Economic Settings Research Articles

Approximate Bayesian implementation and exact maxmin implementation: An equivalence

This paper provides a micro-foundation for approximate incentive compatibility using ambiguity aversion. In particular, we propose a novel notion of approximate interim incentive compatibility, approximate local incentive compatibility, and establish an equivalence between approximate local incentive compatibility in a Bayesian environment and exact interim incentive compatibility in the presence of a small degree of ambiguity. We then apply our result to the implementation of efficient allocations. In particular, we identify two economic settings—including ones in which approximately efficient allocations are implementable and ones in which agents are informationally small—in which efficient allocations are approximately locally implementable when agents are Bayesian. Applying our result to those settings, we conclude that efficient allocations are exactly implementable when agents perceive a small degree of ambiguity.

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Review: The $16 Taco: Contested Geographies of Food, Ethnicity, and Gentrification, by Pascale Joassart-Marcelli

Book Review| February 01 2023 Review: The $16 Taco: Contested Geographies of Food, Ethnicity, and Gentrification, by Pascale Joassart-Marcelli Pascale Joassart-Marcelli. The $16 Taco: Contested Geographies of Food, Ethnicity, and Gentrification. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021. 288 pp. Illustrations, maps, and tables. Paperback $30.00. Sean M. Crotty Sean M. Crotty SEAN M. CROTTY is an associate professor of geography and affiliated faculty, Center for Urban Studies, Texas Christian University. He lived in San Diego for nine years while completing an MA and PhD in geography at San Diego State University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research examines the spatial dimensions of a variety of messy urban phenomena, from the locational strategies of informal day-laborers to the adaptive reuse of abandoned grain silos. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (2023) 100 (1): 96–98. https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.1.96 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Sean M. Crotty; Review: The $16 Taco: Contested Geographies of Food, Ethnicity, and Gentrification, by Pascale Joassart-Marcelli. California History 1 February 2023; 100 (1): 96–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.1.96 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search If you are looking for a simple, apolitical book to talk about at your next big family meal or book club meeting, The $16 Taco probably will not fit the bill. However, if you are interested in understanding the ways that food and power intersect to create landscapes of hunger and plenty in U.S. cities, then order The $16 Taco immediately. Joassart-Marcelli uses the lens of the foodscape, “the social, political, economic, and cultural setting in which food acquires meaning and value” (6–7), to frame a compelling argument for the centrality of food in much broader structural issues of social, political, cultural inequalities made material in cities across the United States. The book is interdisciplinary in nature, and readers with expertise in history, economics, urban planning/studies, critical race theory, food studies, and geography will all find sections that speak directly to their particular areas of interest. The $16 Taco reflects... You do not currently have access to this content.

Regulatory Paradigm and Challenge for Blockchain Integration of Decentralized Systems: Example—Renewable Energy Grids

Nowadays, fossil fuels are used in a clearly unsustainable way that can bring potentially catastrophic consequences. Electricity is currently delivered to end users by generation and energy transmission companies. Previous research shows that the development of modern circular economy sets a need for the re-orientation of socio and economic development of decentralized systems, including energy basis. In addition to being ecological, the use of renewable energy sources also has economic significance by contributing to energy independence. Citizens, industries, local and national authorities become interconnected within emerging novel renewable energy sourcing communities, through which they establish trade of energy and, most importantly, models of investing and reshaping the distribution of renewable energy. The modern portfolio management of renewable energy networking is aiming toward decentralized systems of trade, where the consumer becomes a producer (prosumer) within the network, itself managed by users. Excess energy produced in the micro-grid nets within the over-arching national and transnational energy grid should be accounted for and managed with blockchain technology for financial and structural security. The decentralization of the energy market requires the establishment of strict norms that will regulate the market and taxation of profits arising. The extensive literature review on blockchain in the energy sector reflects a very pragmatic and narrow approach to the topic, although it is evident that the distribution of energy within the blockchain would enable economic development through reducing cost and ensuring more secure energy trade. Blockchain technology embeds the related digital codes, in which information will be visible to all, but also secured from hacking and duplicating. However, there are challenges to this paradigm, not least the energy consumption of the extensive nodal mesh required to perform the necessary protocols. This paper aims to provide an overview of the application of blockchain technology and the need for the development of the regulatory system and of potential solutions to the challenges posed. By undertaking an energy consumption analysis of blockchain implementation from first electronic principles, which has not been constructed before in the literature, this paper’s conclusion stresses the future demand for reducing energy consumption and considers the latest findings in the quantum coupling of light signals as a potential for solving the enormous ledger duplication structure problem.

Study on the Parameters of Strengthening Soft Surrounding Rock by Electric Pulse Grouting in the Mining Face

As an effective measure for the rapid fracturing of coal and rock, electric pulse fracture technology has been successfully applied in oil extraction and natural gas discharge. Using the electric pulse fracture mechanism, this technology can be applied to grouting reinforcement to improve the infiltration efficiency of grouting. In this study, we used a numerical simulation method to establish numerical models with different electric pulse peak pressures, different grouting times and different drilling spacing conditions Through numerical simulation studies, we found that the influence range of grouting reinforcement grows with the increased maximum pressure generated by the electrical pulse. The most economical and reasonable electric pulse parameter setting is 5 MPa for static grouting pressure and 100 MPa for peak electric pulse pressure. The best grouting time to keep pressure in the borehole is determined as 9 h, and the best borehole interval is 10 m. In addition, through the treatment of the soft roof of the Caojiashan coal mine, we also found that the reinforcement sample within the grouting reinforcement range had a compressive strength of more than 1.1 MPa; after each grouting reinforcement was completed, the hydraulic bracket could advance 12 m each time, which shows that the electric pulse grouting reinforcement technology has an obvious effect on the treatment of soft roof slab.

Strategic outcome of competitive advantage from corporate sustainability practices: Institutional theory perspective from an emerging economy

AbstractThis study examined the use and effectiveness of corporate sustainability practices (CSP) and the subsequent effect on a strategic outcome, competitive advantage. The new institutional sociology (NIS) theoretical framework was applied, informed by three different dimensions of institutional pressures (coercive, mimetic and normative). The study used a survey method and developed a seven‐dimensional model utilising the 52 principles provided by the OECD. It used a structural equation modelling in order to test the hypothesised associations between institutional pressures, CSP and competitive advantage to provide an institutional and contextualised perspectives from an emerging economy setting. The study found significant associations between the three types of institutional pressure with specific dimensions of CSP. The findings further revealed that specific CSP dimensions are diversely (positively and negatively) associated with competitive advantage. In line with the tenets of greenwashing, it highlighted the important role of institutional pressures from stakeholders (government, policy and customers) in implementing specific CSP. The findings inform managers, governments, foreign investors and other stakeholders in emerging economies about the influence of the institutional pressure in promoting the use of CSP and the effect of such practices on competitive advantage. From the context of an emerging economy, the study provides a unique empirical insight into the NIS perspective in promoting CSP and the subsequent impact on the strategic outcome, competitive advantage.

A multi-agent reinforcement learning approach for investigating and optimising peer-to-peer prosumer energy markets

Current power grid infrastructure was not designed with climate change in mind, and, therefore, its stability, especially at peak demand periods, has been compromised. Furthermore, in light of the current UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports concerning global warming and the goal of the 2015 Paris climate agreement to constrain global temperature increase to within 1.5–2 °C above pre-industrial levels, urgent sociotechnical measures need to be taken. Together, Smart Microgrid and renewable energy technology have been proposed as a possible solution to help mitigate global warming and grid instability. Within this context, well-managed demand-side flexibility is crucial for efficiently utilising on-site solar energy. To this end, a well-designed dynamic pricing mechanism can organise the actors within such a system to enable the efficient trade of on-site energy, therefore contributing to the decarbonisation and grid security goals alluded to above. However, designing such a mechanism in an economic setting as complex and dynamic as the one above often leads to computationally intractable solutions. To overcome this problem, in this work, we use multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) alongside Foundation – an open-source economic simulation framework built by Salesforce Research – to design a dynamic price policy. By incorporating a peer-to-peer (P2P) community of prosumers with heterogeneous demand/supply profiles and battery storage into Foundation, our results from data-driven simulations show that MARL, when compared with a baseline fixed price signal, can learn a dynamic price signal that achieves both a lower community electricity cost, and a higher community self-sufficiency. Furthermore, emergent social–economic behaviours, such as price elasticity, and community coordination leading to high grid feed-in during periods of overall excess photovoltaic (PV) supply and, conversely, high community trading during overall low PV supply, have also been identified. Our proposed approach can be used by practitioners to aid them in designing P2P energy trading markets.

The trade-off between costs and carbon emissions from economic lot-sizing decisions

Logistics decisions can have a significant impact on carbon emissions, a driver of global warming. We consider emissions reductions from better utilization of a given fleet of vehicles. We study an Economic Lot-Sizing setting in which a decision-maker determines the amount to be shipped in each period, and in which demand can fluctuate. Our paper assesses the trade-off between costs and carbon emissions. The emission parameters are based on a survey of results from empirical studies and on real-life considerations. In order to model the trade-off, we introduce a bi-objective lot-sizing model to find the Pareto optimal solutions with respect to costs and emissions. Our experiments show that it is often costly to reduce carbon emissions from the cost optimal solution, compared to carbon prices in the market. The cases in which carbon emissions can be reduced most cost-efficiently are those in which carbon emissions are large relative to costs, typically because costs are the results of past investments and can be considered sunk.

Economic Growth Target, Government Expenditure Behavior, and Cities’ Ecological Efficiency—Evidence from 284 Cities in China

As a composite indicator that incorporates economic efficiency and environmental protection, ecological efficiency is a valuable tool for measuring regional green development and accelerating regional green transformation. As the economy transitions, Chinese economic growth targets affect local governments’ behaviors, thereby impacting ecological efficiency. In this study, the ecological efficiency level of 284 cities in China was measured using the EBM-DEA method from 2007 to 2019, and the spatial exploration analysis method and the dynamic double fixed effect spatial Durbin model were applied to analyze urban ecological efficiency’s spatial correlations, impacts, and mechanisms. The conclusions are as follows: China’s urban ecological efficiency has increased over time. At the spatial level, it shows the distribution characteristics of east > northeast > middle > west. In terms of spatial agglomeration, there are typically spatial agglomerations, high–high agglomerations, and low–low agglomerations in Chinese cities’ ecological efficiency. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth target and ecological efficiency. According to regional differences, the economic growth target in the eastern region has a U-shaped impact on ecological efficiency, while in the central, northeast, and western cities they have an inverted U-shaped effect on ecological efficiency. In terms of the impact mechanism, through the intermediary effect test, it is found that appropriate economic growth target setting can promote the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure. Excessive economic growth target setting can inhibit the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure. The proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure can promote ecological efficiency. The enlightenment is as follows: China should weaken the economic growth target in official promotion assessment, set differentiated economic growth targets for different regions, and increase the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure to promote ecological efficiency.

Analisis Fungsi Pengeluaran Pemerintah terhadap Tingkat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Provinsi Jawa Timur

Achieving of economic growth and development in a country is a goal to be achieved by a country. One of the economic data sets that are used as a reference in viewing the economic development of a region is to use economic data derived from Gross Domestic Regional Product. The value of GRDP reflects the potential for economic growth in a certain area. In achieving the goal of equitable growth and development, a budget or financing is needed to finance these development activities. These expenses are usually in the form of expenses for operational activities or investments. This research was conducted with the aim of observing and analyzing the impact of expenditures made by local government in relation to economic growth in east java province. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method and takes a sample of East Java government spending data for 2017-2020 and East Java GDRP Growth Rate data for 2017-2020. The results show that government spending affect the level of economic growth in an East Java Province.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT BASULIFOR TO CALVES DURING THE PREWEANING PERIOD

Feeding of probiotic supplements Basulifor to calves up to six months of age in dry (C) and liquid (G) forms containing strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis at 14.7-10.7 MJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of dry matter of feed mixtures included in the diet had a positive effect on productivity and morphobiochemical parameters of blood. In the first scientific and economic setting, with the inclusion into the diet of calves from the second group of 15 g and from the third group of 20 g Basulifor-S per head per day, the average daily gains in live weight increased by 8.5% and 19.3%, respectively, relative to the control group, the increase in which was 686.0 ± 8.8g. In the second scientific and economic setting, when giving calves of the second and third experimental groups, respectively, 0.4 ml and 0.5 ml of Basulifor-Zh per liter of whole milk per head per day the average daily gains in live weight increased by 15.2% and 21.6% against the control, and amounted to 730±29.5g and 770±23.3 g. Morphobiochemical blood parameters were in the reference values of the norm in both settings. In the first setting, the blood counts did not differ significantly in all groups. In the second setting, an increase by 16.09% in the concentration of erythrocytes in the second experimental group and by 17.24% in the third was found, with a simultaneous decrease in the level of leukocytes by 22.16% and 18.29%, respectively, and an increase in the globulin fraction of proteins when using the liquid form of the probiotic supplement Basulifor-Zh, which allows us to talk about optimizing metabolism and increasing productivity.

The role and function of digital technologies in the sustainability perspective: Evidence from the football organizations in the Italian context

This paper investigates the Italian football clubs adopting a double perspective: the point of view of sustainability and technology innovation. In the last decades, the increasing implementation and spread of digital technologies worldwide in any economic settings, including the sport industry, especially the football business, has been playing a crucial role in supporting managerial, work out and training processes and making them much more competitive and high performing. At the same time, sport organizations, including football clubs, must achieve the UN Agenda 2030 with its 17 SDGs trying to improve their performance in the sustainability perspective. This paper, through a multiple case study of the Italian football clubs in the Serie A for the year 2021/2022, provides a portrait of these sport organizations and their way to be sustainable and much more technologically advanced in one specific county, where football industry has high relevance for volume of affairs and impact on sustainability. Thus, we match the two perspectives especially considering the role and function of digital technologies in making football clubs much more sustainable. After a brief review of the literature on the topic, we investigate the Italian football clubs mapping them considering their degree of sustainability and technology orientation. Our qualitative research provides useful insights about specific technologies able to improve the overall performance of the sport organizations, as well as knowledge about best practices already adopted by organizations for being sustainable, creating a kind of guideline for operators in the football industry.

Design in Marketization: The Invention of Car Safety in Automobile Markets

This article conceptualizes the relation between design, economics, and innovation. Rather than connecting design to economics through the notion of value, it explores how economics construes negative side-effects of market activities. Aligning itself with recent She Ji contributions that tie design to the economic sociology of Michel Callon, this article argues that markets assume a constant process of managing such side-effects. The invention of car safety and the development of safety design features in 1950s Sweden illustrate this. Automotive design through safety innovations can be seen as a design process that transcended the clear separation between business and politics assumed by neoclassical economics. This article argues that this phenomenon is a concern for design scholars as well as social scientists. I assert that it is important to explore this line of inquiry by investigating design processes in different economic settings.

Econometric estimation of the Influence of Innovative environment on the sustainable development in the Volga Federal District

In conditions of the emerging economy of a new type, the process of innovation becomes a crucial factor that ensures competitiveness and sustainable development in a wide range of fields. The latter includes scientific and technological sectors as well as the spheres of management and social transformation. Sustainable economic development sets sharp growth as its objective alongside the innovative capacity building and its later realization, bringing local and national economies in line with the market standards, and the improvement of performance through the introduction of innovations. The paper identifies and quantifies the most important factors of an innovative environment that affect sustainable development in the regions of the Volga Federal District [VFD]. We used the research methods of correlation and regression analysis. The established concept of the positive effects of innovative factors on the development of regions receives further confirmation and complementation from regression models for separate regions and the VFD in general compiled by us. Upon assessing the influence of innovations on the gross regional product in the regions of the VFD, we identified the introduction of advanced industrial technologies to the subjects of the VFD as the most influential factor. The research results can be implemented into the development of regional strategies for innovative development and its prognosis.

RobustIV and controlfunctionIV: Causal Inference for Linear and Nonlinear Models with Invalid Instrumental Variables

Abstract: We present R software packages RobustIV and controlfunctionIV for causal inference with possibly invalid instrumental variables. RobustIV focuses on the linear outcome model. It implements the two-stage hard thresholding method to select valid instrumental variables from a set of candidate instrumental variables and make inferences for the causal effect in both low- and high-dimensional settings. Furthermore, RobustIV implements the high-dimensional endogeneity test and the searching and sampling method, a uniformly valid inference method robust to errors in instrumental variable selection. controlfunctionIV considers the nonlinear outcome model and makes inferences about the causal effect based on the control function method. Our packages are demonstrated using two publicly available economic data sets together with applications to the Framingham Heart Study.

Reprezentări ale animalelor și dislocarea antropocentrismului în poezia română postdouămiistă

With a tradition of economic, political, and institutional settings built on a dynamic based on dominance, animals have been systematically assigned the role of an inferior form of „otherness”, essential, nevertheless, in shaping the anthropocentric mentality and validating the narrative of human exceptionalism. The longevity of such speciesist practices throughout the humanist discourses obliges the posthumanist project of creating a postanthropocentric concept of subjectivity to pay special attention to the issues regarding the animals, their representations, and their interactions with ‘us’. This paper stems from Rosi Braidotti’s project of a posthuman subject understood as a hybrid entity integrated through a system of material and informational connections with all forms of existence in the natureculture continuum and follows the implications it has on redesigning our interactions with the non-human beings in a post-anthropocentric context. My purpose is to study how contemporary Romanian poetry reflects this new vision of subjectivity and its impact on reimagining the relations between the human and non-human beings. The analysis on volumes such as val chimic’s umilirea animalelor (the humiliation of animals), Mihók Tamás’s biocharia. ritual ecolatru, Adelina Pascale’s maki for 2, Gabi Eftimie’s Sputnik în grădină (Sputnik in the garden), or Diana Cornea’s Setări avansate de lumină (Advanced lighting settings) confirms the increasing interest of Romanian post-millenary poetry in reshaping the depictions of animals and human-animal interactions according to a postanthropocentric perspective.

Sámi agency in economic development processes in the Norwegian High North

AbstractThe emergence of the Sámi Parliament has lifted Norwegian Sámi politics into an international discourse on indigenous peoples. The clearest imprints of the new Sámi political space are found in the High North region of Norway, where the Sámi account for a significant proportion of the population. The article shows to what extent and how Sámi agency affects governance structures and business development in the north in an increasingly globalised economic setting. From its origin, Sámi agency has influenced development in the High North through three processes: the first is through the Sámi institution building and strengthening of Sámi communities; the second is through its links to local and regional societal development; and the third is through the role of Sámi politics in globalised development processes. One main finding is that the boundaries between these links to the surrounding environment have become more diffuse. Sámi agency is taking a more important role in the economic development processes in the High North, often in terms of the local and regional processes, and now also within the increasingly important globalised economic modernisation processes in which inclusion in new multi-level governance structures is important.

Понятие «недвижимость» в XXI веке: возможные варианты изменения содержания

Devoted to the analysis of the “real property” concept evolution. The digitalization of economics and law requires a new awareness of the content of basic concepts of property law and, above all, a deeper understanding of what an immovable thing is. The direction of property law evolution largely depends on what this understanding will be. The purpose of the presented work is to determine the possible directions of the “real property” concept evolution. The work used such methods as the method of historical dialectical analysis, interdisciplinary research, comparative legal analysis. It is determined that the content and fundamental changes in the content of the concept “real property” were associated with the content and changes in the main economic settings of the ancient Roman period of history, the Middle Ages and the New Age. It is established that the origin of the concept of “real property” was associated with the introduction of the fiction of a single real estate object into the ancient Roman legal order, which, in turn, was associated with economic practices focused on class control over the land plots of cities. It is concluded that in the period of the New Age, a fundamental overcoming of the dominance of the fiction of a single real estate object in the conceptual space began, which was associated with new economic needs born of the industrial revolution. It is noted that in the course of economic evolution the very concept of “real property” can be overcome. This is due to the fact that as the law develops and the digital economy emerges, the number of fictions of immovable things increases. This state of affairs objectively leads to a radical change in the legal discourse in terms of understanding what an immovable thing is.

Способы выражения сравнения в ульчском языке

The paper summarizes the mechanisms used in the Ulch language to denote comparison as a broad cognitive category. Referring to numerous studies of various languages, the author examines a variety of possible comparative relations between objects and events and divides them into four types: comparative and superlative (inequality group), equative and simulative (equality group). Each type features a set of linguistic means used to verbalize a specific degree of similarity or superiority, including syntactic constructions, grammatical markers, and lexical units. The analysis has revealed that all four types can be found in the Ulch folklore texts. A conclusion is drawn that the Ulch language lacks a holistic grammatical category of comparison of adjectives or adverbs, resulting in a diverse but economic set of means of expressing comparison. Overall, the comparative mechanisms in Ulch cover the syntactic (two-noun constructions in nominative and instrumental cases in comparative structures or the conjunction umutu/omoto in simulative ones), grammatical (suffixes -achi/machi and mat/mot/meti), and lexical (adverbs of degree: chӯ, tes, badi, ӡin-ӡin, and others) levels. Considerable overlap between equative and similative subtypes has been identified. In addition, the adverbs of degree typically describing superlative relations can also be used in comparative constructions and, in some cases, in constructions describing equality relations. Consideration is also given to the basic components of various comparative structures (objects of comparison, standards, parameters, etc.) for each subtype, highlighting the elements essential for modeling a comparative situation and those that may be included or omitted depending on the context.

Priorities of digital transformation of economic industries in the regional context

This article is devoted to the study and analysis of gradually and steadily penetrating new digital technologies into all economic processes of the country and regions, having a significant impact on the very essence of the economy. In most cases, the expanding use of modern information and communication technologies leads to the emergence and development of new effective management technologies, entrepreneurial practices, and successful businesses. The digital transformation of economic sectors is considered as a driver of regional development and the formation of the digital infrastructure of the regions. The article is aimed at identifying the problems and prospects for the development of regions in the conditions of digitalization, for this it is necessary: to analyze the index of the development of regions on digitalization, to identify the main problems of the development of regions in the conditions of digitalization, to assess measures for the digital transformation of regions. The article concludes that the digital transformation of the economy sets new parameters for the competitiveness of countries. The technologies of the "digital age" are changing production and business-models, principles and rules for the formation of value added chains, sales channels and interaction with consumers. The article notes that currently, enterprises of even traditional industries and technologies face not only the need to maintain competitiveness based on the use of information technology in the processes of organizing economic activity, but also the need to transform the entire business model. This determines the relevance of the development of an indicator reflecting the readiness of the enterprise for such a transformation.