Effect Of 1-MCP Research Articles

Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the effects of 1-MCP and ethephon treatments on the storage quality of Pleurotus pulmonarius

Pleurotus pulmonarius has gained a lot of popularity among consumers due to its exquisite flavor and several nutritional benefits. However, P. pulmonarius fruiting bodies are susceptible to deterioration in quality following harvest. To investigate the impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethephon treatments on P. pulmonarius quality degradation, its antioxidant and sensory quality indices were assessed following treatment with 0.75μL/L 1-MCP and 0.05 % ethephon. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on P. pulmonarius at different treatment time points. Based on the findings, 1-MCP treatment resulted in the maintenance of high firmness levels, increased glutathione content, and superoxide dismutase activity. At the same time, it lowered membrane permeability, slowed the rate of weight loss, reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, boosted antioxidant capacity, and resulted in improved storage quality. On the other hand, the ethephon treatment hastened the browning of P. pulmonarius by raising ethylene release, polyphenol oxidase activity, and b* value. Based on the transcriptome analysis, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 5th day was much higher than that on the 1st and 9th day of storage. Overall, 5422 DEGs were significantly enriched in the different treatment groups. Moreover, 62 DEGs exhibited significant differences between each treatment group and were mainly enriched in the pathways of 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars, which were closely related to the storage quality of P. pulmonarius. This study provides a theoretical basis for using 1-MCP for the storage and preservation of P. pulmonarius using 1-MCP, which has significant theoretical and practical implications.

Practical 1-Methylcyclopropene Technology for Increasing Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Storability in the Aksu Region.

In recent years, Aksu apple has become popular with consumers because of its unique texture and taste. At present, maintaining quality during storage is the key problem with the apples in the Aksu region. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can delay fruit senescence, so is widely used in fruit preservation. However, many factors affect the preservation effect of 1-MCP. The effects of 1-MCP concentration (0 µL·L-1, 1 µL·L-1, 3 µL·L-1, 5 µL·L-1, and 8 µL·L-1) and postharvest application time (0, 1 and 2 d after harvest) on the quality of stored apple were studied. It was found that 1 µL·L-1 1-MCP was more beneficial in improving the quality of stored apples, reduced the respiration intensity and decay rate, increased the fruit firmness and total soluble solid content, and reduced the relative content of ester volatile aroma components. In addition, 1-MCP treatment applied at different postharvest times also affected the sensory quality and flavor of apples. The effect of 1-MCP treatment immediately after harvest was better.

Aminoethoxyvinylglicine and 1-Methylcyclopropene: Effects on Preharvest Drop, Fruit Maturity, Quality, and Associated Gene Expression of 'Honeycrisp' Apples in the US Mid-Atlantic.

Preharvest fruit drop is one of the main challenges in apple production as it can lead to extensive crop losses in commercially important cultivars including 'Honeycrisp'. Plant growth regulators, such as aminoethoxyvinylglicine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which hinder ethylene biosynthesis and perception, respectively, can control preharvest fruit drop, but an assessment of their effects in 'Honeycrisp' fruit grown under US mid-Atlantic conditions is lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effects of AVG (130 mg a.i. L-1) and 1-MCP (150 mg a.i. L-1) on preharvest fruit drop, ethylene production, fruit physicochemical parameters, skin color, and transcript accumulation of ethylene and anthocyanin-related genes in 'Honeycrisp' apples throughout on-the-tree ripening. We showed that both AVG and 1-MCP significantly minimized preharvest fruit drop with respect to the control fruit. Additionally, AVG was the most effective in decreasing ethylene production, downregulating ethylene biosynthesis and perception-related gene expression, and delaying fruit maturity. Nevertheless, AVG negatively impacted apple red skin color and exhibited the lowest expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, only allowing apples to reach the minimum required 50% blush at the last ripening stage. Conversely, 1-MCP-treated fruit displayed an intermediate behavior between AVG-treated and control fruit, decreasing ethylene production rates and the associated gene expression as well as delaying fruit maturity when compared to the control fruit. Remarkably, 1-MCP treatment did not sacrifice red skin color development or anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related gene expression, thus exhibiting > 50% blush one week earlier than AVG.

Effect of 1-MCP and KMnO4 treatments with different packaging on quality preservation of golden delicious apples

This study explored the impact of three packaging materials (wooden boxes, corrugated fiber boxes, shrink-wrapped boxes) combined with two ethylene scrubbers (1-MCP, KMnO4) on the shelf life of Golden Delicious apples. While previous research has extensively studied the effects of packaging and ethylene inhibitors independently, the novelty of this work lies in its combined evaluation of these factors under ambient storage conditions over an extended period of 160 days. The study specifically addresses a research gap by directly comparing the efficacy of 1-MCP and KMnO4 within different packaging environments, offering insights into their combined influence on key quality parameters such as firmness, juice yield, rot incidence, physiological loss in weight (PLW), acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS). Findings revealed that 1-MCP-treated apples, particularly when shrink-wrapped, experienced minimal reductions in firmness and juice yield, with significantly lower rot incidence and physiological loss in weight (PLW) compared to KMnO4-treated and control apples. Additionally, while acidity and juice content naturally declined over time, and TSS initially increased before decreasing, 1-MCP-treated apples exhibited more stable quality attributes. The study also noted a slower decline in organoleptic quality with 1-MCP and shrink-wrap packaging. The research concludes that the combination of 1-MCP treatment and shrink-wrap packaging most effectively extends the shelf life of Golden Delicious apples, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches to post-harvest management. This study provides a novel framework for improving storage techniques, particularly for ambient conditions where shelf life extension is most challenging.

Effect of Storage Conditions on the Volatilome, Biochemical Composition and Quality of Golden Delicious and Red Delicious Apple (Malus domestica) Varieties.

The effects of normal (NA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and postharvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before CA storage for 5 months on the volatilome, biochemical composition and quality of 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apples were studied. Apples stored under NA and CA maintained and 1-MCP treatment increased firmness in both cultivars. NA storage resulted in a decrease of glucose, sucrose and fructose levels in both cultivars. When compared to CA storage, 1-MCP treatment caused a more significant decrease in sucrose levels and an increase in glucose levels. Additionally, 1-MCP-treated apples exhibited a significant decrease in malic acid content for both cultivars. All storage conditions led to significant changes in the abundance and composition of the volatilome in both cultivars. GD and RD apples responded differently to 1-MCP treatment compared to CA storage; higher abundance of hexanoate esters and (E,E)-α-farnesene was observed in RD apples treated with 1-MCP. While 1-MCP was effective in reducing (E,E)-α-farnesene abundance in GD apples, its impact on RD apples was more limited. However, for both cultivars, all storage conditions resulted in lower levels of 2-methylbutyl acetate, butyl acetate and hexyl acetate. The effectiveness of 1-MCP is cultivar dependent, with GD showing better results than RD.

Combined effect of DCA and 1-MCP on volatile organic compounds, organic acids, firmness and sugars in stored ‘Royal Gala’ apples

Combined effect of DCA and 1-MCP on volatile organic compounds, organic acids, firmness and sugars in stored ‘Royal Gala’ apples

Unique molecular mechanisms revealed for the effects of temperature, CA, ethylene exposure, and 1-MCP on postharvest senescence of broccoli

The management of postharvest broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) exemplifies a crucial element in ensuring agricultural sustainability and food preservation. The main aim of our study was to investigate the physiological and molecular factors that influence the shelf life of broccoli by employing several technologies known to influence its deterioration, namely controlled atmosphere (CA), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and ethylene interventions. Controlled atmosphere (CA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) delay the senescence process whereas ethylene promotes broccoli senescence. The study involved physiological assessments to investigate the broccoli senescence patterns as influenced by temperature, and the effects of CA, 1-MCP, and ethylene on the shelf life of broccoli. Concurrently, RNA sequencing and subsequent analysis improved our understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms behind postharvest senescence. The application of 1-MCP and CA demonstrated significant delays in the senescence process, affirming their effectiveness in maintaining broccoli quality during postharvest storage. We found that the MAPK pathway during 1-MCP treatment was involved in stress and defense responses by expression of genes like WRKY33, WRKY29, EIN3, PYL4, Catalase 2-like (CAT2 like), and SRK2E. Furthermore, alterations in auxin-responsive genes like IAA, SAUR21, and SAUR36 highlight the differential modulation of ethylene and auxin signaling pathways. A subsequent experiment demonstrated that in postharvest broccoli, exogenous auxin promotes senescence and auxin inhibitors retard senescence. Downregulation of key enzymatic genes, including UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferases, during CA treatment points to inhibition of glycolysis, which might be one of the mechanisms to enhance the shelf life of harvested products and delay senescence. Senescence-associated gene expression patterns suggested stage-specific connections that need additional investigation. This study offers valuable insights into the field of postharvest management, providing practical knowledge by identifying target genes for enhancing broccoli storage life and mitigating food waste.

Effects of Chitosan and 1-MCP on the Physical and Chemical Quality of Salak “Pondoh” (Salacca edulis REINW.) Fruits

Salak, or snake fruit, is a tropical fruit with a short shelf life when stored at room temperatures. The fruit’s base, if injured or bruised, can serve as an entry point for microbes, leading to physical and chemical damage to the fruits. This research aims to determine if chitosan and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment can prolong the shelf life of salak “Pondoh”. The study tested two factors, chitosan (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) and 1-MCP concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 µL.L-1). The findings indicate that the application of chitosan and 1-MCP treatments did not significantly extend the shelf life of the fruits on the 15th day of observation. However, 1.0% chitosan combined with 1.5 µL.L-1 1-MCP and 1.5% chitosan combined with 0.5 µL.L-1 1-MCP proved effective in enhancing the fruit’s overall quality and maintained low ethylene production, high water content, and enhanced the organoleptic attributes including ease of peeling, fruit flesh color, texture, aroma, and taste.

Effect of temperature, 1-methylcyclopropene, and modified atmosphere packaging on the post-harvest behavior of lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam)

Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam) is a tropical fruit with high market potential but short shelf life. In this work, the effect of temperature, the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were evaluated on the preservation of fresh lulo fruits. Three independent experiments were made sequentially: in the first one, an adequate refrigeration temperature was established (between 5 and 18 °C), then in the second experiment, a suitable dose and application time of 1-MCP (0.35–1.0 μL L−1 and 10–15 min) were found and finally, the combined effect of refrigeration, 1-MCP, and MAP were determined in the last experiment. In the experiments with 1-MCP and MAP, some fruits were stored at refrigeration (5 °C) and then at room temperature (23 °C) while others were kept at room temperature the whole test. Different properties such as respiration, ethylene production, color index, and gas level were evaluated in the samples to determine post-harvest changes. Given the fruit behavior during cold storage, 5 °C proved to be more favorable for preservation. Likewise, samples treated with 0.70 μL L−1 1-MCP + 15 min immersion showed lower CO2 and ethylene production throughout cold storage and shelf time compared with other 1-MCP treatments. For the tests with MAP, the combined treatment with 1-MCP and at 5 °C resulted in a lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, and physicochemical changes during the evaluation (24 days of cold storage + 16 days of shelf time). The results obtained can contribute to increasing the possibilities of lulo commercialization and marketing.

Application of 1-MCP does not slow down the ripening process of Mango (Mangifera indica L)

Fruits and vegetables are perishable so that they are easily degraded and thus have a short shelf life. Some studies have been carried out intensively to extend the shelf life of fruit with the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) which is an ethylene inhibitor (indirectly) to slow down the ripening process and extend its shelf life. The benefits of using 1-MCP to delay fruit softening have also been published, however the inhibition of ripening and fruit softening by 1-MCP in mango (Mangifera indica) is very limited. 1-MCP delays fruit softening during storage by indirectly inhibiting ethylene synthesis and slowing the activity of cell wall-damaging enzymes, such as pectin methyl esterase (PME). To study the effect of 1-MCP on mango fruit quality and its shelf life, the experiment was carried out by measuring weight loss, colour, firmness, vitamin C, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and reducing sugars periodically. For all fruit samples, the pulp was chopped, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then stored at 8°C until further use. The results showed that application of 1-MCP at room temperature did not slow down neither the senescence process nor the shelf life of mango fruit on weight loss, colour, firmness, vitamin C, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and reducing sugars parameters.

Regulation of carotenoid metabolism and ABA biosynthesis during blueberry fruit ripening

Carotenoids and their derivates play critical physiologic roles in plants. However, these substrates and their metabolism have not been elucidated in fruit of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). In this study, carotenoids and ABA were investigated by LC-MS and their biosynthesis were subject to proteomic analysis during fruit ripening. Activity of CCD1 and NCED1/3 were studied in vivo or in vitro. Also, effects of ethephon and 1-MCP on biosynthesis of carotenoid and ABA were investigated through the expression of corresponding genes using qPCR. As a result, carotenoid biosynthesis was prominently mitigated whereas its metabolism was enhanced during fruit ripening, which resulted in a decrease in the carotenoids. VcCCD1 could both cleave β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein at positions of 9, 10 (9′, 10′), which was mainly responsible for the degradation of these carotenoids. Interestingly, in the situation of mitigation of carotenoid biosynthesis, ABA still rapidly accumulated, which was mainly attributed to the upregulated expression of VcNCED1/3. Notably, VcNCED1/3 also showed a cleavage activity of all-trans-zeaxanthin and a stereospecific cleavage activity of 9-cis-carotene to generate C15-carotenal. The C15-carotenal could be potentially converted to ABA through ZEP-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway during blueberry fruit ripening. Similar to a nature natural maturation, ethylene accelerated the carotenoid degradation and ABA biosynthesis trough downregulating the expression of genes in carotenoid biosynthesis and upregulating the expression of genes in ABA biosynthesis. These information help understand the regulation of carotenoids and ABA, and effects of ethylene on the regulation during blueberry fruit ripening.

The Physical and Structural Effects of 1-MCP on Four Different Apple Cultivars during Storage.

The impact of the ethylene inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), on four apple cultivars (Braeburn, Fuji, Jazz and Golden Delicious) over 150 days of storage at 2 °C was assessed. Proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR-QUAD-MS) was used to monitor changes in VOC composition, while texture analysis and X-ray microcomputer tomography (µ-CT) scanning were used to study microstructural changes. The application of 1-MCP on apples reduced VOC emissions, concurrently maintaining a firmer texture compared to the untreated apples at each time point. The µ-CT scanning revealed how changes in specific morphological characteristics such as anisotropy, connectivity and porosity, size and shape, as well as the interconnectivity of intracellular spaces (IS) influenced texture even when porosity was similar. Additionally, this study showed that the porosity and connectivity of IS were associated with VOC emission and increased simultaneously. This study highlights how the morphological parameters of an apple can help explain their ripening process during long-term storage and how their microstructure can influence the release of VOCs.

The impact of growing season on the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways of a heat tolerant tomato during off-vine postharvest ripening

Ethylene initiates and mediates fruit ripening throughout a cascade of signal transductions from ethylene receptors (ETRs) to ethylene response factors (ERFs). High temperatures impair fruit ripening by suppressing ethylene biosynthesis and parts of physiological and biochemical processes. This study made use of the ethylene inhibitor (1-MCP) and exogenous ethylene to investigate the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways of a heat tolerant tomato cultivar, cv. ‘Savior’, during off-vine postharvest ripening during two distinct growing seasons. Mature green ’Savior‘ tomatoes grown in winter (mild temperature) and summer (high temperature) were harvested at and treated with 1-MCP or exogenous ethylene. During off-vine ripening, summer fruit showed a different ethylene biosynthesis profile compared to winter fruit. The application of exogenous ethylene did not accelerate fruit ripening of the heat tolerant cultivar. 1-MCP suppressed ethylene production for a long time, and delayed fruit ripening of winter tomato, while for summer fruit, a limited effect of 1-MCP on inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis and delaying ripening was observed despite the strong suppression of ACC oxidase (ACO) activity. Our work also showed that a 1-MCP treatment reduced gene expression of several ethylene receptors (ETR) but did not have a strong effect on constitutive triple response (CTR), except CTR1, and ethylene-insensitive protein 2 (EIN2). Overall, our results indicate that i) ethylene biosynthesis is differentially regulated in winter as compared to summer fruit by ethylene signaling, ii) a high cultivation temperature impacts ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene sensitivity during fruit ripening despite the fact that this is a heat tolerant cultivar, iii) the expression of most ETRs and CTRs, and especially EIN2 did not respond to the 1-MCP or ethylene treatment.

Biomarkers of postharvest resilience: unveiling the role of abscisic acid in table grapes during cold storage.

Table grapes are considered non-climacteric fruit, not showing a rapid increase in respiration rate and ethylene production during ripening. Previous research has suggested that abscisic acid (ABA) may have a more crucial role in grape postharvest behaviour. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of postharvest resilience and flavour life of imported table grapes. An experiment was designed to determine i) the role of ABA and catabolites on grape berry senescence; ii) the spatial distribution of these hormones within the grape berry, and iii) the effect of 1-MCP and storage temperature on its postharvest quality. Hence, the use of an ethylene inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropane (1-MCP), during table grape storage was investigated. Table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. 'Krissy' were subjected to i) control (untreated); and ii) 1-MCP (1 µL L-1; 12 hours; 15°C) and stored under two scenarios: i) 15 days at 0.5°C, followed by five days at 5.5°C to simulate shelf-life; and ii) 20 days at 5.5°C to simulate a higher storage temperature followed by shelf-life. Physiological (i.e. mould incidence, skin colour, firmness, respiration rate) and biochemical analysis (i.e. individual sugars, organic acids, abscisic acid and catabolites) were performed. Grapes subjected to 5.5°C showed significantly higher mould incidence at the end of the shelf-life compared to 0.5°C storage temperature (12.6% vs. 3.1%). Also, and for the first time, the spatial distribution of ABA during the senescence of table grapes was profiled; the distal section had three times more ABA and metabolites than the proximal. We demonstrated that senescence processes were initiated after a significant increase in respiration rate (from 1 to 2.8 mL CO2 kg-1 h-1), and that ABA could be considered a biomarker for table grapes senescence, since an ABA peak preceded the increase in respiration rate, mould incidence, organic acids, and sucrose hydrolysis during postharvest storage; and coincided with a decrease in berry firmness. These findings are of significant importance for the industry as understanding how ABA regulates both senescence processes and quality changes during postharvest cold storage of tables grapes can improve the consistency and reduce waste and consumer complaints.

1-Methylcyclopropene reduces postharvest water loss by modulating cuticle formation in tomato fruit

Water loss during fruit postharvest is influenced by both internal and external determinants. Although 1-MCP is extensively employed to prolong fruit storage life and retain quality by minimizing water loss, its influence on water loss rate remains underexplored. This research investigated the effect of 1-MCP on tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-tom) at 5 days post-breaker stage with intact pedicels. The tomatoes were exposed to a 3-day fumigation with 1 μL L−1 1-MCP, followed by evaluations on fruit water loss, cuticle wax and cutin composition, and related gene expression. Our findings demonstrate that 1-MCP notably postponed fruit water loss and curbed ethylene production. It also modified cuticle wax biosynthesis by elevating specific alkanes (heptacosane, octacosane, nonacosane, triacontane, hentriacontane, dotriacontane, tritriacontane, tetratriacontane, and total alkanes), and 13-docosen-1-ol while diminishing triterpenoids and sterols. For cutin composition, 1-MCP increased the content of hexadecanedioic acid, 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, and 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. At the transcript level, 1-MCP upregulated the expression of SlCER2-Like1, SlCER3, SlCYP77A1, SlCYP77A2, and SlHTH, but downregulated the expression of SlLACS4. This study elucidates potential mechanisms underlying 1-MCP regulated water permeability during fruit postharvest.

Estimating the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta) Treated with 1-Methylcyclopropene during Storage

In fruit storage, new methods are being sought to extend the distribution period while maintaining the highest quality parameters of the fruit, i.e., the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit, but also the health-promoting properties. One method is to treat the fruit with 1-MCP, which effectively inhibits fruit ripening, since the main reasons for limiting the distribution of minikiwi fruit are rapid ripening and the loss of firmness. It is also highlighted that minikiwi is a source of antioxidants, which, as highly reactive compounds, are quickly degraded during storage. This study evaluates the effectiveness of using 1-MCP to reduce minikiwi softening and maintain the high antioxidant properties of the fruit. In the experiment, minikiwi fruits of the ‘Ananasnaya’ cultivar were used. After harvesting, the fruits were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene at a concentration of 0.65 µL/L. Fruits treated in this way were stored in ordinary cold storage (NA) and under low oxygen concentration (ULO) conditions for a period of 12 weeks. The fruits’ physicochemical properties, sugar and acid contents and antioxidant potential, which consisted of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols, were evaluated. The application of 1-MCP is effective in reducing the loss of firmness in the minikiwi during storage, but the blocking of minikiwi ripening by 1-MCP makes the fruit less sweet and more acidic. Fruits treated with 1-MCP had higher antioxidant activity and a higher content of biologically active compounds. The effect of 1-MCP is stronger for flavan-3-ols, but slightly weaker for phenolic acids. Fruits treated with 1-MCP have a higher antioxidant potential than untreated fruit after a long period of storage.

Initial host invasion of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is dampened by 1-methylcyclopropene due to blocking ethylene sensitivity of the fungus

Ethylene (ET) is not only a fruit ripening hormone, but also plays important roles in plant-pathogen interactions, as it is involved in both plant defense and fungal virulence. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a competitive inhibitor for ET being applied as a postharvest preservation agent to delay fruit ripening. Plant pathogenic fungi can also sense ET to promote fungal conidial germination, appressorium development, and pathogenicity. However, it is unclear whether 1-MCP could regulate postharvest disease development by interfering with the ET-sensing in pathogenic fungi. In this study, we identified the effects of ET and 1-MCP on the growth and development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in various crops, and explored the regulatory effects of 1-MCP on the pathogenic fungus during its host invasions. The results showed that 1-MCP can inhibit the ET responses of C. gloeosporioides, including the ET-induced conidial germination, appressorium formation, and expression of the ethylene-responsive marker gene. Further analysis revealed that 1-MCP treatment dampened the host invasion of the fungus, and thus decreased disease severity on lime and strawberry fruit. Collectively, this study reveals the action mode of 1-MCP in inhibiting the fungal ET sensitivity and highlights the unexplored potential of using 1-MCP as a postharvest treatment to control postharvest diseases caused by fungal pathogens.

Transcriptomic and metabolite analyses provided a new sight of 1-MCP on organic acid metabolism in peach during storage.

In this study, "Xiahui 6" peaches were treated with 10µL/L 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12h and then stored at 20°C for 9 days; the regulation of 1-MCP on organic acids during storage was investigated through transcriptomic and metabolite analyses. Results showed that 1-MCP maintained higher gene expression of malate synthesis (PpPEPC1, PpPEPC2, and PpNAD-cytMDH) at the end of storage but extremely inhibited the gene expression of malate degradation (PpNADP-cytME) during storage, resulting that malate content in treated peaches was twice that of control group at day 7. Besides, the increasement of citrate synthesis and degradation-related genes (PpmitCS, PpcytACO, PpNAD-mitIDH, and PpNADP-cytIDH) at days 3 and 5 was postponed by 1-MCP treatment, accompanied by 0.5 times higher citrate content at day 7. Our results suggested that 1-MCP has inhibitory effects on both the synthesis and degradation of organic acids; however, the inhibitory effect of 1-MCP on organic acid degradation may be greater than that on organic acid synthesis. Practical Application: This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in fruit preservation.

Effects of Ethylene and 1-Methylcyclopropene on the Quality of Sweet Potato Roots during Storage: A Review

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is served as an important root crop worldwide due to its high yield, strong adaptability and nutrient richness. Sweet potato has played a significant role in ensuring food security and family income opportunities for local populations in China for years of experience. The storage roots, which provide abundant nutrition and health benefits to people, are the mainly harvested and consumed parts of sweet potato. However, after harvest, physiological disorders, such as sprouting, mechanical injury and infectious postharvest diseases, increase the magnitude of sweet potato root quality decline and nutritional compound losses. Ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were considered to be effective commercial treatments in sweet potato postharvest. Exogenous ethylene and 1-MCP treatment could successfully inhibit root sprouts and reduce rot decay without affecting the storage quality of sweet potato. This review aims to summarize the latest available information on the effects of ethylene and 1-MCP with respect to enhancing or impairing sweet potato root quality. A better understanding of the influence of ethylene and 1-MCP on root quality parameters will be useful to further explore the role and mechanisms of action of ethylene in regulating the postharvest storage of sweet potato roots and contributions to technological development and innovation.

Maduración y calidad de mango ‘Manila’ de cosecha temprana tratado con 1-MCP y Ethephon

Introduction: Mango is commercially important; however, its shelf life is short, mainly early harvested mangoes from forced production systems. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-MCP and Ethephon treatments on the ripening stage and quality of early-produced mango fruit. Methodology: Three treatments (control, Ethephon and 1-MCP) were studied, determining respiration rate, weight loss, external color changes (lightness and hue angle), and the contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS) and citric acid. Results: Changes in respiration, color, loss of firmness and ascorbic acid were observed in Ethephontreated fruits in a shorter time, although their carotenoid and TSS content was higher at eating maturity. Fruits treated with 1-MCP had lower respiration and firmness loss, but weight loss was higher, and their external color was not the typical yellow. Limitations of the study: Time and quantity of Ethephon and 1-MCP to improve mango maturation should be evaluated. Originality: The information provided is significant to favor homogeneous mango maturation, as well as an alternative to delay its maturation. Conclusions: The use of 1-MCP helps to delay mango maturation; weight and color losses were lower than expected with this treatment. Fruit maturation of Ethephon-treated fruits was homogeneous, but their shelf life was shorter