceived community–brand similarity moderates both brand community identification's effect on brand identification and brand community commitment's effect on brand attachment. The findings contribute to the brand literature and provide implications for brand community management.

An Examination of Festival Motivation and Perceived Benefits Relationship: Eskişehir International Festival

The objectives of this study are threefold. The first objective is to understand the underlying dimensions of motivation for attending a prominent city festival in Turkey and if motivation will vary with respect to the socio-demographic composition of attendees. The second objective is to ascertain how festival attendees perceive the socio-economic benefits of the festival and how these vary across select demographic variables. Finally, the study examines the nature of the relationship that may exist between festival motivation and perceived benefits of the festival. The results indicate that the only significant variation in motivation occurs across gender. Female visitors place significantly more importance on “escape and excitement,” “family togetherness,” and “event novelty.” The findings also reveal that younger attendees seem to place more importance on socialization and event loyalty, and older attendees place more importance on family togetherness. Multiple classification analysis indicates that as age increases, so does the importance placed on event novelty. This finding is also valid for increased educational level. Escape and excitement is a common motivator across all age, income, and occupation groups. The study findings also point out that local attendees see a positive relation between the perceived socioeconomic benefits of events, community cohesion, and motivation for attending such events. The article ends with both practical implications for the festival organizers and city officials and theoretical contributions to the growing research of event attendee behavior.

Value, satisfaction, loyalty and retention in professional services

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess customers' perceived value of professional services and how this influences satisfaction, loyalty and ultimately retention.Design/methodology/approachA survey is conducted among professional service providers in the Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes attorneys, financial professionals, physicians, dentists and private investigators.FindingsThere is a highly significant relationship between service and customer retention, quality and customer retention, image and customer retention, price and customer retention, and value and customer retention. There is a significant relationship between value and satisfaction on customer retention; between value and loyalty's effect on customer retention; and among value, satisfaction and loyalty on customer retention.Research limitations/implicationsStatistically, the findings cannot be generalized beyond the scope of this study and the Tampa area. However, this can be tested in further research.Practical implicationsThe service, quality, image and price model had a significant correlation to customer retention. The four components of value – service, quality, image and price – are each directly related to customer retention and therefore should be used by service professionals and managers as an important strategy to retain their clients.Originality/valueProfessional services is an under researched area in the value, satisfaction and customer retention area and this study fills this gap.

MULTIDIMENSIONAL KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI MEDIATOR DALAM HUBUNGAN KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KEINGINAN BERPINDAH KERJA

Many researchers in behavioural organizational science found that multidimensional effectof commitment variables- effective commitment; continuance commitment and normativecommitment- have different influence to turnover intention. This research aims to investigateinfluence multidimensional effect of commitment to turn over intention and to analyzemultidimensional of commitment as mediator variables. Questionaires distribute amonglectures and nurses of Sultan Agung Fondation amounting 59 respondents. The result usingregression analysis find that all of multidimensional of commitment have no significance toturn over intention and discussed deeply in discussion session.Keywords : Multidimensional, Commitment, Organizational, Turnover Intention

A comparison of linear and nonlinear relations between organizational commitment and work outcomes.

The authors compared linear and nonlinear relations between affective and continuance commitment and 3 commonly studied work outcomes (turnover cognitions, absenteeism, and job performance), observed in 3 separate research settings. Using a linear model, they replicated the common observation in the literature that affective commitment is more strongly related to work outcomes than continuance commitment. Introducing a higher order continuance commitment term into the same equations, however, they found that the linear model seriously understated the magnitude of continuance commitment's effect on all 3 criterion measures. These findings are consistent with recent developments that identify different motivational mindsets associated with affective and continuance commitment (J. P. Meyer, T. E. Becker, & C. Vandenberghe, 2004).