Economic Transparency Research Articles

Do the Bretton Woods Institutions promote economic transparency?

Do the Bretton Woods Institutions promote economic transparency?

Цифровий форензік як сучасний інструмент забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємств

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the role of digital forensics as a modern tool for ensuring the economic security of enterprises. The high values of the number of criminal cases opened due to fraud in recent years, and especially in 2023-2024, indicate the spread of economic threats to enterprises, which becomes especially important in the conditions of the accelerated implementation of digital technologies. The dynamics of the financial results of enterprises in Ukraine indicate the insufficiency of the potential of enterprises to ensure economic security and stable development, and also indicate the need to use more effective measures to protect, prevent, and minimize the impact of threats, which today includes digital forensics. Economic forensics in foreign companies plays an important role in ensuring their economic security and stable functioning as separate business entities. When using forensics, digital tools characteristic of the Fourth Industrial Revolution are used, defining it as a high-tech service that not only allows timely detection, prediction and neutralization of various economic risks and crimes, which include financial fraud, corruption, money laundering, but also provides an opportunity to maintain economic transparency in domestic and international interactions of business structures. In Ukraine, the use of forensic practices is insufficient, despite the fact that the Association of Certified Fraud Investigation Specialists has determined that countries with a transformational economy in the business environment are most prone to economic risks, threats, and fraud. The experience of using economic forensics (especially its modern form – digital forensics) in the world allowed to determine the need for its application at domestic enterprises, which will be considered a step towards improving the corporate security culture of Ukrainian business activities, a significant contribution to the fight against economic crimes, as well as a guarantee of economic security the functioning of both individual entrepreneurs and the state economy in general.

The Role of Blockchain Technology in Increasing Economic Transparency and Public Trust

Blockchain technology has become one of the most promising technological innovations in recent years. The main advantages of blockchain technology are high transparency, security, and data integrity. Therefore, this technology has attracted attention in various sectors, including the economy. This research aims to examine the role of blockchain technology in enhancing economic transparency and public trust. This study is a literature review that adopts a qualitative method, which means it will analyse and interpret data by utilising information and texts derived from various sources. The results of the study show that blockchain technology has proven itself to be a highly effective tool for achieving this goal. In an increasingly connected and data-dependent society, economic transparency and public trust are key factors in sustainable economic growth and social stability.

The Kano Model Assessment Framework for Soil Environmental Quality under Good Governance Doctrine of Bank Independence and Accountability for Code of Conduct towards Corporate Ethics

Bank trading is basically observed in their traditional agreements of bargaining products and services. However, in terms of meeting and complying with global economic standards set by WTO to promote sustainable development, known as the doctrine of good governance, it is certain that corporate practices will be lacking explanatory tools for achieving corporate ethics as their culmination of bank independence and accountability to civil society. This paper aims to map the importance of bank independence and its accountability using the Kano model assessment in addressing issues of concern in trade-environmental problems under WTO economic standards. Soil environmental quality is a quantitative measurement of the Kano developmental framework using a positivistic paradigm towards legal scholarship defiance of corporate ethics for culmination reflection and plotting the behavior of corporate institutions to eradicate the poverty line and promote the economic prosperity of their territory or jurisdiction by answering issues on environmental problems such as soil quality for advocacy of environmental protection under trade-environment conflicts of WTO as accountability to human society for achieving sustainable development following good governance doctrine. Business law has a dynamic performance of both the behavior of the corporate and its environment through interactions of human society in their competition market. Innovation of products and corporate services must be integrated with good governance principles using the insufficiency of their code of conduct explanatory authority to enforce trade-environment agreements in achieving human rights of sustainable development in international and global economic standards. The realization of civil rights to sustainable development is reflected in the good governance principle. The legal scholarship defiance of doctrinal research using a positivistic paradigm of objective knowledge can be recommended to other corporate practices to advocate financial intelligence through active participation in environmental calls as political agendas as intended to lessen poverty towards integration to economic transparency and ecological protection. The plotting over time can be predicted towards a comparison of constitutional rights of public welfare and safety.

The Kano Model Assessment Framework for Soil Environmental Quality under Good Governance Doctrine of Bank Independence and Accountability for Code of Conduct towards Corporate Ethics

Purpose: Bank trading is basically observed in their traditional agreements of bargaining products and services. However, in terms of meeting and complying with global economic standards set by WTO to promote sustainable development known as doctrine of good governance, it is certain that corporate practices will be lacking explanatory tools for achieving corporate ethics as their culmination of bank independence and accountability to civil society. This paper aims to map the importance of bank independence and its accountability using Kano model assessment in addressing issues of concerns in trade-environmental problems under WTO economic standards.
 Methodology: Soil environmental quality is a quantitative measurement of Kano developmental framework using positivistic paradigm towards legal scholarship defiance of corporate ethics for culmination reflection and plotting the behavior of corporate institutions to eradicate poverty line and promote the economic prosperity of their territory or jurisdiction by answering issues on environmental problems such as soil quality for advocacy of environmental protection under trade-environment conflicts of WTO as accountability to human society for achieving sustainable development following good governance doctrine.
 Findings: Business law has a dynamic performance of both the behavior of the corporate and its environment through interactions of human society in their competition market. Innovation of products and corporate services must be integrated with good governance principles using the insufficiency of their code of conduct explanatory authority to enforce trade-environment agreements in achieving human rights of sustainable development in international and global economic standards. The realization of civil rights to sustainable development is reflected with the good governance principle.
 Recommendations: The legal scholarship defiance of doctrinal research using positivistic paradigm of objective knowledge can be recommended to other corporate practices to advocate financial intelligence through active participation to environmental calls as political agendas as intended to lessen poverty towards integration to economic transparency and ecological protection. The plotting over time can be predicted towards comparison of constitutional rights of public welfare and safety.

Monetary policy transparency and real exchange rate adjustment

AbstractWe study the effect of different attributes of monetary policy transparency on real exchange rate adjustment by estimating the half‐life of the real exchange rate. After controlling for sample‐selection bias, results from the panel error‐correction model suggest that the economic aspect of transparency facilitates real exchange rate adjustment in non‐industrial countries. The driving force behind this finding is that economic transparency enhances nominal exchange rate adjustment. However, none of the different attributes of monetary policy transparency significantly affect real exchange rate adjustment in industrial countries. Failure to control for sample‐selection bias over‐rejects the null hypothesis.

Central Bank Economic Transparency and Managerial Learning

Central Bank Economic Transparency and Managerial Learning

Digital Banking in India- Prospects and Constraints

Banking was previously a time-consuming activity. If someone needed to withdraw cash, it was required to visit the nearest branch of the bank and it was mandatory to fill and submit the withdrawal slips or submit check and then he would get his cash. Thanks to the new technologies all of this is history and the way things were performed has changed because of Digital Banking. The concept of Digital banking involves with performing the financial transaction between two parties entirely online or electronically without using the paper documents such as Cheque, Slips, etc. The rise of Digital banking is the greatest development in the Banking history. It has not only made banking easier today but it also assisted people in making the transition to paperless or online transactions, people may now effortlessly conduct transactions or transfer money with just one button click on their smart phone, desktop or any digital device. In spite of technological advancement in the digital banking field there are many constraints like internet availability, low technological exposure in rural areas, online frauds and improper infrastructure. This research attempts to study and understand the phenomenon of digital banking. As the various countries and global institutions are promoting the growth and development of the digital banking for the benefit of the world. This study also gives an overview of Digital banking’s prospects such as economic transparency, new banking services for Gen-Z and various Banking trends, along with various constraints like lack of knowledge, cyber security and host of others.

DETERMINANTS OF THE VOLATILITY OF THE RUPIAH EXCHANGE RATE AGAINST THE DOLLARSAMERICA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE COVID-19

<em>Liberalization, regionalization, and globalization have made the inflow of goods, services, and capital easier to break through the regional boundaries of a country, and the barriers have continued to decrease for global trade or business. cross border. The consequences of liberalization, regionalization, and globalization demand the existence of a country's economic transparency which can cause concerns for every country, including Indonesia, especially regarding the stability of its currency exchange rate. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, at the end of March 2020, the Rupiah exchange rate against the US Dollar weakened by 18% compared to its position in December 2019 (before the Covid-19 Pandemic). The exchange rate of the Rupiah against the US Dollar is continuously fluctuating and tends to weaken. The volatility of the Rupiah exchange rate against the US Dollar and its large volatility over a long period can disrupt the economy as a whole. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the volatility of the Rupiah exchange rate to the US Dollar. This research uses inferior information on duration (time series) from 2009 to 2020 (information per year). The results of the research can be concluded that the JCI, Trade Balance, Foreign Loans, Inflation, and Interest Rates have an important influence on the volatility of the Rupiah exchange rate to the US Dollar either simultaneously or partially</em>

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РИНКУ БАНКІВСЬКИХ ПОСЛУГ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ

The article considers modern features of digitalization of the banking sector and a relatively new market - cryptocurrency. The specifics of the banking sector in the digital economy and the main problems that arise in the process of their activities are analyzed. The first fully implemented startup in the neobank industry is the Monobank project - a striking example of a virtual bank that is not a bank associated with the traditional format. It is proved that the emergence of neo-banks as a new form of banking is associated with the significant development of Internet technologies. The relatively new cryptocurrency market is of great interest for research in the current context of financial innovation in payment services. Cryptocurrency poses a challenge to Ukraine's financial system, as both the central bank and other government regulators cannot control its issuance and circulation. They show the dynamics of capitalization of the cryptocurrency market, where bitcoin predominates. Banks play a signifi-cant role in the functioning and sustainable development of the economy, so they must constantly implement the latest advances in scientific and technological progress in their daily activities. Ukraine's banking system in the context of digitalization should develop not only to maintain international competitiveness, but also in order not to lose the most important organizational and economic ties with the global financial market. In recent years, the Ukrainian banking sector has made significant progress in implementing reforms and laying the foundations for a more secure future. Improving banking performance can contribute to a stronger and more productive national economy. Measures to increase productivity in banking can also improve transparency, reduce informality and increase access to capital for businesses and individuals. Digital technology has radically changed all financial relations in society. Digital banking services, widespread online platforms and digital channels of communication with customers require an approach to assessing the digitalization of banks, strategic determination of competitiveness, strengths and weaknesses of the bank. The development of digital banking is a way to economic transparency, reduce trends and increase tax revenues.

Cost-effective technology choice in a decarbonized and diversified long-haul truck transportation sector: A U.S. case study

Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 will require accelerated efforts that include decarbonizing long-haul truck transportation. In this difficult-to-decarbonize, low-margin industry, economic transparency on technology options is vital for decision makers seeking to eliminate emissions. Battery electric (BET) and hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks (FCET) can represent emission-free alternatives to diesel-powered trucks (DT). Previous studies focus on cost competitiveness in weight-constrained transportation even though logistics research shows that significant shares of transportation are constrained by volume, and analyze cost only for selected technologies, hence impeding a differentiated market segmentation of future emission-free trucks. In this study, the perspective of a rational investor is taken and it is shown that, under current conditions in the U.S., BETs outperform FCETs in various long-haul use cases despite charging times and cargo deficits, and will further increase their technological competitiveness to DTs. While future energy and fueling prices are decisive for BET competitiveness, the analysis reveals that autonomous driving may change the picture in favor of FCETs.

Efficiency and transparency of Spanish football clubs: A non‐parametric approach

The economic transparency of football clubs has become one of the most demanded aspects as a consequence of the approval of the Transparency Law in Spain. The aim of this work is to determine whether transparency, together with other economic and sporting variables, influences the efficiency of Spanish first and second division football clubs. In the first stage, efficiency is estimated using DEA bootstrapping. In the second stage, by means of a truncated regression, the weight of transparency on efficiency is studied. In 2015, transparency has a positive influence on the efficiency of football clubs, but not in 2019.

Inside the Push for Good Governance: Institutional Predictors of Administrative Transparency in Public Organizations

Policy actors around the world perceive transparency as a means to achieve good governance. Research often focuses on the determinants of fiscal and economic transparency and gives less attention to administrative transparency. This study examines whether multiple types of institutional factors influence administrative transparency in the context of the hiring of college and university presidents in U.S. postsecondary education. Across 54 contracts obtained between institutions of higher education and third-party search firms, no contract explicitly referred to the term transparency, but contracts varied in attention given to issues of confidentiality. Using data for 157 presidential searches between 2010 and 2018, we find that few structural components predict indicators of transparency, though the presence of state sunshine laws and whether a governing board oversees multiple institutions can influence specific portions of the executive search process.

La transparencia de las formaciones políticas españolas: un estudio empírico

La Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno tiene como objetivo primordial la puesta en práctica del derecho de acceso de los ciudadanos a la información, para conocer los criterios bajo los que se adoptan las decisiones dirigidas a la aplicación de los recursos públicos, de manera que la ciudadanía pueda fiscalizar de forma directa la actuación de los organismos públicos y privados que quedan bajo el ámbito de la legislación citada, al que también pertenecen los partidos políticos. En el contexto descrito, el objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el nivel de transparencia alcanzado por las formaciones políticas en España, a través de la información que facilitan en sus respectivas páginas web oficiales. A tal efecto, se diseñaron sendos índices de transparencia desde la perspectiva organizativa y económica sobre una muestra de partidos políticos con representación parlamentaria desde la instauración de la democracia en España, con el fin de conocer sus puntuaciones de transparencia, así como la relación entre ambos índices a través de la aplicación de un modelo econométrico. Los resultados revelan un escaso nivel de transparencia de la mayoría de las formaciones políticas analizadas, tanto en el ámbito organizativo como económico, detectándose una relación positiva entre los índices de transparencia organizativa y económica, especialmente influenciada por la funcionalidad de las páginas web de dichos entes.

Education Equality and Economic Growth in Indonesia

Last decade, Indonesia's economic growth experienced a downward trend. The study examines the role of investment, equality in education, poverty, income inequality, and regime to economic growth in Indonesia. We used time-series data between 1970-2017. It was obtained from BPS and World Bank (Indodapur) publications. The model used is the Weighted Least Square Regression (WLS). The results showed the factors that contributed significantly to increasing Indonesia's economic growth were education equality, poverty, and income inequality. While investment/capital, economic transparency, and the regime did not significantly contribute to increasing economic growth. Expanding access to education for high school or equivalent is important by the Government, including the development of school infrastructure in remote areas and teacher distribution. The Government should maintain the poverty trend that continues to decline. The future study dynamic models look at the long-term relationships related to education equality, distribution of income, and poverty on economic growth.

Tax evasion, political/public corruption and increased taxation: evidence from Zimbabwe

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between tax evasion, political/public corruption and increased taxation in Zimbabwe’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThe study as a descriptive survey used questionnaires and interviews as research instruments for collecting data.FindingsThe findings revealed that most SMEs are no longer paying some form of taxes as expected since the Government of Zimbabwe through the Ministry of Finance and Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe introduced the 2% tax levy on all bank electronic transactions greater than US$10 from October 2018.Originality/valueThe paper recommends that the government should create an independent anti-corruption committee with strong monitoring and regulatory mechanism so as to fight political/public corruption; hence, creating a paradigm of trust and confidence among different economic players. Lastly, the tax authorities should engage all the key economic players when crafting the country’s tax laws/rates so as to promote a sense of equity, equality and economic transparency among citizens.

Regulation of virtual currencies in the United Arab Emirates: accounting for the emerging public/private distinction

ABSTRACT This article maps the changing global conversation on virtual currencies (VCs) internationally And brings that to bear on the development of a suitable regulatory framework for VCs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Through a review of recent international developments, the article notes a reversal in regulatory attitude towards VCs. This review suggests two emerging horizons of regulatory intervention. The first concerns the public issue of VCs to develop financial traceability and economic transparency – an arrangement that would be particularly relevant for developing countries with large informal economies. In particular, public VC issue raises follow-up questions of technological adequacy and the legal status of a means of payment guaranteed by the State. The second concerns privately issued VCs traded on independent platforms and focuses on the trade off between economic development, through a private market for VCs, and the risks connected to money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Here, a two-pronged system of ex ante licensing to private venture capitalists, coupled with ex post-sanctions, appears to be an emerging international standard for supporting economic development in countries marked by the preponderant weight of an underground economy.

Strategic Consumer Behavior in Response to Government Policy

This paper studies consumer behavior in the retail setting in response to a government policy aimed at economic transparency, and quantifies its unintended consequences for retailers vis-a-vis the policy goal. Using transaction-level data from a large retail chain in India, we document consumer strategies, that leverage the presence retailers, to avoid costs associated with the country's currency reform policy. We observe both an increase in returns of cash-purchased items that were bought before demonetization (strategic returns) and a spike in final cash purchases with soon-to-be-illegal notes (strategic purchases). Both practices serve consumer incentives to either receive legal notes from the retailer or to avoid depositing cash to formal bank accounts. Our analysis suggests that strategic consumers benefited the retail chain overall while partly hindering the intended effect of the policy, leaving more than 100 billion INR (1.5 billion USD) of demonetized notes outside the formal tax network. Our findings (i) offer implications for policy makers and retailers by quantifying the economic significance of strategic consumer practices, and (ii) document a new role of the retail industry - of absorbing and responding to macro shocks.

Central bank reputation, cheap talk and transparency as substitutes for commitment: Experimental evidence

We implement a repeated version of the Barro-Gordon monetary policy game in the laboratory and ask whether reputation serves as a substitute for commitment, enabling the central bank to achieve the efficient Ramsey equilibrium and avoid the inefficient, time-inconsistent one-shot Nash equilibrium. We find that reputation is a poor substitute for commitment. We then explore whether central bank cheap talk, policy transparency, both cheap talk and policy transparency, economic transparency or committees of central bankers yield improvements in the direction of the Ramsey equilibrium under the discretionary policy regime. Our findings suggest that these mechanisms have only small or transitory effects on welfare. Surprisingly, the real effects of supply shocks are better mitigated by a commitment regime than by any discretionary policy. Thus, we find that there is no trade-off between flexibility and credibility.

Designing and Evaluating a Model to Explain Economic Transparency and National Trust by Emphasis on E-Commerce

E-commerce has grown and expanded as the Internet has expanded and inevitably affected much of society. This trade is one of the factors driving the economic growth and development. Therefore, the study of the effective factors, their prerequisites and their consequences, is important. The purpose of this research is examining and modeling the place of transparency and national trust in the e-commerce process with a mixed approach. In the qualitative part of the research, a conceptual model was designed with the opinion of 21 experts in the field of e-commerce. In the quantitative research phase, the designed model has been tested through a statistical sample of 300 active users in the e-commerce space. The analysis of information in the quantitative part of the model has been done by modeling structural equations. Information analysis was performed in two parts of measurement model and structural part of model. In order to evaluate the measurement model, the technical characteristics of the questionnaire including reliability and validity were investigated. In the structural section, coefficients of the model for evaluating research hypotheses were tested. The results show that e-commerce promote transparency. Transparency also has a positive and significant effect on reducing corruption and eliminating intermediaries from the supply chain of goods and services. Also, reducing economic corruption in e-commerce will increase national confidence in this space.