Economy Of Egypt Research Articles

A Model for Developing a Well-Prepared Agricultural Workforce in an International Setting

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy of Egypt and other North African and Middle Eastern countries. While a system of Agricultural Technical Schools (ATS) is in place in Upper Egypt, there has not been a comprehensive effort to help ensure that students in those programs are adequately prepared to enter the workforce and be productive. The model that was developed begins with the needs of agricultural business and industry and the perceived preparedness of ATS graduates to enter the workforce. The differences between need and preparedness generate a skill-gap that serves as the basis for curriculum design. Curricular change based on student ability and guided by an external advisory council includes technical skill development, internships, decision-making and leadership. Coupled with curricular improvement, the model allows for faculty development to assist ATS instructors in active learning, competency assessment, leadership activities and internship supervision. A train-thetrainer model utilized agriculture faculty members from Egyptian universities to provide ongoing instruction. Since other nations of the North African and Middle-Eastern regions share similar needs and concerns, the model is proposed to be applicable in those settings as well.

Kemerosotan Sektor Perindustrian pada zaman Mamlūk- Suatu Analisis Sejarah dari Tempoh 872 H/1468 M hingga 922 H/1517 M

Industry played an important role in the economy of Egypt during the Mamlūk period. There were many kinds of industries which operated at that time, such as textiles, sugar, paper, glasswork and metalwork industries. Nevertheless, the period under discussion witnessed changes in industries where some of them were in a malaise situation. Hence, the aim of this article is to discuss the factors which affected the industrial sector during that time by using information narrated by the Mamlūk historians and the works written by modern scholars. The article identifies several factors which affected industry during that time, such as the Mamlūks' attitude towards this sector. They monopolised all the industries and imposed heavy taxes on the civilian industrialists. The languor in industry was also due to the lack of technological innovation. This factor led to a competition from Europe side where technological innovation in many industrial sectors had been in progress from the end of eighth-fourteenth century. The recurrence of plague in Egypt during the period under review also affected the industrial sector. The resulting depopulation caused a shortage of workers which led to an increase in labour costs as well as the prices of industrial products.

Donkeys and Mules in Arabic Veterinary Sources from the Mamlūk Period (7th–10th/13th–16th Century)

The central place occupied by donkeys and mules in the life of the medieval Islamic world often necessitated medical care. Three veterinary treatises were chosen for the present study owing to the special attention attributed to these animals by their writers. The identity of the writers is of some interest: two of them were rulers of Yemen, whereas the third was the chief veterinarian of the Mamlūk Sul ⃛ān Muḣammad Ibn Qalāwūn. In dealing with the treatment of donkeys and mules, these writings are mainly concerned with breeding, preventive medicine (including nutrition, exercise and diet), and the diagnostics and healing methods of ailments peculiar to donkeys and mules, including behavioural problems, infirmities of hooves and problems resulting from carrying heavy loads. The dedication of special sections of these treatises to donkeys and mules is an indication of their importance in the economy of Egypt and Yemen. They reflect the high professional level of veterinary medicine during the Mamlūk period.

E-Signature and the Digital Economy in Egypt

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Egypt's experience in deploying e-signature with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) support. The paper identifies the supply and demand drivers and the size and potential growth of the market in Egypt. It is shown that the supply of the e-signature in Egypt is a cost-plus based. The market is relatively competitive and the market size is currently small, thus has high potential growth rate. Fully utilized deployed e-signature systems in major public utilities and services could lead to savings that amount to USD 100 million, an amount equal to Egypt's total IT exports per year. Outsourcing managed PKI services for financial and large-sized enterprises and e-government initiatives will drive large demand. Further developments in major information security-related areas are necessary and suggested.

Options for Viable Economic Development through Tourism among the Non-Oil Arab Countries: The Egyptian Case

The underlying thesis of this paper is that, to achieve viable long-term high rates of economic growth and social development, the Arab non-oil countries must adhere to the basic principles of a modern economy. They have to develop those economic sectors that have strong competitive advantages with other markets. With accelerating globalization the competitive advantage has become even more important, particularly for the non-oil Arab countries. By examining the case of Egypt, the paper evaluates the extent to which tourism, as a service industry, can contribute to the improvement of these countries' economies. The non-oil economy of Egypt was chosen as a case study for two reasons: (a) from an economic point of view, Egypt has suffered most from the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict and (b) Egypt has the highest tourism potential in the entire Arab region. The results of the analysis show clearly that tourism can fit very well with Egypt's transformation into an economically well-developed non-oil country.

An agricultural strategy without farmers: Egypt's countryside in the New Millennium

This article argues that Egypt's countryside is at a turning point. The economic reforms have not delivered the intended improvements in production and yet there is little indication that the Government of Egypt (GoE) will manage to work with the IFIs to promote an alternative economic adjustment. The reforms began in Egypt's agricultural sector in the mid‐1980s and were eventually matched in 1991 by an economic reform and structural adjustment programme (ERSAP) and a renewed programme with the IFIs in 1996. Macro‐economic targets set by the IFIs have helped stabilise the economy, reduce government expenditure, inflation and budget deficits although large scale privatisation of state assets have failed to emerge and so too has significant economic growth (Pfeifer, 1999; Mitchell, 1999). Attention has particularly focused on price and marketing reforms in agriculture, on the slashing of subsidies and on the promotion of cash crops for export. Land reform, favouring landowners and marginalising tenant interests, has also been central to agricultural transformation. Sustained and diverse economic growth has eluded Egypt's economy. Unemployment remains a central problem exacerbated by the economic reforms as levels of rural and urban poverty have also risen.

Evidence on substitutability of adult and child labour

Whether child labour displaces adult labour, giving rise to unemployment, is a matter of their substitutability in production. Using a flexible form production function fitted to data on Egypt's economy, we generate Hicks elasticities of complementarity, own and cross‐price elasticities, as well as simulate employment effects on adult labour as a result of changing the fixed quantity of labour in compliance with the international call to end child labour. Adult males appear to be complementary with, and adult females substitutes for child labour, although the employment effects of banning child labour are inconclusive.

AN ASSESSMENT OF INTEGRATED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF EGYPT

This study used a quadratic programming sector model to assess the integrated impacts of climate change on the agricultural economy of Egypt. Results from a dynamic global food trade model were used to update the Egyptian sector model and included socio-economic trends and world market prices of agricultural goods. In addition, the impacts of climate change from three bio-physical sectors - water resources, crop yields, and land resources - were used as inputs to the economic model. The climate change scenarios generally had minor impacts on aggregated economic welfare (sum of Consumer and Producer Surplus or CPS), with the largest reduction of approximately 6 percent. In some climate change scenarios, CPS slightly improved or remained unchanged. These scenarios generally benefited consumers more than producers, as world market conditions reduced the revenue generating capacity of Egyptian agricultural exporters but decreased the costs of imports. Despite increased water availability and only moderate yield declines, several climate change scenarios showed producers being negatively affected by climate change. The analysis supported the hypothesis that smaller food importing countries are at a greater risk to climate change, and impacts could have as much to do with changes in world markets as with changes in local and regional biophysical systems and shifts in the national agricultural economy.

The hidden economy in Egypt

A hidden economy in Egypt has been a feature of this centrally-planned state for several decades. Although this aspect of the economy has more typically been known as the 'informal' sector, after 1973 and the initiation of the economic liberalization policy the infitah, it became considerably easier to engage in all forms of private economic activity that could be more readily 'masked'. That is, the scope, range and the specific kinds of economic activities being conducted, and the amounts of money involved, are largely indeterminate and unknown. Accordingly, the term 'hidden economy', as defined here, refers inter alia to a number of spheres of this unknown activity: traditional informal economic activity; 'black' market operations; 'gray' market operations; and, the more purely domestic economic activities of the military establishment. In addition, two major enabling mechanisms, remittances and the primary agents for these, the money dealers (changers), the Islamic companies and other Islamic banking and financial institutions which are integral to the operation of the hidden economy, are included in the term 'hidden'.

The political economy of dilatory reform: Egypt in the 1980s

The paper explores the political economy of Egypt's failure to implement policy reforms during the 1980s despite mounting problems of international indebtedness, macroeconomics imbalances, microdistortions, lack of employment creation, and the need for poverty alleviation. After reviewing the size and origins of these problems, the causes of reform failure are analyzed. These causes lie in domestic blockages, particularly the role of interest groups, and especially in “strategic rents”: the Egyptian government's skillful exploitation of its political role in the region to extract unique favors from the United States and, with US influence, from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The paper concludes with an interpretation of the May 1991 agreement with the IMF reached after the Gulf war.

The Syrian independence movement and the growth of economic nationalism in Damascus

THE nationalist leaderships which directed the independence movements in the Arab countries between the two world wars cannot be thought of as progressive forces struggling for rapid or revolutionary political and economic change. Rather, their strategy, whether it be the Wafd in Egypt, the Arab Committee in Palestine, or the National Bloc in Syria, was to secure piecemeal gains by a combination of intermittent protest and diplomacy. In the short run, they wanted greater access to the European colonial authorities and to share power with them; in the long run, they wanted to control government outright. Their strategy was not to drive out the colonial powers by prolonged armed struggle, but rather to ease them out through the mechanisms of negotiation and international appeal. On the one hand, nationalist leaderships had to shift the balance of power away from the European colonialists and the political groups and economic classes which openly collaborated with them; on the other, they had to avoid the kind of continuous upheaval and instability which might upset their own comparatively privileged positions. In the interwar period, nationalist organizations spent most of their energy directing the nation toward the goal of political independence. Party programs purposely left vague all discussion of social and economic reform for the obvious reason that the implementation of such reform would inevitably undercut the very material interests from which nationalist leaders derived their political and social influence. The reality of foreign occupation focused the nation's attention on Britain or France or the Zionist movement; in this way, the nation was diverted, at least temporarily, from its basic internal economic and social conflicts. Although nationalist leaderships in the Arab countries had not assumed the fundamental characteristics of a 'national bourgeoisie', devoted to uncompromising political and economic independence,' they were not oblivious to ideas of economic nationalism. In each country, there could be found a faction of nationalist leaders working to break the alliance of European capital and compradors which dominated the economy. The development of national enterprises, in particular moder industries, became their objective. Because Egypt's economy was far and away the most industrialized in the Arab world, it is not surprising that economic nationalism was most advanced there. Two recent studies have detailed with great precision Egypt's economic challenge to British imperialism in the interwar period.2 However,much less is known about the other Arab countries. This article, therefore, will examine the growth of economic nationalism in Syria. Special attention will be paid to the role of Damascus in the development of national enterprises and moder industry, not because Damascus was the most important economic center in

Linear optimal control of national econometric models

A control optimization approach is developed in this paper for the purpose of investigating the impact of alternative development strategies on the national economy of Egypt. Basic to this approach is the formulation of an aggregate econometric model and the manipulation of its performance as a linear quadratic tracking problem. The model comprises three major sectors ; namely agriculture, industry and services. Data processing and model parameter estimation and implementation are performed for the period 1961–1976 and further projected to the period 1976–1980. In light of the assumptions made, the obtained results are interpreted and found to be satisfactory.

A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I

Previous articleNext article No AccessA Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep IAndrew H. GordonAndrew H. Gordon Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 41, Number 4Oct., 1982 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/372969 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1982 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jean-Loup Richet A loose coupling perspective on Ancient Egypt economy and society, Business History 64, no.66 (May 2020): 1149–1171.https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2020.1754802

Population and Food Dynamics: A Caloric Measurement in Egypt

Post-World War II studies of Egypt's economy devote considerable attention to her population growth and agricultural development. Such attention is necessary in that Egypt, (though) so limited in its habitable land, has experienced a quadrupling of population during the present century; and, as its most important sector is still agricultural, more than half of that population is concentrated in rural areas. Therefore, studies have focused on the effects of population pressure on the distribution of agricultural income, on the agrarian reforms of 1952 and 1961, and particularly on population growth and policies.

The Grain Economy of Mamluk Egypt

Scholarly studies of the economy of Egypt in the Middle Ages, from the Fdtimid through the Mamlik periods, have stressed two seemingly contradictory themes. On the one hand, the extraordinary involvement of the state in economic affairs is manifest. At different times, and in various ways, the ruling regimes of Egypt monopolized or strictly controlled certain primary or strategic products. Wood and metals, both domestic and imported, were strictly controlled to assure the availability of military supplies. Certain export products like natron were sometimes made state monopolies. So too products of unusual commercial importance were exploited, especially by the Mamliik Sultans, to gain monetary advantages. Sugar production, often in the hands of rulers and officials, was also, on occasion, a state monopoly. At another level, the state participated in economic activity it did not monopolize. Either the governing bureaus themselves, or elite members of the regime, were responsible for irrigation and other investments essential to agricultural productivity. In the trading sphere, though state-sponsored trading expeditions are unknown, state support for trade by treaty arrangements, by military and diplomatic protection, and direct participation in the form of investments placed with merchants were characteristic activities. How much of the capital of trade was booty or political capital we shall never know. In other spheres, state participation gave way to state controls for the purposes of taxation. Regulation of the movements of merchants, or the distribution of goods, facilitated taxation. For religious or moral reasons state controls also extended to the supervision, regulation, or prohibition of certain illicit trades. Finally, by a complex of controls, interventions, and regulations, the most important aspect of the Egyp-