Similar Objects Research Articles

SPORTS IN AUSTRALIA’S SOFT POWER STRATEGY: OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION BY OTHER COUNTRIES

Australia, being a successful example of using sports for foreign policy, has significantly improved its international influence in the Pacific region. Yet, political, cultural, and economic peculiarities can doubt the similar application of sports by other countries. This article examines Australia’s use of sports and sports diplomacy as key instruments of its international strategy. The purpose of the article is to analyze Australia’s use of sports within soft power efforts, explore its methods, principles, and frameworks, and evaluate whether this framework can be applied by other countries to achieve similar soft power objectives. This study performs a comprehensive review of literature, official Australian government publications, and specific case studies to understand the outcomes and applicability of the approach. The novelty of the research lies in its detailed examination of the specific conditions and strategies that have made Australia’s sports diplomacy successful. Key research findings highlight that Australia’s effective use of sports diplomacy is rooted in its effect of sports on national identity, strong sports culture, advanced infrastructure, strategic partnerships, and connections with communities, particularly within the Pacific region. The article proves that the 2015-18 and 2030 Sports Diplomacy Strategies have successfully fostered cultural, sports, and people-to-people connections and enhanced Australia’s influence and presence globally. The article concludes that while Australia’s sports diplomacy model is highly effective, its application by other countries may be challenging. The reasons refer to varying levels of national perception of sports, sports culture, financial resources, and international influence. For actors with similar conditions, a comprehensive approach is applicable, whereas for emerging and developing nations it may be best to adopt specific elements of the strategies depending on the needs and resources.

Properties of outer solar system pebbles during planetesimal formation from meteor observations

Observations of proto-planetary disks, as well as theoretical modeling, suggest that in the late stages of accretion leading up to the formation of planetesimals, particles grew to pebbles the size of 1-mm to tens of cm, depending on the location and ambient conditions in the disk. That is the same size range that dominates the present-day comet and primitive asteroid mass loss. Meteoroids that size cause visible meteors on Earth. Here, we hypothesize that the size distribution and the physical and chemical properties of young meteoroid streams still contain information about the conditions in the solar nebula during these late stages of accretion towards planetesimal formation. If so, they constrain where long-period (Oort Cloud) comets, Jupiter-family (Scattered Disk Kuiper Belt) comets, and primitive asteroids (Asteroid Belt) formed. From video and visual observations of 47 young meteor showers, we find that freshly ejected meteoroids from long-period comets tend to have low bulk density and are distributed with equal surface area per log-mass interval (magnitude distribution index χ ∼ 1.85), suggesting gentle accretion conditions. Jupiter-family comets, on the other hand, mostly produce meteoroids twice as dense and distributed with a steeper χ ∼ 2.15 or even χ ∼ 2.5, which implies that those pebbles grew from particles fragmenting in a collisional cascade or by catastrophic collisions, respectively. Some primitive asteroids show χ > 2.5, with most mass in small particles, indicating an even more aggressive fragmentation by processes other than mutual collisions. Both comet populations contain an admixture of compact materials that are sometimes sodium-poor, but Jupiter-family comets show a higher percentage (∼8% on average) than long-period comet showers (∼4%) and a wider range of percentages among comets. While there are exceptions in both groups, the implication is that most long-period comets formed under gentle particle growth conditions, possibly near the 30 AU edge of the Trans Neptunian Disk, while most Jupiter family comets formed closer to the Sun where pebbles reached or passed the fragmentation barrier, and primitive asteroids formed in the region where the cores of the giant planets formed. This is possible if the Scattered Disk represents all objects scattered by Neptune during its migration, while the present-day outer Oort cloud formed only during and after the time of the planet instability, well after the Sun had moved away from sibling stars.

GuidingBand: Evaluating Speed, Precision and Accuracy of a Vibrotactile Hand Guidance System

Abstract Computerized tactile guidance systems can potentially help in human visual perception tasks such as identifying a desired object in a collection of similar objects. We designed a wrist-wearable tactile guidance system called GuidingBand that provides vibrational cues to help the user pick visual targets out of an array. We conducted three studies to systematically investigate the interplay of machine-led tactile guidance and human visual perception. The studies involve presenting visual targets to users on a screen and giving them visual search tasks. In Study 1, we identified the error rate of our guidance system. We presented participants (N=20) with arrays of identical, square targets to pick from, progressively reduced the target sizes and evaluated error rates for each size. Notably, we observed a 4% error rate at a target size of 10 mm. In Study 2, we compared the error rate of the guidance system with and without the help of human visual perception in a visual search task. We constructed a task that involved showing users an array of distractor rectangles (set sizes 2 to 10) varying only in length and asked them to identify the correct target that was previously shown to them. Participants (N=13) had fewer errors when they tried to identify targets with tactile guidance alone, followed by guidance and perception combined and perception alone. In Study 3, we had the same task as Study 2 but the distractor set sizes were larger (varying from 4 to 28), we had more participants (N=30) and measured errors and task time. While perception alone was the fastest, it was also the most error prone. The combined mode was faster and less error prone than guidance only mode, as expected, indicating that human–computer collaboration yielded the best performance.

Time-variable diffuse γ-ray foreground

ABSTRACT While the data analysis of γ-ray telescopes has now become more robust, some signals may be misinterpretations of a time-variable foreground emission from the Solar system, induced by low-energy cosmic-ray interactions with asteroids. Our goal is to provide emission templates for this time-variable diffuse γ-ray foreground by considering the populations of Main Belt Asteroids, Jovian and Neptunian Trojans, Kuiper Belt Objects, and the Oort Cloud. We model the spatial distribution of all known asteroids by performing 3D-fits to determine their density profiles and calculate their appearances by line-of-sight integrations. Because Earth and the asteroids are moving with respect to each other, we obtain diffuse emission templates varying on time-scales of days to decades. We find that the temporal variability can lead to flux enhancements that may mimic emission features unless properly taken into account. This variation is further enhanced by the Solar cycle as the cosmic-ray spectrum is attenuated by the Solar modulation potential, leading to a relative flux increase of the outer asteroids. The cumulative effect of the time-dependent emission is illustrated for the case of the ‘511 keV OSSE fountain’, and for emission features near the Galactic Centre, both being possible misinterpretations of the Solar system albedo. We recommend that γ-ray data analyses should always take into account the possibility of a time-variable foreground. Due to the ecliptic overlap with the Galactic plane, the Galactic emission is expected to be weaker by 0.1–20 per cent, depending on time (relative planetary motion), energy, and Solar cycle, which has consequences for the interpretation of dark matter annihilation cross sections, cosmic-ray spectra and amplitudes, as well as nucleosynthesis yields and related parameters.

Sleep problems and duration in school-aged children at different levels of giftedness

ObjectivesOptimal sleep is crucial for developing and maintaining gifted children's cognitive abilities. However, only a few studies have explored the sleep profiles of gifted children and overlooked their internal variations. This study aimed to investigate subjective and object sleep profiles in school-aged gifted children with different levels of giftedness. MethodsThis study included 80 school-aged children (50 % male) aged 6–11 years. Giftedness was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Subjective and objective sleep were evaluated using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Actiwatch 2. ResultsThe sample was divided into three groups based on their full scale intelligence quotient (IQ): 16 typically developing children (IQ < 130), 38 moderately gifted children (IQ: 130–145), and 26 highly gifted children (IQ > 145). The highly gifted children had the mildest sleep problems, particularly in sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Moderately gifted children had the shortest subjective average sleep duration, while the three groups had no significant differences in Actiwatch-measured sleep variables. Furthermore, CSHQ total and daytime sleepiness subscale scores were negatively associated with the full scale IQ in gifted children after controlling for confounders including emotional and behavioral problems. ConclusionsChildren with higher levels of giftedness experience fewer subjective sleep problems but have similar objective sleep parameters. It is imperative to implement tailored sleep strategies for fostering intellectual development and nurturing young talents.

Experimental Vapor Pressure Determination for C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, and N2 Molecules for Astrophysical Relevant Temperatures. Implications for the Presence of Volatiles in Kuiper Belt Objects and Trans-Neptunian Objects

Vapor pressure is a relevant quantity that is necessary in order to improve the study of the atmosphere dynamics that take place within astrophysical scenarios. The aim of this study was to obtain the vapor pressure values of the following molecules: C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, and N2 through experimentation, as well as to determine their empirical relationship with the temperature, applying the results to the persistence of volatiles in trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs). The experimental determination was performed by measuring the sublimation rate for each molecule at different temperatures. The Hertz–Knudsen equation was used to obtain the vapor pressures for the aforementioned molecules, taking the necessary considerations into account, and the sublimation rate was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. In order to check the validity of the methods used, the results obtained for water ice were compared with those of previous studies from the literature. The values obtained for CO, N2, and CH4 are of particular interest in the study of the TNOs' and KBOs' atmosphere composition. The results of this study improve the understanding of the surface and atmospheric composition of objects in the cold scenarios of the solar system, in particular, in KBOs and TNOs.

Exploring cost changes with time-driven activity-based costing after service delivery redesign in Dutch maternity care.

The implementation of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC) has spread across international healthcare systems, aiming to improve decision-making by combining information about patient outcomes and costs of care. Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) is introduced as a pragmatic yet accurate method to calculate costs of care pathways. It is often applied to demonstrate value-improving opportunities, such as interventions aimed at service delivery redesign. It is imperative for healthcare managers to know whether these interventions yield the expected outcome of improving patient value, for which TDABC is also suitable. However, its application becomes more complex and labour intensive if the intervention extends beyond activity-level changes in existing care pathways, to the implementation of entirely new care pathways. The complexity arises from the potential influence of such interventions on the costs of related care pathways. To fully comprehend the impact of such interventions on organizational costs, it is important to include these factors in the cost calculation. Given the substantial effort required for this analysis, this may explain the limited number of prior TDABC studies with similar objectives. This methodological development paper addresses this gap by offering a pragmatic enrichment of the TDABC methodology. This enrichment is twofold. First, it provides guidance on calculating a change in costs without the need for a total cost calculation. Second, to secure granularity, a more detailed level of cost-allocation is proposed. The aim is to encourage further application of TDABC to conduct financial evaluations of promising interventions in the domain of VBHC and service delivery redesign.

Subtle signals: Video-based detection of infant non-nutritive sucking as a neurodevelopmental cue

Non-nutritive sucking (NNS), which refers to the act of sucking on a pacifier, finger, or similar object without nutrient intake, plays a crucial role in assessing healthy early development. In the case of preterm infants, NNS behavior is a key component in determining their readiness for feeding. In older infants, the characteristics of NNS behavior offer valuable insights into neural and motor development. Additionally, NNS activity has been proposed as a potential safeguard against sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, the clinical application of NNS assessment is currently hindered by labor-intensive and subjective finger-in-mouth evaluations. Consequently, researchers often resort to expensive pressure transducers for objective NNS signal measurement. To enhance the accessibility and reliability of NNS signal monitoring for both clinicians and researchers, we introduce a vision-based algorithm designed for non-contact detection of NNS activity using baby monitor footage in natural settings. Our approach involves a comprehensive exploration of optical flow and temporal convolutional networks, enabling the detection and amplification of subtle infant-sucking signals. We successfully classify short video clips of uniform length into NNS and non-NNS periods. Furthermore, we investigate manual and learning-based techniques to piece together local classification results, facilitating the segmentation of longer mixed-activity videos into NNS and non-NNS segments of varying duration. Our research introduces two novel datasets of annotated infant videos, including one sourced from our clinical study featuring 18 infant subjects and 183 h of overnight baby monitor footage. Additionally, we incorporate a second, shorter dataset obtained from publicly available YouTube videos. Our NNS action recognition algorithm achieves an impressive 95.8% accuracy in binary classification, based on 960 2.5-s balanced NNS versus non-NNS clips from our clinical dataset. We also present results for a subset of clips featuring challenging video conditions. Moreover, our NNS action segmentation algorithm achieves an average precision of 93.5% and an average recall of 92.9% across 30 heterogeneous 60-s clips from our clinical dataset.

A lightweight target tracking algorithm based on online correction for meta-learning

The traditional Siamese network based object tracking algorithms suffer from high computational complexity, making them difficult to run on embedded devices. Moreover, when faced with long-term tracking tasks, their success rates significantly decline. To address these issues, we propose a lightweight long-term object tracking algorithm called Meta-Master-based Ghost Fast Tracking (MGTtracker),which based on meta-learning. This algorithm integrates the Ghost mechanism to create a lightweight backbone network called G-ResNet, which accurately extracts target features while operating quickly. We design a tiny adaptive weighted fusion feature pyramid network (TiFPN) to enhance feature information fusion and mitigate interference from similar objects. We introduce a lightweight region regression network, the Ghost Decouple Net (GDNet) for target position prediction. Finally, we propose a meta-learning-based online template correction mechanism called Meta-Master to overcome error accumulation in long-term tracking tasks and the difficulty of reacquiring targets after loss. We evaluate the algorithm on public datasets OTB100, VOT2020, VOT2018LT, and LaSOT and deploy it for performance testing on Jetson Xavier NX. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the algorithm. Compared to existing classic object tracking algorithms, our approach achieves a faster running speed of 25 FPS on NX, and real-time correction enhances the algorithm’s robustness. Although similar in accuracy and EAO metrics, our algorithm outperforms similar algorithms in speed and effectively addresses the issues of significant cumulative errors and easy target loss during tracking. Code is released at https://github.com/ygh96521/MGTtracker.git.

Natural ventilation cooling effectiveness classification for building design addressing climate characteristics

The evaluation of natural ventilation potential for effective sustainable options and innovative green building design strategies is of great interest to architects, researchers and governments. From a retrospective review, we found that the potential evaluation of natural ventilation (NV) cooling effectiveness in the same category based on similar meteorological uncertainty, research objectives and objects showed significant differences. Uncertainties added and uncertainty propagation (both model form uncertainties and parameter uncertainties) could result in large discrepancies between simulation outcomes and real scenarios, especially in the design performance modeling (DPM) phase. In this conceptual design stage, a few parameters are available and therefore decisive. It is necessary to review and identify the key performance indicators and explore the extent to which deviations are caused by inconsistencies or biases in model information. As a basis for more concrete research, we propose statistical tests based on quantitative evaluations to explore the rule of natural ventilation potential volatility and identify whether there is a significant potential improvement resulting from the critical parameter enhancement with the optimal relationship. The showcase is applied in China, where there has been a significant amount of criticism regarding the current building climate zoning due to the perceived coarseness of the system and where there has been an active exploration into the possibility of redefining building climate zoning with a view toward improving its accuracy and effectiveness.

Community-University Partnerships: The Benefits of Collaboration in Measuring Public Support for a Community Recreation Center

Community recreation centers (CRCs) are gaining popularity across the country. While many support the argument that CRCs improve quality of life by building social capital and improving the physical health of residents, that support does not necessarily translate into community support for the funding and construction of CRCs. Some communities undertake surveys to try to gauge the support for CRCs but have had mixed results on the insights provided by those surveys. Furthermore, public perceptions about the accuracy and usefulness of survey data could lead to stakeholder disregard for the data produced by them. This case study focuses on the benefits of a robust partnership between a local community and a regional university in developing a survey research project to analyze support for building a CRC. In this paper, we emphasize the value of producing trusted data and provide lessons on how community-university partnerships can achieve similar objectives. The first lesson is that community-university partnerships, by emphasizing local connections, can help foster trust in survey research projects. Second, strategic community-university partnerships can derive additional benefits such as division of labor, expertise, and cost savings. Third, by embracing the above two benefits, collaboration is not only possible, but can produce tailored survey research projects that provide stakeholders insights into critical questions. Finally, community-university partnerships that are structured around shared values can help communities solve critical policy issues effectively and efficiently. This case study details these lessons through an examination of a robust community-university partnership that led to the passage of a ballot referendum to build a CRC. This community-university model of collaboration provides a framework for communities and universities to work together to serve the public good.

MODERNIZATION OF REAL ESTATE VALUАTION METHODOLOGY BY COMPARATIVE METHOD

This study is devoted to the issue of determining the price of a real estate object based on the use of statistical market evaluations of similar objects. In the course of the research, a technique for determining the price of a real estate object was developed using parametric equations of the least squares method, which allows using an unlimited amount of input information and obtaining equalized values of price-forming factors. In contrast to the existing methods of the comparative approach to determining the price of the object of assessment, the proposed method allows you to obtain the value of the price-forming factors, and then the price of the object without establishing the difference between the factors influencing the price, as is the case with the classical approach of processing the input database. Approbation of the developed methodology showed the effectiveness of the possibility of its application in practice.

Priority directions in the design of a youth culture and leisure center in Khuzhir settlement

We consider the relevance and importance of creating a youth culture and leisure center in the rural locality of Khuzhir. To this end, the results of sociological surveys among the population of the Olkhonsky District and young people of the Russian Federation, who form the main target audience of the youth center, were used. The research also involved a review of electronic sources and publications on the design of culture and leisure centers in the settlements of the Baikal coastal area, statistical data on tourism activities in the area of Olkhon Island and additional education initiatives in Russia, sociological surveys among Olkhon population and residents of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. A review of project proposals for the organization of leisure, culture, and education institutions in rural areas of Pribaikalye was carried out. All these findings were used to identify the main requirements to a youth center in Khuzhir. The analysis of priority areas in the field of additional education specified at the end of 2022 in Russia and the Siberian Federal District was used to determine a set of functions to be performed by the center. The results also formed the basis for the selection of similar objects of domestic and foreign experience for analysis and determination of the most optimal architectural and planning solutions of the designed center. The key stages in the organization of a youth culture and leisure center in Khuzhir were determined taking the needs of the target audience into account.

Bridge the gap between practical application scenarios and cartoon character detection: A benchmark dataset and deep learning model

The success of deep learning in the field of computer vision makes cartoon character detection (CCD) based on target detection expected to become an effective means of protecting intellectual property rights. However, due to the lack of suitable cartoon character datasets, CCD is still a less explored field, and there are still many problems that need to be solved to meet the needs of practical applications such as merchandise, advertising, and patent review. In this paper, we propose a new challenging CCD benchmark dataset, called CCDaS, which consists of 140,339 images of 524 famous cartoon characters from 227 cartoon works, game works, and merchandise innovations. As far as we know, CCDaS is currently the largest dataset of CCD in practical application scenarios. To further study CCD, we also provide a CCD algorithm that can achieve accurate detection of multi-scale objects and facially similar objects in practical application scenarios, called multi-path YOLO (MP-YOLO). Experimental results show that our MP-YOLO achieves better detection results on the CCDaS dataset. Comparative and ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of our CCD dataset and algorithm.

The Discovery and Evolution of a Possible New Epoch of Cometary Activity by the Centaur (2060) Chiron

Centaurs are small solar system objects on chaotic orbits in the giant planet region, forming an evolutionary continuum with the Kuiper Belt objects and Jupiter-family comets. Some Centaurs are known to exhibit cometary activity, though unlike comets, this activity tends not to correlate with heliocentric distance, and the mechanism behind it is currently poorly understood. We utilize serendipitous observations from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, Zwicky Transient Facility, Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, Dark Energy Survey, and Gaia in addition to targeted follow-up observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory, TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope South (TRAPPIST-South), and Gemini North telescope to analyze an unexpected brightening exhibited by the known active Centaur (2060) Chiron in 2021. This is highly indicative of a cometary outburst. As of 2023 February, Chiron had still not returned to its prebrightening magnitude. We find Chiron's rotational lightcurve, phase curve effects, and possible high-albedo surface features to be unlikely causes of this observed brightening. We consider the most likely cause to be an epoch of either new or increased cometary activity, though we cannot rule out a possible contribution from Chiron's reported ring system, such as a collision of as-yet-unseen satellites shepherding the rings. We find no evidence for a coma in our Gemini or TRAPPIST-South observations, though this does not preclude the possibility that Chiron is exhibiting a coma that is too faint for observation or constrained to the immediate vicinity of the nucleus.

Comparing the dynamics of Jupiter-family Comets and comet-like fireballs

Context. Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), which originate from the Kuiper belt and scattered disk, exhibit low-inclination and chaotic trajectories due to close encounters with Jupiter. Despite their typically short incursions into the inner solar system, a notable number of them are on Earth-crossing orbits, with fireball networks detecting many objects on “JFC-like” (2 &lt; TJ &lt; 3) orbits. Aims. This investigation aims to examine the orbital dynamics of JFCs and comet-like fireballs over 104 yr timescales, focusing on the trajectories and stability of these objects in the context of gravitational interactions within the solar system. Methods. We employed an extensive fireball dataset from Desert Fireball Network (DFN), European Fireball Network (EFN), Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network (FRIPON), and Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project (MORP), alongside telescopically observed cometary ephemeris from the NASA HORIZONS database. The study integrates 646 fireball orbits with 661 JFC orbits for a comparative analysis of their orbital stability and evolution. Results. The analysis confirms frequent Jupiter encounters among most JFCs, inducing chaotic orbital behavior with limited predictability and short Lyapunov lifetimes (~120 yr), underscoring Jupiter’s significant dynamical influence. In contrast, “JFC-like” meteoroids detected by fireball networks largely exhibit dynamics divergent from genuine JFCs, with 79–92% on “JFC-like” orbits shown not to be prone to frequent Jupiter encounters; in particular, only 1–5% of all fireballs detected by the four networks exhibit dynamics similar to that of actual JFCs. In addition, 22% (16 of 72) of near-Earth JFCs are on highly stable orbits, suggesting a potential main belt origin for some of the bodies. Conclusions. This extensive study delineates the stark dynamical contrast between JFCs and JFC-like meteoroids detected by global fireball networks. The majority of centimeter- and meter-scale meteoroids on JFC-like orbits exhibit remarkably stable trajectories, which starkly differ from the chaotic paths of their km-scale counterparts. Our findings suggest that the JFC-like objects observed by fireball networks predominantly originate from the outer main belt, with only a minor fraction being directly attributable to traditional JFCs.

From the Concept of Storing Documents in Electronic Form to the Regulatory and Legal Basis of Creating National Archival and Library Information Resources

The aim of the article is to study conceptual principles of storing documents in electronic form, in particular, electronic documents, digital documents and creating metadata for them, taking into account integration processes of grounding national information resources in archival and library spheres of activity. Additionally, to trace tendencies in the implementation of existing concepts, to identify the best Ukrainian practices, to highlight defects, and offer possible ways to solve problems. Research methods. This study uses the following methods: theoretical, as moving from the abstract to the concrete, reality reflection in thinking; empirical, as observation and comparison; complex, as system analysis, synthesis and modulation; special, as graphic and component analysis; prognostication. Scientific novelty consists in implementating a systematic interdisciplinary comparative analysis of the problem of storing documents in electronic form in archives and libraries, in order to determine the directions for solving this problem, using the definition of common requirements for similar information objects and processes, particularly, in the context of the initiative to create the National Electronic Library of Ukraine, in which it is offered to integrate information on objects of national heritage stored in archives, libraries, museums, as well as thereafter data from publishers. Main conclusions. Based on the results of this research, it should be stated that Ukrainian archivists achieved the greatest success in developing the overall system from creation the documents in electronic form to their transmission for permanent storage. An important issue is the development of the “long-term storage” system, the formation of which, in our opinion, should begin with the requirements for the information objects with which this system will be filled. This will significantly affect the structure and content of the metadata needed to manage this system. The successful experience of Ukrainian archivists and librarians should be used here. The most urgent task is to put the finishing touches to the Concept of creating the National Electronic Library of Ukraine according to the best domestic and foreign practices.

Pneumonitis Incidence in Patients With Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer on Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, often diagnosed at the advanced stage (metastatic). Treatment options for metastatic NSCLC include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, target drug therapy, and immunotherapy. Immunotherapy (utilization of checkpoint inhibitors) boosts the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, it is often associated with immune-related complications such as pneumonitis. This review aims to determine the incidence of pneumonitis in metastatic NSCLC patients treated with different immunotherapy drugs. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were scoured for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) until October 2023. Published RCTs with similar research objectives were included, while non-English articles, reviews, case reports, ongoing trials, non-randomized studies, conference abstracts, and studies on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were excluded. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess the risk of bias among the included studies. The statistical analyses were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. The subgroup analysis of the 16 included RCTs showed that metastatic NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab and pembrolizumab had a higher incidence of any grade pneumonitis than those treated withatezolizumab (4.5% and 5.1% vs. 1.6%, respectively). Similarly, the incidence of grade ≥3 pneumonitis was higher among patients receiving nivolumab (1.3%) and pembrolizumab (2.4%) than those receiving atezolizumab (0.7%). Furthermore, the subgroup analysis showed that patients with naive-treated NSCLC on immunotherapy had a higher incidence of any grade pneumonitis than those with previously treated NSCLC (6.5% vs. 3.9%). Treatment-naive patients recorded higher grade ≥3 pneumonitis incidences than those previously treated (3.1% vs. 1.3%). Programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors (i.e., pembrolizumab and nivolumab) have higher incidences of pneumonitis than programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors (atezolizumab).

Discovery and Follow-up of a Quasiperiodically Nulling and Subpulse Drifting Pulsar with the Murchison Widefield Array

The phenomenon of pulsar nulling, where pulsars temporarily and stochastically cease their radio emission, is thought to be indicative of a “dying” pulsar, where radio emission ceases entirely. Here we report the discovery of a long-period pulsar, PSR J0452−3418, from the ongoing Southern-sky MWA Rapid Two-meter pulsar survey. The pulsar has a rotation period of ∼1.67 s and a dispersion measure of 19.8 pc cm−3, and it exhibits both quasiperiodic nulling and subpulse drifting. Periodic nulling is uncommon, reported in only <1% of the pulsar population, with even a smaller fraction showing periodic nulling and subpulse drifting. We describe the discovery and follow-up of the pulsar, including a positional determination using high-resolution imaging with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT), initial timing analysis using the combination of Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) and uGMRT data, and detailed characterization of the nulling and drifting properties in the MWA’s frequency band (140–170 MHz). Our analysis suggests a nulling fraction of 34% ± 6% and a nulling periodicity of 42−1.3+1.5 pulses. We measure the phase (P 2) and time modulation (P 3) caused by the subpulse drifting, with an average P 2 of 7.1 −3.1+26.3 degrees and a P 3 of 4.8 −0.9+1.5 pulses. We compare and contrast the observed properties with those of other pulsars that exhibit subpulse drifting and quasiperiodic nulling phenomena, and find that the majority of these objects tend to be in the “death valley” in the period–period derivative (P– Ṗ ) diagram. We also discuss some broader implications for pulsar emission physics and the detectability of similar objects using next-generation pulsar surveys.

PHANTOM CHAINS TONTOR OF BIONIC OBJECT'S MOVEMENTS OF AUTOMATED SYSTEMS. Part 1

This presented work results provides an understanding of how phantom life cycle diagrams of abstract objects can be formed based on the conditions of their existence. Thus, an essential feature of the action of these objects is their possibility of application in automated systems, which is an important aspect of the development of technical bionic means and systems. The problem of using a phantom for modeling actions, movements of objects in space, features of the obtained results is quite widely used in various fields of scientific research. However, there remain tasks related to understanding how the main actions of robotic working bodies of automated systems take place. Thus, it becomes possible to create formalized models of the processes of performing actions of experimental objects in medicine, industry, astronomy, based on phantom constituents of chain and step geometric elements. Thus, it is possible to present similar bionic objects in medical automated systems, which refers to the design of bionic prostheses, exoskeleton systems, as well as systems for scientific research of biomechanical properties of objects. At the same time, we analyze the peculiarities of motor movements, for which we create and analyze phantom models of TONTOR steps and their combination into phantom chains. Prospects for further research, which will be presented in the next part of this work, are the creation of analytical models of phantom features of the existence of various bionic technical means in view of their connection between the volume of the abstract object and the phantom. Similar analytical approaches make it possible to determine the phantom matrix model of the life cycle of a bionic abstract object in automated systems.