Development Of Education In Nigeria Research Articles

Initiatives on Education Diplomacy/Linkages: The Chequered Experience in Nigeria

Purpose of the study: The study provided clear indications from the studies of comparative education that Nigeria’s educational system is not highly rated when compared to many other educational systems around the globe. Research evidences are also rife on the use of education diplomacy and international linkages for bridging the gaps of educational inequalities between developed and developing nations. Methodology: As a qualitative study, the paper adopted historical research design, relying on documentary analysis to establish the tenets of education diplomacy/ linkages are not only capable of improving Nigeria’s educational system, but can equally be used to elevate it to a point of global relevance and reference. Main Findings: Revealed in the study are the four major purposive initiatives that are corollaries of education diplomacy/ linkages are depicted in the praxes associated with Foreign Aid packages, Technical Aids Corps, Foreign Studentship schemes and Internalization programme in higher education. The treatise critical appraises the exploration and use of these initiatives for educational image-making and cautious integration of the country’s educational system with global best practices. Despite the chequered experiences identifiable with the initiatives, the inherent derivatives of these initiatives are extremely gainful to the overall development of education in Nigeria. Novelty/Originality of this study: Finally, the paper strongly advocated that Nigeria needs to carefully re-engage and follow through the gains in these initiatives, so as to unlock and tap from the intrinsic benefits and humongous opportunities derivable from the thrusts of education diplomacy linkages.

Private Sector Participation and the Development of University Education in the Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, 1999-2021: A Historical Analysis

The main thrust of this paper is to historicize the involvement of the private sector in the development of university education in Nigeria in the Fourth Republic. While the year 1999, marked the commencement of the birth of the second batch of private universities in Nigeria, the year 2021 was when the last batch of private universities were granted provisional licenses of operation by the Federal Government. History of educational development in Nigeria has its origin in the activities of the private sectors, that is, the Christian missions. Their involvement in the development of western education in the country between the late 19th and 20th centuries was mainly confined to the provision of primary and secondary education. Up to the birth of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the provision of university education in the country was exclusively the responsibility of both the Federal and the State governments. Although an attempt was made during the Second Republic, 1979-1983, to encourage private sector participation, this eventually failed. However, with the return to civil rule in 1999, the country witnessed the emergence of the second attempt towards private sector involvement in the development of university education. The paper argues that the active involvement of the non-state actors in the delivery of university education in Nigeria since 1999 has helped in improving efficiency in delivery, expanding service coverage as well as increasing manpower production. The methodology adopted for this work is historical, qualitative and quantitative, utilizing materials from both primary and secondary sources.

Private Sector Participation and the Development of University Education in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, 1999-2021: A Historical Analysis

The main thrust of this paper is to historicise the involvement of the private sector in the development of university education in Nigeria in the Fourth Republic. While the first set of private universities began during the Second Republic, the year 1999 marked the commencement of the birth of the second set of private universities in Nigeria. The year 2021 was when the last batch of private universities was granted provisional licences of operation by the Federal Government through the National Universities Commission. There is no doubt that the history of educational development in Nigeria has its origin in the activities of the private sector, that is, Christian missions. Their involvement in the development of western education in the country between the late 19th and 20th centuries was mainly confined to the provision of primary and secondary education. Up to the birth of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the provision of university education in the country was exclusively the responsibility of both the Federal and the State governments. Although an attempt was made during the Second Republic, 1979–1983, to encourage private sector participation, this eventually failed. The present paper argues that availability and accessibility to high-quality university education can be meaningfully achieved through public-private collaboration as seen in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Western Europe. Active involvement of non-state actors would help the government to mobilize financial resources to meet more pressing public service needs. The methodology adopted for this work is historical, qualitative and quantitative, utilising materials from both primary and secondary sources.

USE OF RESEARCH GATE AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Social media platforms are increasingly used for communication, entertainment, and information sharing. For researchers to network and discuss their research discoveries, there is a social media platform called ResearchGate. Little attention has been paid to ResearchGate asa tool for educational development among undergraduate students in Nigeria. Therefore, this study intends to narrow the existing knowledge gap by offering valuable insightsinto how ResearchGate can enhance undergraduate students' educational development in Nigeria. Technological determinism theory formed the basis for the study as a convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. A total of 275 copies of the questionnaire were administered randomly to selected participants, who were Redeemers University undergraduates and a sum of 250 usable questionnaires were received. Findings showed that ResearchGate is getting known by students and contributing to the intellectual community. Findings also showed that ResearchGate is a great tool for learning and helps undergraduatesto develop their skills and knowledge in their field of study. Hence, this study concluded that social media can be a valuable tool for enhancing learning and collaboration among students, not just for fun and pleasure. It is recommended that Universities and educational institutions should encourage students to use ResearchGate to share research and collaborate with other students and researchers.

Tax Revenue and Infrastructure on Composite Health and Education Development in Nigeria: A Simulation Approach

Insufficient allocation of resources and infrastructure remains two daunting challenges of human capital development in Nigeria despite government policy measures to efficiency of resources and infrastructure development. This paper examined the effect of tax revenue proxy by value added tax and infrastructure on composite health and education in Nigeria from the period 1980- 2021. This paper utilized the simulation approach in forecasting performance of the macroeconometric model. From the results, the following were observed: First, value added tax has positive and statiscally significan effect on government expenditure on education and health. This implies that an increase in tax revenue causes increase in government’s spending on education and health in Nigeria. Second, health is not a good channel through which tax revenue can be used to influence economic growth, relative to education. Education impacts more on human capital in Nigeria than health. Three, higher investment in infrastructure or higher infrastructure will increase economic growth and human capital development. Four, positive and significant relationship exist between value added tax revenue and government expenditure on education and health. This implies that increase in tax revenue causes increase in government spending on social and community services including health and education. Five, to increase human capital development in Nigeria, temporary tax revenue shock is sufficient. This implies that the growth reducing effect of government tax via permanent increase in value added tax revenue. Six, to increase human capital development in Nigeria, permanent infrastructure development and investment is required. From the results, the following were observed: First, value added tax has positive and statiscally significan effect on government expenditure on education and health. This implies that an increase in tax revenue causes increase in government’s spending on education and health in Nigeria. Second, health is not a good channel through which tax revenue can be used to influence economic growth, relative to education. Education impacts more on human capital in Nigeria than health. Three, higher investment in infrastructure or higher infrastructure will increase economic growth and human capital development. Four, positive and significant relationship exist between value added tax revenue and government expenditureon education and health. This implies that increase in tax revenue causes increase in government spending on social and community services including health and education. Five, to increase human capital development in Nigeria, temporary tax revenue shock is sufficient. This implies the growth reducing effect of government tax via permanent increase in value added tax revenue. Six, to increase human capital development in Nigeria, permanent infrastructure development and investment is required. The study recommended that: (i) The government should increase its investment on critical infrastructure to further bolster human capital development and by extension accelerate the rate of economic growth, (ii) The government should diversify its revenue base and expend more on health and education in addition to building a strong institutional framework to ensure the efficacy of government spending on both health and education. Keywords: Tax revenue, infrastructure, composite health, education, simulation , Nigeria JEL Codes: H24, I10, E27 DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-6-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Public-Private Partnership: Pathway to Educational Development in Nigeria?

This paper has provided evidence on the impact of public and private partnership on educational development in Nigeria, using OLS methodology in analysing the time series data from 1980-2020 best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). The study found that government allocation to education in Nigeria fall below18% for past decades. However this can be augmented by private sector contribution to education which is derived as the proportionate of total expenditure on education and this form the basis for modelling the impact of public and private partnership on educational development. It was found that the estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% shows that 98% systematic variation in Educational Productivity is caused by variation in total labour force, unemployment rate, inflation rate, public expenditure on education, private expenditure on education and gross fixed capital formation. The study conclude that public participation in financing education is not enough for effective funding of education but private sector can also argument the expenses in order to produce skilful and economic active labour force. Recommendation was made that there is need to increase budgetary allocation to the educational sector and also create an enabling environment for development of private sector which will improve educational productivity either by funding it or by employment.

School Libraries and Educational Development in Nigeria: Issues and Prospects


 
 
 
 Background: The National policy of education of Nigeria indicated the importance and need to have functional school libraries, but the situation over the years later is worrisome as many researchers have reported the non-existence of library in many schools and the deplorable state of the ones available. This is hampering the role expected to be played by school libraries in the development of education in Nigeria. Purpose: The research explores the various challenges confronting school libraries and proffer workable solutions. Method: This paper uses literature review as a methodology for conducting research. The literature reviewed exposed the current state of school libraries, the challenges, prospects and the services that can help promote educational developments in school libraries. Result: The findings revealed the challenges limiting school libraries to include inadequate funding, lack of trained personnel, non-compliance to the provisions in the National Educational Policy and the absence of dedicated library time. Possible solutions include library advocacy, ensuring the implementation of the National Educational Policy, enforcing the appointments of trained personnel, developing standard benchmark for establishing and management of school libraries and the introduction of dedicated library time. Conclusion: The paper recommended that LRCN and NLA should constantly advocate for quality service delivery in school libraries through ensuring strict compliance with the provisions in the National Policy of Education by forming accreditation committee to monitor all schools. It was also recommended that the Library and Information Science curriculum be reviewed to include innovative library services that can be adopted to improve reading habits in schools.
 
 
 
 
 Keywords: School libraries; Educational Development; Reading Habits; National Development
 
 
 
 
 Abstrak
 
 
 
 
 Latar Belakang: Kebijakan pendidikan nasional di Nigeria telah menekankan pentingnya kebutuhan perpustakaan sekolah. Namun situasi yang terjadi selama beberapa tahun ini cukup mengkhawatirkan karena banyak laporan menyebutkan tidak adanya perpustakaan di sekolah-sekolah dan jika ada kondisinya tidak layak. Hal ini menghambat peran yang seharusnya dijalankan oleh perpustakaan sekolah demi perkembangan pendidikan di Nigeria. Tujuan: Penelitian ini membahas berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh perpustakaan sekolah dan menawarkan berbagai solusi yang dapat diterapkan. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian literatur sebagai metode penelitian. Kajian literatur tersebut menunjukkan kondisi terkini perpustakaan sekolah serta permasalahan, prospek, dan layanan yang dapat digunakan untuk mendukung perkembangan pendidikan di perpustakaan sekolah. Hasil: Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa permasalahan yang dihadapi perpustakaan sekolah meliputi kurangnya dana, kurangnya tenaga terampil, ketidakpatuhan terhadap aturan Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional dan kurangnya waktu kunjung perpustakaan yang khusus. Sementara itu, solusi yang memungkinkan meliputi advokasi perpustakaan, memastikan implementasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional, merekrut tenaga terampil, mengembangkan standar pembentukan dan pengelolaan perpustakaan serta menyosialisasikan waktu kunjung perpustakaan yang khusus. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyarankan LRCN dan NLA untuk menyuarakan pemberian pelayanan yang berkualitas di perpustakaan sekolah dengan mematuhi aturan Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional serta dengan membentuk komite akreditasi guna memonitor semua sekolah. Saran selanjutnya adalah kurikulum Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi harus ditinjau ulang supaya mencakup layanan perpustakaan yang inovatif sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kebiasaan membaca di sekolah.
 
 
 
 
 Kata kunci: Perpustakaan Sekolah; Perkembangan Pendidikan; Kebiasaan Membaca; Perkembangan Nasional
 
 
 

The Christian Missions and the Development of University Education in the Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, 1999-2021: A Historical Analysis

AbstractThe main thrust of this paper is to historicise the role of the Christian missions in the development of university education in Nigeria in the Fourth Republic. While the year 1999, marked the birth of the Fourth Republic as well as the second attempt towards the involvement of the private sectors (Christian missions inclusive), the year 2021 was when the last batch of private universities were granted provisional licences of operation by the Federal Government through the National Universities Commission. There is no doubt that the history of educational development in Nigeria has its origin in the activities of the private sectors, that is, the Christian missions. Meanwhile, their involvement in the development of western education in the country between the late 19th and 20th centuries was mainly confined to the provision of primary and secondary education. Up to the birth of the Fourth Republic in 1999, the provision of university education in the country was exclusively the responsibility of both the Federal and the State governments.Although an attempt was made during the Second Republic, 1979-1983, to encourage private sector participation, this eventuallyfailed. The paper argues that availability and accessibility to high-quality university education can be meaningfully achieved through public-private collaboration as seen in the developed countries such as the United States, United Kingdom and Western Europe.Active involvement of non-state actors would help the government to mobilize financial resources to meet more pressing publicservice needs. The methodology adopted for this work is historical, qualitative and quantitative, utilising materials from both primary and secondary sources.

Assessing Information Dissemination Channels as Valuable Tools for Educational Development in Nigeria

Assessing Information Dissemination Channels as Valuable Tools for Educational Development in Nigeria

Human Resource Migration and the Economy

This study examined human resource migration and the economy of Nigeria and was necessitated by the need to evaluate whether human resource migration contributes positively or negatively to the economic, social, educational and security development of Nigeria. To guide the study, three research questions were formulated. It was also found that human resource migration had significant impact on educational development in Nigeria. The study recommended among others that government policy makers should ensure be proactive in human resources migration policies to ensure its benefits are maximised while the adverse effects are minimised.

Development of vocational education in Nigeria: The impact of corruption

This paper is a conceptual paper aimed at examining the effect of corruption on the development of vocational education in Nigeria. The paper reviews the relevant literature such as the concept, different levels, forms and origin of corruption. The concept of vocational education, the relationship between vocational education and corruption and the consequences of corruption on the development of vocational education in Nigeria are also examined. Some strategies for combating corruption and some of the efforts of the government to fight corruption were also looked at. In conclusion, a direct link between corruption and vocational education is established; some recommendations were suggested, which include that in order to reduce corruption, the government must have the political will to initiate and sustain the fight against corruption. Keywords: Corruption practices, education, vocational education, Nigeria, development.

Reflections on the Dangers and Delusions of Education Tourism for Educational Development in Nigeria.

In contemporary times, education tourism has become such a complex phenomenon vis-à-vis the overall development of education in Nigeria. This paper, after explaining the concept of education tourism, takes into consideration the initial historical imperatives that occasioned the need for Nigerians to travel overseas for Higher Education. It identifies the challenges that prompted a rise in education tourism, noting that the Nigerian education sector in particular, and the Nigerian nation in general, suffers huge capital flights as a result of this phenomenon. A further critical analysis from the paper shows that the recent incidents and experiences with education tourism live some Nigerian students with many dangers and delusions-the delusions arising from the incongruence between the knowledge acquired abroad and the dysfunctional social systems in Nigeria. Consequently, the paper submits that Nigerians will be speared much of the complex problems identified with education tourism if the country can adopt some immediate and remote measures that will revitalize its education and make it attractive to the rest of the globe.

Tax revenue collection or foreign borrowing: what fiscal tools enhance the educational development in Nigeria?

Nigeria’s educational system does not receive sufficient finances and nearly every new administration proposes greater levels of borrowing on the belief that they would enhance the economy, particularly human capital. The most important fiscal tools utilized in the Nigerian political arena to support education are tax revenue collection, foreign borrowing, and its interest component. This study aims to examine the impact of these fiscal tools on educational development in Nigeria. We use the multiple regression analysis of the data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria, Federal Inland Revenue Service, and World Bank Economic Development Indicators. The statistics ranging from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The correlation data shows that education has a substantial positive association with foreign liabilities and taxation income at the 1% level, but the relationship with debt servicing (interest rate) is negatively significant at the 1% level. Foreign debt, on the other hand, shows a substantial positive association with education and tax income at the 1% level but has an insignificant negative correlation with interest rate. Tax income has a substantial negative association with interest rates, but it also has a positive relationship with education and foreign loans. The findings of this study show that foreign debt and interest rates have had little impact on Nigeria’s educational system. The study result met the a priori expectation that tax revenue should impact positively on the development of education in Nigeria. As a result, the research recommends the prudent use of tax revenues while opposing foreign borrowing for political campaigns.

Views of students on qualities expected of their lecturers: a case study of the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo city, Nigeria.

Although the assessment of teachers by students has been introduced into tertiary educational development in Nigeria, very limited information exists on students’ expectations of their teachers. We investigated this component among a cohort of newly admitted students at the University of Medical Sciences in Ondo State, South-West Nigeria. This was a descriptive quantitative study consisting of a community-interactive session with students at the 100 and 200 levels of the University. Three hundred (300) students participated in the session. We first explained the purpose of the study. Thereafter, the students individually completed a semi-structured questionnaire that elicited information on their views on the qualities they expected of their lecturers. The results were analyzed quantitatively with SPSS version 21. Of the 300 students, 204 (64.0%) completed the questionnaire. Friendliness and congeniality (46.1%), good classroom management (38.7%), good sense of humor (36.3%), good communication skills (33.3%) and expertise (32.8%) were the five most desirable qualities of good lecturers listed by the students. By contrast, the five qualities which rated lowest in the assessment were equity (4.4%), mentoring capacity (4.9%), enthusiasm (6.9%), encouraging students to succeed (7.8%) and approachability (8.3%). We conclude that students at the University of Medical Sciences look out for personal social relationships with their teachers during curricular delivery. We recommend that approaches to address these concerns should be incorporated into the design of training programs for teachers and in protocols for students’ evaluation of teachers in this university and others in similar circumstances.

Multinational corporations and sustainable development goals

Purpose There are over 263m out-of-school children in the world, and Nigeria is not an exception to the problem facing basic education. Education provides the necessary skills and knowledge needed by people in other to live a better life. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of multinational corporations (MNC) towards basic education development in Nigeria using Etisalat Telecommunication as a case study. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative method of data collection and analysis was used for the study. Interviews were conducted with 15 participants. NVivo software was utilized in transcription, coding and analysis of data from the interview conducted. Findings Findings from the research revealed that Etisalat has made a significant contribution towards the development of the education sector in Nigeria, particularly basic education. This is evident in “adopt a school” initiative across the country. Etisalat intervention is in line with Sustainable Development Goal 4: quality education, which has led to improved infrastructure, school enrolment and most importantly improved quality of learning. Practical implications This study will help educational institutions, government and international organization explore ways of utilizing private funds to develop basic education, not only in Nigeria but other climes around the world. Originality/value This study adds to the literature on the role of non-state actors, especially MNC, towards developing the education sector in Nigeria. Previous studies have focussed on MNCs in other sectors; the use of Etisalat Telecommunication opens a new frontier in understanding the role of telecommunications MNCs in developing basic education in Nigeria.

Effect of Foreign Aid on Educational Development in Nigeria

Background:Education is necessary for the economic growth and political stability of any nation. Due to the lack of resources, Nigeria does not pay necessary attention to education. In recent years Nigeria has reduced the budgetary allocation for education sector. Like in other sectors, Nigeria relies heavily on foreign aids for the development of the educational institutions.
 Objectives:The study aims at assessing the effect of foreign aid on educational development in Nigeria and to give policy recommendations based upon the conclusion drawn from this study.
 Methods:The study, conducted in Nigeria, employed descriptive survey research design and data werecollected using key stakeholders questionnaire as research tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics for research questions and t-test statistics to answer the research hypothesis.
 Results:Findings from this study revealed that foreign aid has positively affected Nigeria education in terms of infrastructure, SDGs, UBE, science and technology, human resources and ICT.
 Conclusions:The foreign aid to education has a positive impact on Nigerian educational development.
 Implications:The result generated from this study can be considered by education policy makers of Nigeria and concerned authorities.
 Recommendations:The study recommended that donor countries/agencies should allow Nigeria to design and formulate its own policies according to her culture and traditions. It is also recommended that foreign aid intervention should be carried out more in rural communities especially in the area of critical infrastructures in Nigerian schools.

Al-Ta‘līm al-‘Arabī fī Nījīriyā: Bayna Mu’āmarāt al-Tadmīr wa-Majhūdāt al-Ta‘mīr

The Arabic language in the Nigerian society is of paramount importance as the language of religion, history, culture, economy, politics, international relations, and others. The current researcher focused his attention on the growth of the Arabic language and its development in Nigeria since its entry and the recognition and respect and progress in the times of the Islamic Caliphate in Sokoto, and ignored the contempt and contempt and delay in the days of British colonial, and then the love, attention, and development of the Arab scientists Nigerian Her enthusiasts. The researcher approached the historical recovery method by retrieving the past of the Arabic language in these countries and their effects. In gathering information, the researcher used the interview and the electronic inquiry method with or without yes, especially when talking about the problems facing Arab education in Nigeria. The findings of the researcher include the following: (1) Arabic is the first language of civilization seen by the Nigerian people and educated by the culture of writing and reading at a time when the two were a kind of magic and mastered by very few people in society. (2) Nigerian Muslims are very interested in Arab education and have spent every Gal and Nafis to develop it from the first era to the present. The research concluded with some suggestions and recommendations towards the development of Arab education in Nigeria.

A Critical Review of Attacks on Schools in Nigeria: Lessons Learned

This paper discussed targeted attacks on schools in Nigeria by non-state armed, terrorist or criminal groups most especially in the North- East geo-political zone, particularly carried out by the Boko Haram insurgent group. The discourse was for the purpose of drawing lessons learned from the attacks. The paper employed a desk-review research approach and the reports and evaluations obtained from secondary sources of data were analyzed through content analysis. By adopting ideological perspective and human security concept as theoretical framework for analysis, the paper explained the reasons for the attack. The paper found that the use of asymmetric warfare tactics adopted by Boko Haram insurgent group and their coordinated attacks resulted to huge casualties beyond the expectations of the State and most especially in the educational sector. To reverse the trend, the paper concluded that government and relevant stakeholders must realize that safety from attacks and development of education in Nigeria are dependent on the collective efforts of the various stakeholders in supporting safe school initiatives directed towards providing conducive and safe environment for our educational institutions and also rebuilding schools that have been attacked. This can be achieved through effective collaboration of all critical stakeholders towards addressing the underlying factors that led to the onslaught orchestrated by the Boko Haram insurgent group and other armed criminal groups.

MIGRANTS’ REMITTANCES AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM AN OIL-DEPENDENT ECONOMY

This study examined migrants’ remittances, public expenditure on education and their implications for educational development in Nigeria, using Secondary School enrolment rates (SSER) as a proxy for the latter for the period 1981 to 2017. The study utilised Cointegration and error correction modelling approach in order to minimise the likelihood of producing explosive regression estimates. The empirical findings of the study indicate that Migrants’ remittances received, Public expenditures on Education and Per Capita Income growth rate exert statistically significant positive impacts on educational development in the country, while the association turned negative in the case of population growth rate. The fundamental role played by both migrant’s remittances received and Public expenditures on Education in stimulating educational development was evidently established in the study. The study therefore recommends, among others, the adoption of strategic measures that will help boost the rate of school enrolment in the country by encouraging migrants’ remittances through continuous engagement of Nigerians in the Diaspora in the country’s political and socio-economic affairs, progressive increment in budgetary allocations to the nation’s education sector, as well as enhancing the per capita income of the country through investments in key sectors of the nation’s economy.

Revitalizing teacher education for political stability and national security in Nigeria

Teacher Education is a veritable tool for the educational development in Nigeria. It is a process of preparing teachers for professional roles. This paper discussed revitalizing teacher education for political stability and national security. The paper discussed the conceptual model of educational dimension in any political process. The trend of educational development and political dimension was also discussed. The paper examined the evolution of teacher education over the years in Nigeria as well as goals of teacher education as contained in the National Policy on Education. Some of these goals include production of highly motivated, conscientious and efficient classroom teachers for all levels of Nigeria’s educational system, encouraging the spirit of enquiry and creativity in teachers; helping the teachers fit into social life of the community and society at large and enhancing their commitment to national goals among others. The challenges of teacher education in Nigeria were also highlighted. The paper submits that, despite numerous challenges facing teacher education, there is a way out. These include redefining teaching as high level profession, curriculum overhauling, and improved welfare package, improvement in academic and professional training among others.