EEG Test Research Articles

Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Tests and Electroencephalogram Results Among Cirrhotic Patients.

Background and Objectives: Patients with cirrhosis who seem normal during physical examinations may still have abnormalities in their electroencephalogram (EEG) or show pathological results in neuropsychological tests. This study aimed to investigate the progression of minimal hepatic encephalopathy, its effects on quality of life, its prognostic value, and its significance for daily functioning. Materials and Methods: This study involved 50 patients with confirmed cirrhosis (28 Child A, 12 Child B, 10 Child C) who were assessed for psychological symptoms and underwent several tests: the Minimal Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Letter Cancellation Test, the Digit Symbol Coding Test, and EEG. Results: showed that 40% of patients exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms, with somatization being the most common at 96%. The MMSE revealed cognitive impairment in 48% of patients. In the Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) (total error), 80% of patients had organic disorders, and 24% showed affections with (LCT) (completion time). The Digit Symbol Coding Test results showed affection in 28% of patients. Significant EEG changes were observed in patients with Child C cirrhosis. Patients with portal hypertension (including varices and variceal bleeding), liver cell failure symptoms (such as ascites, lower limb edema, and bleeding tendency), as well as those who smoke, or obese, or have hyperlipidemia, all displayed notable EEG and psychological test abnormalities, making them more likely to develop hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions: psychological testing and EEG changes are effective in detecting minimal hepatic encephalopathy, with a higher incidence in Child C patients compared to those in Child A and B.

Deciphering Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEE): Unravelling the Key Signs

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, is marked by recurrent seizures and loss of consciousness. It is categorized based on EEG features, etiologies, and comorbidities. Developmental Encephalopathy (DE) involves developmental delays and early-onset seizures without causing developmental regression. In contrast, Epileptic Encephalopathy (EE) features severe epilepsy syndromes where frequent seizures result in developmental delays or regression.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This review explores the clinical definitions, epidemiology, and diagnostic criteria for DE, EE, and DEEs. It covers their etiologies, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies, including genetic, structural, metabolic, and immune-related factors.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> DE features developmental impairment with epilepsy, while EE involves severe epilepsy causing cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. DEEs are marked by early-onset severe epilepsy and EEG abnormalities that worsen developmental impairments. Essential diagnostic tools include EEG, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. Effective management requires personalized interventions to control seizures and address cognitive deficits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> DEEs are a complex epilepsy subset with major developmental and cognitive challenges. Early diagnosis and targeted treatments are crucial for improving outcomes. Ongoing research into DEEs' genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms is key to enhancing understanding and management.</p>

P29: Anti-dementia drugs and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in neurocognitive disorders

Objectives: The Objectives of this study is to demonstrate the response of patients with neurocognitive disorders to a combination of antidementia drugs and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).Methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study with a sample of 13 geriatric patients, randomly selected from the private psychogeriatric clinic at the Nina Institute of Clinical Neurosciences in Santo Domingo. These patients were presented with various neurocognitive disorders: 3 with mild cognitive impairment, 3 with Alzheimer’s dementia, 2 with vascular dementia, and 5 with mixed dementia. All patients signed an informed consent form. Prior to starting rTMS treatment, they underwent EEG, laboratory analysis, and neuropsychological testing using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Additionally, they were medicated with rivastigmine (12 mg) and memantine (20 mg). The rTMS parameters for the 20-session protocol were as follows: for mild cognitive impairment, 110% motor threshold (MT), 10 Hz, and 2,000 pulses; for Alzheimer’s diagnosis, 80% MT, 20 Hz, 1,200 pulses, 80% MT, 5 Hz, 600 pulses, and theta wave at 10 Hz, 110% MT, and 2,500 pulses. The results were tabulated, and consistent were drawn.Results: Our findings showed that all the patients improved their levels of cognitive impairment.Conclusions: Patients improved their cognitive impairment level with the combination treatment of antidementia drugs: cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, along with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a developing treatment, and further clinical studies are needed to confirm its potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease and other neurocognitive disorders alongside antidementia medications.

Bridging minds and machines in Industry 5.0: neurobiological approach.

In transitioning from Industry 4.0 to the forthcoming Industry 5.0, this research explores the fusion of the humanistic view and technological developments to redefine Continuing Engineering Education (CEE). Industry 5.0 introduces concepts like biomanufacturing and human-centricity, embodying the integration of sustainability and resiliency principles in CEE, thereby shaping the upskilling and reskilling initiatives for the future workforce. The interaction of sophisticated concepts such as Human-Machine Interface and Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) forms a conceptual bridge toward the approaching Fifth Industrial Revolution, allowing one to understand human beings and the impact of their biological development across diverse and changing workplace settings. Our research is based on recent studies into Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities taxonomies, linking these elements with dynamic labor market profiles. This work intends to integrate a biometric perspective to conceptualize and describe how cognitive abilities could be represented by linking a Neuropsychological test and a biometric assessment. We administered the brief Neuropsychological Battery in Spanish (Neuropsi Breve). At the same time, 15 engineering students used the Emotiv insight device that allowed the EEG recollection to measure performance metrics such as attention, stress, engagement, and excitement. The findings of this research illustrate a methodology that allowed the first approach to the cognitive abilities of engineering students to be from neurobiological and behavioral perspectives. Additionally, two profiles were extracted from the results. The first illustrates the Neuropsi test areas, its most common mistakes, and its performance ratings regarding the students' sample. The second profile shows the interaction between the EEG and Neuropsi test, showing engineering students' cognitive and emotional states based on biometric levels. The study demonstrates the potential of integrating neurobiological assessment into engineering education, highlighting a significant advancement in addressing the skills requirements of Industry 5.0. The results suggest that obtaining a comprehensive understanding of students' cognitive abilities is possible, and educational interventions can be adapted by combining neuropsychological approaches with EEG data collection. In the future, it is essential to refine these evaluation methods further and explore their applicability in different engineering disciplines. Additionally, it is necessary to investigate the long-term impact of these methods on workforce preparation and performance.

A Complementary Dual-Mode Ion-Electron Conductive Hydrogel Enables Sustained Conductivity for Prolonged Electroencephalogram Recording.

Conductive gel interface materials are widely employed as reliable agents for electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. However, prolonged EEG recording poses challenges in maintaining stable and efficient capture due to inevitable evaporation in hydrogels, which restricts sustained high conductivity. This study introduces a novel ion-electron dual-mode conductive hydrogel synthesized through a cost-effective and streamlined process. By embedding graphite nanoparticles into ionic hyaluronic acid (HAGN), the hydrogel maintains higher conductivity for over 72h, outperforming commercial gels. Additionally, it exhibits superior low skin contact impedance, considerable electrochemical capability, and excellent tensile and adhesion performance in both dry and wet conditions. The biocompatibility of the HAGN hydrogel, verified through in vitro cell viability assays and in vivo skin irritation tests, underscores its suitability for prolonged skin contact without eliciting adverse reactions. Furthermore, in vivo EEG tests confirm the HAGN hydrogel's capability to provide high-fidelity signal acquisition across multiple EEG protocols. The HAGN hydrogel proves to be an effective interface for prolonged high-quality EEG recording, facilitating high-performance capture and classification of evoked potentials, thereby providing a reliable conductive medium for EEG-based systems.

The role of quantitative electroencephalography in diagnostic workup of mental disorders.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool, enabling us to assess the electrical activity of the brain and its disturbance in a great number of psychiatric conditions. This paper provides a narrative overview of the most recent advantages of EEG use in various psychiatric disorders that are associated. This article analyses selected psychiatric disorders. We discussed anxiety disorders characterized by chronic fear, dementia leading to cognitive decline, schizophrenia disrupting logical thinking, bipolar affective disorder with alternating episodes of mania and depression, and depression manifested by gradual loss of vital energy. We have shown that EEG testing, by monitoring the electrical activity of the brain, is a helpful tool in identifying specific brain wave patterns associated with these disorders. In the study of mental illness the EEG variant called quantitative EEG (QEEG) is of particular avail as to the spatial discrimination. QEEG is based on digital coding and transformation according to Fourier algorithm. Recently, even more complex methods of EEG data analysis have been implemented, including artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL) and its branch: machine learning (ML). The use of sophisticated EEG postprocessing adds important information about the pathophysiology of mental disorders. More so, EEG/QEEG recording (in particular spectral analysis), if repeated over time may help to follow up the treatment results and to establish a prognosis as to the course of the given condition. Reliability, safety and availability of EEG makes it to be an indispensable tool in modern psychiatry. Use of EEG, QEEG may lead to faster and more precise differential diagnostic workup. Use of EEG/QEEG changes as an objective outcome measure in clinical trials may support the development of personalized pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy.

Clinical manifestations and outcomes associated with a high 2HELPS2B score in patients with acute impaired consciousness

PurposeThe 2HELPS2B score is an invaluable tool for assessing seizure risk in critically ill patients with unconsciousness. However, this can be challenging for non-epileptologists to use owing to its reliance on electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis. Thus, identifying clinical manifestations associated with high 2HELPS2B scores is crucial. MethodsWe examined patients who underwent EEG for acute impaired consciousness in the emergency department between 2020 and 2022. We evaluated the clinical manifestations immediately prior to the EEG tests and identified those associated with a 2HELPS2B score ≥ 2. Additionally, we investigated clinical outcomes in accordance with these manifestations and the 2HELPS2B score. ResultsA total of 78 patients were included in this study. While the median 2HELPS2B score was 1 (range: 0–6), 13 patients (16.6%) showed electrographic/electroclinical seizures or status epilepticus and 16 patients (20.5%) showed ictal-interictal continuum in their EEGs. Abnormal muscle tonus (p = 0.034) and eye deviation (p = 0.021) were Significantly associated with a 2HELPS2B score ≥ 2. The presence of these manifestations (p < 0.001) and a 2HELPS2B score ≥ 2 (p < 0.001) were both significantly associated with a favorable response to anti-seizure medication. Conversely, patients with a 2HELPS2B score ≥ 2 who exhibited these clinical manifestations were more likely to be non-dischargeable (p = 0.053), have prolonged intensive care unit stays (p = 0.002), or require extended ventilator use (p = 0.082). ConclusionAbnormal muscle tonus and eye deviation were significant manifestations compatible with a 2HELPS2B score ≥ 2 and may indicate an increased risk of seizures or the severity of the epileptic condition.

Expert consensus on the terminology, diagnostics and management of persisting symptoms after concussion with a focus on mental health, postural stability, electroencephalogram and balance testing: A cross-sectional Delphi-like survey.

Persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) are a pathological manifestation of head injuries that present with symptoms after the acute phase of head trauma has subsided. Insufficient research about PSaC has led to gaps in knowledge and incorrect terminology being applied. Furthermore, gaps exist in standardised assessment protocols and understanding of mental health symptoms associated with sports. The study aimed to; 1) Determine expert consensus on appropriate terminology for symptoms lasting >4 weeks, 2) Investigate associations with mental health and postural stability symptoms, 3) Evaluate experts' views on quantitative balance and electroencephalogram (EEG) testing. A Delphi-like survey was designed in REDCap and sent to identified experts in the field of sports-related concussions (SRC). Expert consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement. Expert consensus identified the following mood and motor control symptoms being associated with PSaC: increases in emotional state (80%), irritability (87%), nervousness (87%), sadness (80%), balance impairment (80%), dizziness (87%) and feeling slow (80%). Numbness and tingling were not considered longer-term effects (80%). Additionally, 93% of respondents acknowledged mental health symptoms as potential longer-term effects, with 80% agreeing on inadequate current management. Respondents indicated PSaC are only somewhat adequately managed (73%) or not managed well enough (27%). The use of EEG and quantitative balance testing remains open for debate. The survey response rate was 21%. Improving mental health management for athletes with PSaC and standardising terminology is crucial. Future research is required to establish effective diagnosis and treatment methods. Addressing these issues may result in better care and safer return to play for athletes.

Sertraline-Induced Stuttering in an Adolescent with Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is also evidence that stuttering is caused by an adverse reaction to various medications. Antiepileptic drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and methylphenidate have all been linked to drug-induced stuttering. The patient was 13 years old (male) and was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and mild mental retardation. The patient had language development and was able to form sentences of 4-5 words. Atomoxetine 50 mg/day and aripiprazole 15 mg/day treatment was used. Sertraline 50 mg/day treatment was initiated because of repeated questioning, order-symmetry compulsions and repetitive behaviors. Approximately one month after the initiation of sertraline treatment, the patient came for a follow-up visit and it was found that the compulsions of the patient had decreased, but one week after sertraline treatment, it was learned that the patient started to have word blocks, prolongation of words and repetitions during speech. No pathology was found in the examination, hemogram and biochemistry tests, brain MRI and EEG tests. After sertraline treatment was discontinued, the stuttering of the patient gradually decreased and improved within 2 weeks. Both serotonergic and dopaminergic effects of sertraline as well as autism spectrum disorder (white matter anomalies) are thought to contribute to sertraline-induced stuttering.

Incidence of Epilepsy and Results of EEG Testing Within 10 Years of Stroke in US Veterans: A Single-center Cohort Study (P10-1.011)

Incidence of Epilepsy and Results of EEG Testing Within 10 Years of Stroke in US Veterans: A Single-center Cohort Study (P10-1.011)

Applicability of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2022 diagnostic criteria for epilepsy syndromes in children: A retrospective review of 1550 children with epilepsy

ObjectiveRecently, the ILAE Nosology and Definitions Task Force defined diagnostic criteria for epilepsy syndromes. There is paucity of data on the use of these new diagnostic criteria in children with epilepsy, and how these criteria may lead to changes from previous practice. MethodsThis was a retrospective chart review of data of children attending the epilepsy clinic in a tertiary care children's hospital from January 2011 to January 2023. The clinical details such as age at onset, types of seizures, co-morbidities, and results of EEG, MRI and genetic testing were reviewed. Epilepsy syndrome diagnosis was made as per the ILAE 2022 criteria, and compared with the previous syndrome diagnosis as per records. ResultsData from 1550 children (63 % boys) with epilepsy were analysed, and 55.4 % children were classified to have epilepsy syndromes as per the new ILAE 2022 diagnostic criteria. Application of the new 2022 ILAE diagnostic criteria was associated with a change in name alone in 676 (77.8 %) children. Hundred (11.5 %) children were newly classified under an epilepsy syndrome who had previously remained unclassified. Eleven (1.3 %) children who were previously classified into an epilepsy syndrome could not be classified using the new diagnostic criteria. Eight (0.9 %) were shifted to a new syndromic category. Overall, change in diagnosis occurred in 13.7 (11.5 + 1.3 + 0.9)%. No change in epilepsy syndrome classification/nomenclature occurred in 74 (8.5 %) children. SignificanceThe new diagnostic criteria led to an overall change in diagnosis in 13.7 % of children with epilepsy. These criteria will hopefully lead to uniformity in diagnosis of epilepsy syndromes across diverse settings.

A Novel Metric for Alzheimer's Disease Detection Based on Brain Complexity Analysis via Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder that affects cognitive functioning and memory. Current diagnostic tools, including neuroimaging techniques and cognitive questionnaires, present limitations such as invasiveness, high costs, and subjectivity. In recent years, interest has grown in using electroencephalography (EEG) for AD detection due to its non-invasiveness, low cost, and high temporal resolution. In this regard, this work introduces a novel metric for AD detection by using multiscale fuzzy entropy (MFE) to assess brain complexity, offering clinicians an objective, cost-effective diagnostic tool to aid early intervention and patient care. To this purpose, brain entropy patterns in different frequency bands for 35 healthy subjects (HS) and 35 AD patients were investigated. Then, based on the resulting MFE values, a specific detection algorithm, able to assess brain complexity abnormalities that are typical of AD, was developed and further validated on 24 EEG test recordings. This MFE-based method achieved an accuracy of 83% in differentiating between HS and AD, with a diagnostic odds ratio of 25, and a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.67, indicating its viability for AD diagnosis. Furthermore, the algorithm showed potential for identifying anomalies in brain complexity when tested on a subject with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), warranting further investigation in future research.

Epilepsy in neurofibromatosis type 1: Prevalence, phenotype, and genotype in adults

PurposeStudies have shown an increased risk of epilepsy in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). However, most reports focus on the pediatric population. In this study, we describe the trajectory of patients with NF1 and epilepsy beyond childhood. MethodsPatients with NF1 ≥18 years-old consecutively seen at a multidisciplinary neurofibromatosis clinic during a four-year period were prospectively enrolled and offered routine EEG, MRI, and genetic testing. The lifelong and point prevalence of epilepsy in patients with NF1 were calculated. Demographic, genetic, radiological, and clinical features found to be statistically associated with having received a diagnosis of epilepsy were incorporated into a logistic regression model. ResultsAmong 113 patients with NF1 included in this study (median age at study inclusion: 33 years), the lifelong prevalence of epilepsy was 11% (CI95%=6–18%) and point prevalence 7% (CI95%= 3–13%). Most patients (73%) were diagnosed with epilepsy before the age of 18 and achieved seizure-freedom by adulthood. At study inclusion, three-quarters of patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy had been seizure-free for more than one year and a third had resolved epilepsy. A routine EEG with epileptiform discharges had a sensitivity of 25% (CI95%=3–65) and specificity of 99% (CI95%=93–100) for identifying adult patients with NF1 and unresolved epilepsy. A history of epilepsy was associated with having a low-grade glioma (OR: 38.2; CI95%=2.2–674.7; p<0.01), learning disability (OR: 5.7; CI95%=1.0–31.5; p<0.05), and no plexiform neurofibroma (OR: 0.05; CI95%=0.0–0.8; p=0.04). No single mutation type was associated with the development of epilepsy. ConclusionsIn patients with NF1, although resolution of epilepsy over time was observed in many cases, the prevalence of epilepsy was higher among adults with NF1 than that reported in the general population. Epileptogenesis in NF1 likely requires the combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors and suggests involvement of a network that spreads beyond the borders of a well-defined parenchymal lesion.

온라인 비대면 생명과학 원격수업이 학습자의 디폴트모드네트워크(DMN)와 과학태도에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study were to confirm the impact of online non-face-to-face life science distance learning on learners' Default Mode Network (DMN) and science attitude through EEG analysis. Methods EEG tests were conducted on 36 fifth grade elementary school students (19 males, 17 females). Before and after implementing online non-face-to-face life science classes, EEG data were collected at rest with eyes open, and aspects of DMN and scientific attitude were confirmed through brain current density and connectivity analysis. Results As a result of the study, a statistically significant difference in brain current density was confirmed in the alpha-2 and beta-2 bands. In the case of the alpha-2 band, low current density was observed in the superior fron-tal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus of the right frontal lobe. In the case of the beta-2 band, low current density ap-peared in the superior temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and insula, centered on the right hemisphere. Additionally, low brain connectivity was confirmed between the Medial Frontal Gyrus and the Right Inferior Parietal Lobe pathway(MFG - RPL). Conclusions Online, non-face-to-face teaching methods tend to reflect the learner's passive participation and unstable mental state. It shows that online non-face-to-face classes that lack interaction can reduce learners' level of concentration and interest in learning and reduce their readiness for learning. The results of this study sug-gest that interaction is an essential element of education and that online non-face-to-face distance learning can affect learners' DMN.

A case of propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset in which video-polysomnography with additional surface electromyogram was useful for diagnosis

Propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset (PSM-S) is a sudden myoclonic jerk that occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. It is a sleep-related movement disorder that causes difficulty falling asleep due to involuntary movements that spread caudally and rostrally through the propriospinal tract. Diagnosis requires observation of movements and polysomnography (PSG), and there are few reports. An 80-year-old man was referred to our center for insomnia due to abdominal movements at sleep onset. During the EEG test, we observed the caudal and rostral propagation of movements emanating from the abdomen. Attended video-PSG with additional surface electromyography revealed that myoclonic jerks occurred during the transition from wake to stage N1 and disappeared during sleep stage N2. EMG activity originated from the rectus abdominis muscle, followed by rostral and caudal propagation. Here, we report a case demonstrating that PSG with additional surface electromyography is important and useful for the diagnosis of PMS at sleep onset.

Efficacy of Phenobarbital, Italept, and Topamax in the Treatment of Neonatal Seizures:A Double-Blinded Cross-Sectional Study of the Iranian Population.

Seizures are changes in the electrical activity of the brain. These changes can cause significant or otherwise asymptomatic symptoms. Phenobarbital and phenytoin are known drugs for treating neonatal seizures, but little clinical experience exists using other drugs. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of other drugs, such as Levetiracetam and Topiramate, compared to Phenobarbital in treating neonatal seizures. In a double-blind clinical trial, all neonates admitted to a referral hospital for two years (2020-2022) due to seizures were included. All of the neonates were treated with a dosage of 10-40mg/kg/state IV Phenobarbital to control the acute seizure. After that, they were divided into three groups with specific treatment programs. Groups were ordered with oral Phenobarbital 5mg/kg/day maintenance (first group), oral Topiramate 3-8mg/kg/day (second group), and 10-40mg/kg/day Levetiracetam (third group). Seizures and potential side effects were investigated through interviews and medical EEG tests. The data was analyzed using the Chi-square test. Sixty infants (20 neonates in each group) were studied. Phenobarbital, Italept, and Topiramate did not significantly differ in controlling convulsions and changes related to brain paroxysmal discharges. Due to the long treatment duration and side effects, it is essential to choose the appropriate drug for treating treatment-resistant seizures of neonates. The present study found that Phenobarbital, Levetiracetam, and Topiramate are equally effective in controlling seizures. These medications can also help eliminate abnormalities in children's brain paroxysmal.

Extraction of Ag3Sn nanowires bundle and its electrochemical characteristics

The Ag3Sn nanowires (NWs) bundle embedded in the Sn-3.5Ag eutectic alloy bar directionally solidified was extracted by utilizing electrochemical selective corrosion, during which the Sn-base was dissolved and the Ag3Sn fibrous phase was remained. The diameter of Ag3Sn NWs decreases with the increasing of directional solidification rate, and their length increases with the corrosion duration. Utilizing the electrochemical alternative current (AC) impedance method and the cyclic voltammetry (CV), the interfacial impedance and the charge storage capacity of electrodes with Ag3Sn NWs bundle were tested in 0.9 % NaCl aqueous solution. The measuring results indicated that the lowest interfacial impedance appeared at the average length of nanowires with 8 µm, whereas the charge storage capacity was increased constantly with the length of Ag3Sn NWs. These electrochemical characteristics make the Ag3Sn NWs bundle electrodes possible to be applied as the electrophysiological electrode. A series of trial EEG (electroencephalogram) tests showed that the EEG signals of Ag3Sn NWs dry electrodes had a higher correlation to that of Ag/AgCl wet electrodes.

Association of plasma amyloid-β oligomerization with theta/beta ratio in older adults.

Oligomeric Aβ (OAβ) is a promising candidate marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a potential tool for early detection of AD. Still, whether EEG power ratios, particularly the theta/alpha ratio (TAR) and theta/beta ratio (TBR), reflect Aβ burden-a primary mechanism underlying cognitive impairment and AD. This study investigated the association of TAR and TBR with amyloid burden in older adults based on MDS-OAβ levels. 529 individuals (aged ≥60 years) were recruited. All participants underwent EEG (MINDD SCAN, Ybrain Inc., South Korea) and AlzOn™ test (PeopleBio Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) for quantifying MDS-OAβ values in the plasma. EEG variables were log-transformed to normalize the data distribution. Using the MDS-OAβ cutoff value (0.78 ng/mL), all participants were classified into two groups: high MDS-OAβ and low MDS-OAβ. Participants with high MDS-OAβ levels had significantly higher TARs and TBRs than those with low MDS-OAβ levels. The log-transformed TBRs in the central lobe (β = 0.161, p = 0.0026), frontal lobe (β = 0.145, p = 0.0044), parietal lobe (β = 0.166, p = 0.0028), occipital lobe (β = 0.158, p = 0.0058), and temporal lobe (beta = 0.162, p = 0.0042) were significantly and positively associated with increases in MDS-OAβ levels. After adjusting for the Bonferroni correction, the TBRs in all lobe regions, except the occipital lobe, were significantly associated with increased MDS-OAβ levels. We found a significant association of MDS-OAβ with TBR in older adults. This finding indicates that an increase in amyloid burden may be associated with an increase in the low-frequency band and a decrease in the relatively high-frequency band.

59 Investigating the Relationship Between Neuropsychological Test Performance and Electrophysiological Measures of Semantic Functioning in Alzheimer's Disease.

Objective:Improving the timeline for intervention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has considerable potential to delay and mitigate disability and suffering. Neuropsychological assessment is useful for distinguishing AD from normal aging and other dementias but is less useful in preclinical detection due to its limited sensitivity. The N400 (N4), a language-based EEG event-related potential (ERP) related to semantic functioning, is a promising candidate marker of AD with potential to improve early detection and monitoring of AD. For example, studies have shown that individuals with AD show a reduced N4 "effect"—a smaller difference in the size of the N4 to semantically congruent vs. incongruent word-pairs. The goal of this study is to assess the presence of the N4 effect in healthy seniors, and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild AD, and to evaluate associations between performance on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the N4 across these samples.Participants and Methods:Fifty older adults (intact=27, combined MCI/mild AD group=23; "impaired") completed neuropsychological testing, including the RBANS, as part of a larger study. Participants were re-contacted and returned for EEG assessment between several weeks to one year later. During EEG recording, participants completed a word-pair judgement paradigm, which involved distinguishing between semantically congruent and incongruent word-pairs. Data was collected and analyzed according to customized N4 analysis scripts provided as part of ERPCORE, an online resource for acquiring and analyzing common ERP components (Kappenman et al., 2021; https://osf.io/thsqg/). The change in N4 amplitude between congruent and incongruent trials (the N4 effect) was used as an index of participants' semantic functioning. Participants' N4 effect was quantified using the mean amplitude from 300-550 milliseconds poststimulus at electrode Cz.Results:Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated a significant effect of trial type on the N400 amplitude in the intact individuals (F(1, 26)=77.66, p&lt;.001), which remained significant in the sample as a whole (F(1, 48)=65.18, p&lt;.001). Although intact participants numerically showed a larger N4 effect (intact: M=-4.02, SD=2.37; impaired: M=-2.60, SD=3.40), the expected group-by-trial interaction was not significant (F(1, 48)=3.01, p=.089). Correlational analyses revealed no significant associations between the N4 effect and the RBANS Total Scale scores (r=-.14, p=.32), nor for the Immediate Memory (r=-.002, p=.99), Visuospatial/Constructional (r=-.069, p=.63), Language (r=-.15, p=.30) Attention (r=-.21, p=.14), or Delayed Memory (r=-.18 p=.58) indexes.Conclusions:Results confirmed the presence of the N4 effect in intact participants and in the sample as a whole. Although the N4 effect was numerically smaller in the impaired group as expected, this difference was not significant in the present sample. Likewise, we observed no evidence for associations between the size of N4 effect and performance on RBANS indexes. Overall, the present study provides mixed evidence for the utility of the N4 as a biomarker in mild AD. Factors that may have contributed to the lack of associations between the N4 effect and the RBANS include the limited sample size and variable lengths of time between participants' initial cognitive assessments and EEG testing.

The role of community services in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a study on residents under psychology

BackgroundAnxiety disorder is a common psychological disorder that seriously affects the quality of life and social function of patients. In addition to medication treatment, community service innovation provides more direct and convenient treatment pathways for patients by providing professional mental health support and resources within the community.Subjects and MethodsThe study focused on a population aged 18 to 70 within a community. Using EEG and Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) tests, 30 individuals were diagnosed with anxiety disorders. These participants were evenly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received anti-anxiety medication treatment alone, while the control group received regular psychological counseling at the community service center in addition to medication. After six months of treatment, the two groups were statistically analyzed for treatment effectiveness using electroencephalogram examination and the SAS test. SPSS23.0 was used for data analysis.ResultsIn the experimental group, 5 patients recovered, 4 patients made significant progress, and 6 patients did not recover. In the control group, 9 people recovered, 6 people made significant progress, and 1 person did not recover. There was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, P&lt;0.05.ConclusionsThrough community mental health centers, patients can receive more direct and convenient treatment pathways and mental support, which is of great significance in the treatment of anxiety disorders.