Economic Parameters Research Articles

Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Economics of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in Odisha, India

A front-line demonstration was carried out at different farmers’ field of Kandhamal district of Odisha to determine the effect of balanced fertilization and mulching on growth, yield and economics of chilli during 2022-23. The experiment was conducted under the international collaborative project on Resilience, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The demonstration was conducted at ten farmers’ field with three treatments viz., T1 : Farmer’s Practice (FYM @ 2 t ha-1 & N:P2O5:K2O::50:30:30 kg ha-1), without mulching, T2 : FYM @ 10 t ha-1 & N:P2O5:K2O @100:75:75 kg ha-1 , foliar application of water soluble fertilizer (19-19-19) and mulching with paddy straw @ 6 t ha-1 and T3: FYM @ 10 t ha-1 & N:P2O5:K2O @ 100:75:75 kg ha-1 , foliar application of water soluble fertilizer (19-19-19) and double coated (black on silver) polythene mulching. The results revealed that significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (89.6 cm), number of primary branches per plant (10.4) and plant spread (69.4 cm); yield attributes viz., number of fruits per plant (142.3), fruit length (6.41cm), fresh fruit weight (1.80 g), fruit dry weight (0.69 g ), fruit girth (2.73 cm) and fresh fruit yield (178.3 q ha-1) were observed with the treatment T3 (FYM 10 t ha-1,100% RDF, foliar application of water soluble fertilizer and polythene mulching) followed by T2 (FYM 10 t ha-1, 100% RDF, foliar application of water soluble fertilizer with paddy straw mulching @ 6 t ha-1). The highest number of weeds including grasses and broad leaf weeds (342.6 number of weeds m-2) was recorded in T1 (Farmer’s practice without mulching) plot followed by T2 (67.5 number of weeds m-2) and the lowest was in T3 (10.8 number of weeds m-2) indicating black polythene mulching was more effective than paddy straw mulching in suppressing weed growth. The treatments, received FYM 10 t ha-1,100% RDF, foliar spray with water soluble fertilizer and polythene mulching (T3) resulted in higher gross return of Rs. 4,45,750 ha-1, net return of Rs. 3,47,050 ha-1 and benefit: cost ratio of 4.5 as compared to T2 and T1. Hence, application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1, N:P2O5:K2O @ 100:75:75 kg ha-1, foliar application of water-soluble fertilizer and double coated (black on silver) polythene mulching enhanced the growth parameters, yield attributes, economic parameters and yield of chilli.

Feasibility Analysis of District Cooling Technologies in Cold Climate: a Comparative Study

Climate change-induced heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent in Europe, thereby affecting people's health, comfort and productivity. Hot summers and population growth have escalated the space cooling demand of urban energy landscapes, even in cold climates. It is in direct correlation with the increased demand for residential air-conditioning units and individual heat pumps. A relatively new technology, District Cooling (DC) is seen as an alternative to individual cooling solutions. Typical DC system consists of a centralized cooling plant that serves the cooling demand of multiple buildings by circulating chilled water through underground pipes. In some European cities, DC systems are competing with individual cooling solutions due to their ability to scale down carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency. However, these DC systems suffer from techno-economic challenges such as high investment costs and electricity cost fluctuation. In this scenario, the integration of energy storage technology with DC systems presents a promising solution through peak shifting, load sharing, energy savings etc. Chilled water energy storage is one of the widely considered technologies in the DC industry. Though some studies are reported in literature, the potential of thermal energy storage for DC applications is not fully explored. The feasibility of space cooling systems is influenced by location dependent factors such as climatic conditions, load profile and economic parameters. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility of district cooling technologies in cold climates from customer’s perspective. Based on preliminary results, it is observed that the district cooling plant coupled with chilled water storage has the lowest levelized cost of cooling (53.35 EUR/MWh) as compared to typical DC system and on-site electric chillers. This finding is highly influenced by the inputs and assumptions considered by the user. The current study also involves Modelica-based modelling of main components, simulation of developed models to assess the system performance and estimation of economic competitiveness of system configurations. It is expected that these findings shed light on the design and planning of the proposed system, thereby strengthening its widespread application across northern European cities.

Increasing Photovoltaic Systems Efficiency Through the Implementation of Statistical Methods

The article emphasises both the advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic power plant deployment, assessing the current stage of development as well as the deficient characteristic criteria, such as the occupied specific surface area or the associated unpredictability. The authors consider that current technologies related to photovoltaic plants provide a maximum efficiency of approximately 28%. Consequently, management methods must be applied in order to improve efficiency and eliminate the reported deficiencies. When assessing a medium- to high-power PV plant, the initial investment, projected efficiency, and parameters of the desired plant are correlated, and sometimes, a cheaper and less efficient power plant can be recommended. Although solar trackers may represent a viable solution in certain scenarios, their effectiveness is strongly influenced by various factors, including panel orientation, climatic conditions, installed capacity, and the specific technologies. These variables can significantly affect such systems’ overall efficiency and suitability. The present study proposes a statistical approach to assessing the economic efficiency of photovoltaic systems equipped with solar trackers, aiming to enhance energy production performance. The results are correlated and validated using field data obtained from existing literature studies to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the analysis. For a better analysis, the paper presents two methods, ANOVA and STEM, which are derived from quality control. The novelty aspect of this proposal consists of the combination of specific data obtained from the PVGIS platform with a new approach for optimisation of energy production in photovoltaic systems based on geographical coordinates. The STEM statistical method provides a high degree of novelty because, although it is a well-known method, it has not yet been applied to analyse the technical and economic efficiency of photovoltaic systems. One of the main advantages of this method is its ability to incorporate a wide range of technical and economic performance parameters. A case study is provided to evaluate the benefits of implementing the STEM method.

A Multi-Criteria Approach to Sustainable Building Material Selection: A Case Study in a Japanese Context

With the aim of reducing the environmental impact of buildings, the appropriate selection of building materials is essential, as a building is a complex system composed of various materials. With this background, a multi-criteria decision-making approach has recently gained traction. This study demonstrated the effect of building material selection on both environmental and economic parameters of a building in the context of Japan. A comparative analysis of five structural frame options was conducted utilizing a reference building model to assess the implication of material choices. The findings indicated that wooden frame options are advantageous in environmental aspects compared to non-wooden frames, provided that sustainable forestry practices and appropriate recycling scenarios are implemented. Conversely, it was found that a Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) frame is the most expensive option. This suggests that a hybrid approach, which combines various frame materials, could yield a more effective solution in terms of both environmental and economic sustainability. In addition, it was highlighted that building envelopes, such as foundation, exterior wall, and roof, should be prioritized to enhance the sustainability of a building from a material perspective. Furthermore, gypsum board, commonly used for sheathing building elements, should be selected with careful consideration of its environmental impact.

Cost-effectiveness analyses of amivantamab plus lazertinib and lazertinib versus osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations

BackgroundThe combination of amivantamab and lazertinib has demonstrated clinically significant and sustained antitumor effects in both treatment-naïve and osimertinib-pretreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring previously untreated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations.ObjectivesA cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to compare three therapeutic strategies, namely, amivantamab with lazertinib combination therapy, lazertinib monotherapy, and osimertinib monotherapy, for advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations; the patients included both treatment-naïve individuals and those previously treated with osimertinib.MethodsBased on a previous multicenter randomized double-blind phase III trial (NCT04487080) for evaluating amivantamab–lazertinib versus osimertinib in EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC patients (both treatment-naïve and osimertinib-pretreated), we constructed a Markov model for 3-week cycles over a 5-year horizon. The primary outcomes of the model included total costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), where all economic parameters were discounted at 3.0% annually. The cost-utility analyses employed China’s per capita gross domestic product for 2023 (ranging from $12,295.7 to $36,887.0) as the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold supplemented by comprehensive sensitivity and scenario analyses to verify the model robustness.ResultsThe economic evaluations demonstrated that compared to osimertinib monotherapy, the amivantamab–lazertinib combination yielded an additional 1.11 QALYs at an incremental cost of $1,342,374, producing an ICER of $1,211,236/QALY that substantially exceeds the $36,887 WTP threshold. Similarly, lazertinib monotherapy showed a QALY gain of 0.71 with $224,248 of additional costs (ICER = $315,640/QALY), also surpassing the lower threshold of $12,296. The sensitivity analysis showed that the predominant model driver was drug acquisition costs.ConclusionThe economic analyses indicate that neither amivantamab–lazertinib combination therapy nor lazertinib monotherapy represents a cost-effective first-line option for EGFR exon 20 insertion-positive NSCLC compared to osimertinib monotherapy. The substantial drug acquisition costs are the primary contributors to the unfavorable economic profiles of these treatments. Hence, future clinical implementations should carefully weigh the considerable therapeutic benefits against the significant financial burdens to achieve an optimal risk–benefit equilibrium.

Comparative Study of the Productive Parameters of Two Breeds of the Bombyx mori Silkworm Fed Rhodotorula glutinis Yeast

In this study, a comparative approach was used with the aim of filling the knowledge gap regarding the productive and economic parameters of two native B. mori silkworm breeds (Lines C and Z) fed with different diets, namely mulberry leaves alone and mulberry leaves with R. glutinis yeast at two different concentrations (1 × 109 and 1 × 107 CFU/mL). The trifactorial experiment was carried out with 600 silkworms during the fifth instar, with 300 for each breed and 50 larvae per rearing tray. The larvae were randomly assigned into three feeding groups, with two replicates: in the control group (C), the larvae received ordinary mulberry leaves; in the first experimental group (RG-1), the larvae were given mulberry leaves supplemented with R. glutinis yeast at a 1 × 107 concentration; and in the second experimental group (RG-2), the larvae received the same quantity of mulberry leaves as the C and RG-1 groups, but with R. glutinis yeast at a 1 × 109 concentration. Line C larvae in the RG-1 group revealed higher values for most of the productive traits assessed. There was a positive and significant correlation between the weights and lengths of the larvae and the silk gland, the silk gland and the shell, the cocoon and the pupae and the shell, and the shell and the pupa size (p < 0.001). The steady decline in the parameters at a higher concentration suggests that R. glutinis positively influences a number of silkworm growth features at a recommended dosage of 1 × 107; however, further research is required to more precisely identify the mechanisms involved.

Evaluating Passenger Carrying Capacity of Buses for Urban Public Transportations

Introduction. For urban agglomerations, public transportation is of crucial importance - it provides mobility of population at minimal cost and within minimum urban space, acceptable negative environmental impact being achieved. This paper considers the problem of estimating passenger carrying capacity of vehicles for operation on urban public routes. The solution is based on determining optimal ratio between parameters of efficiency and quality of public transportation.Materials and Methods. In this article based on empirical data from transport organizations it has been shown that the cost of bus operation is linearly dependant on its capacity. On the other hand, the costs per passenger-seat are of non-linear character. With the same tariffs to ensure profitable transportation buses of smaller capacity should be operated with a higher degree of passenger compartment occupancy, as a result the quality of transportation suffers. Recommendations on selecting vehicle passenger carrying capacity for operation on urban regular routes taking into account the unevenness of passenger flows, as well as the influence of the used class of rolling stock on the efficiency (economic parameters) of the transportation process have been given.Discussion and conclusion. The effectiveness of the developed methodology for determining the passenger carrying capacity of rolling stock to operate on regular urban routes is shown based on test calculations for a real route of Krasnoyarsk city.

Predicting Market Capitalization of Large Multinational Enterprises Using OLS, Feedforward and Bayesian Neural Network Models

This study applies market factors, financial statement information, and economic parameters to predict market capitalization for large global companies listed in Forbes 2000 - 2019 across all sectors and 50+ countries. Market capitalization is a crucial financial metric that enables company valuation, financial resourcing, mergers and acquisitions, and benchmarking market value across companies. Along with revenue and earnings (net income), market capitalization provides a broader perspective on organizational financial performance and prospects. This prediction study employs multiple regression models, neural networks, and statistical validation techniques. Regression analysis identifies key factors influencing market capitalization at global and industry-country grouping levels. Furthermore, this research explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on market capitalization predictability. The study applies a novel MAPE minimization technique to improve the prediction models' accuracy by selecting the most influential parameters. Our findings suggest that several financial variables, including dividends paid, investment cash flows, and equity, significantly contribute to market capitalization predictability by reducing auto-regressive models’ MAPE by 11%. These findings can help financial managers in large companies optimize strategic actions.

Value of Vaccinations: A Fundamental Public Health Priority to Be Fully Evaluated

Introduction: Vaccinations are one of the most impactful public health interventions, saving millions of lives annually and reducing the spread of infectious diseases. Numerous vaccines are expected to become available in the future. Decision-makers will have to thoroughly evaluate them. It is essential to fully comprehend the value of vaccinations to effectively and efficiently guide decisions. Methods: This work aims to highlight the multifaceted benefits of vaccination, extending beyond clinical outcomes to encompass profound economic and societal advantages. Results: Vaccinations should be considered an investment, not a cost. In comparison to other health expenditures, the vaccine costs can be considered moderate. Vaccinations can also reduce the fiscal burden by avoiding diseases, minimizing lost workdays and absenteeism, lowering disability claims, and increasing workforce productivity. The costs of non-vaccination represent a relevant issue. Vaccination also plays a key role in addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Apart from quantifiable economic parameters, vaccines also have intangible benefits reducing pain and avoiding quality of life lost and deaths. Conclusions: Comprehensive Health Technology Assessments are required to understand the overall value of vaccinations.

The Technical and Economic Aspects of Using DC or AC Motors in the Drive of Hoisting Machines

A hoisting machine is one of the main components of an underground mine process line. The drive systems currently used in these machines are based on direct current, synchronous, or induction (AC) motors. Power electronic converters are used to power and control the speed of the motor, the type and function of which depend on the type of motor. Choosing the right motor is the most important part of the design process. The decision must be based on an evaluation of technical and economic parameters. This article describes the most popular types of hoisting machine drive systems. Four motors that could potentially be used to build a hoisting machine with the assumed parameters were analysed. The selection of the motor was made based on the analyses carried out, and the implementation of the investment and commissioning of the machine with the selected motor confirmed the validity of this choice. The technical–economic analysis of the motor selection for this hoisting machine made it possible to determine how to choose a motor for a specific shaft hoist. The information contained in this article can serve as a guideline during in-depth analyses of motor selection for modernised or constructed hoisting machines due to the possibility of generalising its conclusions.

Challenges and Opportunities in ILR Selection for Photovoltaic System: Evaluation in Brazilian Cities

The sizing of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been a concern since the 1990s, particularly with the trend of inverter undersizing as PV module prices decrease. While many studies have assessed the behavior of AC energy and economic parameters with varying Inverter Load Ratios (ILRs), they often neglect the impact of degradation on system lifetime or fail to analyze how it influences ILR selection in depth. This study examines the relationship between DC loss curves and ILRs, their evolution over time, and their effects on efficiency and Final Yield. Simulating solar resources in 27 Brazilian cities, it evaluates clipping losses and optimal ILR values ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 for 28 recent inverters. The research aims to identify the ILR that minimizes the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) while maximizing Final Yield, revealing variations in optimal ILR ranges across different inverter–city combinations. The optimal ILR was between 1.1 and 1.3 for modern medium- and high-power inverters, while low-power inverters had a range of up to 1.8. The findings highlight that practical ILR considerations can overlook real-world challenges, leaving the system’s full potential untapped.

The Development of Agricultural Greenhouses in the Island of Crete, Greece: A PESTEL Analysis

The cultivation of crops in modern and productive agricultural systems is necessary for feeding the growing global population. The climate conditions in the island of Crete, Greece are favorable for the development of agricultural greenhouses. The island hosts nowadays almost one third of the Greek greenhouses used mainly for vegetables production. Although plastic covered greenhouses dominate in vegetables’ production in Crete the use of modern technologies can increase the productivity and improve the quality of the products. The external factors which affect the development of greenhouses in Greece have been analyzed focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal parameters according to PESTEL methodology. The PESTEL analysis helps in the identification of the external factors which influence the development of agricultural greenhouses in Crete. However, it gives subjective views and does not offer specific solutions. It has been found that greenhouse farming in Crete is affected by many external parameters which should be considered in the planning of their future growth. The results of the present study could be helpful in the future development of agricultural greenhouses in Crete. They could be useful to policy makers, to greenhouse farmers and to stakeholders of the agricultural industry in the island.

Immobilized Lipases in the Synthesis of Short-Chain Esters: An Overview of Constraints and Perspectives

Biocatalysis—specifically the use of immobilized lipases—has been proposed as a greener alternative for ester production. Several critical challenges, such as the high cost of biocatalysts, are delaying the industrial implementation of biocatalysis. Moreover, for short-chain ester synthesis, the strong inhibition/inactivation potential of short-chain acids and alcohols on lipases leads to long reaction cycles and/or the need to use organic solvents to overcome the limitations of solvent-free systems and, consequently, the decrease in product concentrations. This review presents an overview of the scientific developments in enzymatic short-chain ester synthesis, compiling the constraints on their syntheses from a process perspective, including insights about key performance indicators (KPI) and economic parameters.

Evaluation of the Economics of Sulphur and Nitrogen Treatments on Mustard Crop in Jaunpur (Brassica juncea L.)

This research aims to evaluate the total money requited for application of Sulphur and Nitrogen fertilizers on Mustard crop in Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh. The field experiment on the topic “Evaluate the economics of Sulphur and Nitrogen treatments on Mustard crop (Brassica juncea L.)” was conducted in eastern U.P. in Pilikothi research farm Tilak Dhari P.G. College Jaunpur in Rabi season 2023-24 from November to march. The soil of experiment field is well drained sandy loam soil with low organic content and average in nitrogen, phosphorous and potash content. The soil of the field is slightly alkaline nature and the electrical conductivity of the soil is 0.580dsm-1. The variety of mustard used is VIGOUR-2311. This experiment is conducted with three levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 kg ha-1) and three levels of sulphur (0, 30, 40 kg ha-1) in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD). The data of Economics like “total cost of cultivation, gross income, net income and B:C ratio” of different treatment combinations of above nutrients are evaluated after harvest of mustard crop and the result is as expected means the higher dose combination of applied nutrient have higher value of economic data parameters and that combination gave amazing profit in this cultivation.

The feasibility of using machine learning to predict COVID-19 cases.

The feasibility of using machine learning to predict COVID-19 cases.

Economic impact of sotagliflozin among patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes: Budget impact analysis from the US payer perspective.

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality in the United States, often complicated by comorbidities like diabetes mellitus. These patients face high hospitalization risks, impacting clinical outcomes and health care resources. The Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure (SOLOIST-WHF) trial showed that sotagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor, reduced rehospitalizations in patients with HF and diabetes mellitus. Although clinically beneficial, the economic impact of sotagliflozin from a payer perspective remains unclear, warranting further pharmacoeconomic analysis to guide managed care decisions. To quantify the budget impact of sotagliflozin for US payers over a 5-year time horizon. A payer-perspective budget impact model was developed to assess the financial impact of incorporating sotagliflozin for the treatment of patients recently hospitalized for HF with comorbid type 2 diabetes (T2D) over 5years to US payer health plans. The study used a population reflecting the SOLOIST-WHF clinical trial, with economic parameters adjusted by payer mix (all payer, commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid). Health care resource utilization included hospitalization, emergency department (ED) visit, and adverse events' care. Economic outcomes examined the medical and pharmacy budget impact for payers at the per-user, per member per month (PMPM), and total plan costs levels. For a hypothetical 1-million-member all-payer plan, 1,516 patients hospitalized for HF with comorbid T2D would be eligible for sotagliflozin. For all-payer plans, annual per-user costs increased by $4,996 because of higher pharmacy costs ($8,260) but were partially offset by lower medical costs (-$2,608) because of reduced rehospitalization and ED visits from sotagliflozin. PMPM total budget impact of sotagliflozin would be $0.08 PMPM in year 1 and $0.38 in year 5, corresponding with total plan cost of $75,736 in year 1 and $378,681 by year 5. Commercial payer PMPM costs were lower ($0.02 in year 1; $0.11 in year 5), and higher for Medicare ($0.23 PMPM in year 1, increasing to 1.13 PMPM in year 5). Breakeven rebate rates ranged between 31.5% and 79.4%. Although sotagliflozin increases pharmacy costs for recently hospitalized HF patients with T2D, approximately 21%-68% of pharmacy costs were offset from reduced rehospitalization and ED visits.

Multi-Criteria Optimization Model of Investment Project Management within the Territory of Advanced Development

The relevance of the research presented in the article is due to the need to develop methods for decision support in the control of preferential regime territories (TPR); this will facilitate the mechanismimplementation for the regionsocio-economic development, which are provided for the TPR regime. The purpose of the research is to develop a method to solve the problem of optimal project selectionto beimplemented within the so-called “territory of advanced development” (TAD), providing a compromise between two groups of criteria: criteria for the investmentcommercial effectiveness and regulatory criteria for the effectiveness of TAD. The research uses general methods of multi-criteria optimization (MCO); however, to reduce the dimensionality of the MCO model, the capitalization method is used, which ensures the correct reproduction of the DCF technique, as well as universal methods of technical and economic analysis to establish deterministic functional relationships between the main technical and economic parameters of investment projects; to convolve private criteria an adapted algorithm of fuzzy logical inference is used implementing membership functions of the 'intuitive' type - sigmoid and Gaussian. The developed model of the MCO represents the criteria for the effectiveness of projects from the side of the investor/initiator and from the side of the TAD regulator, allows for an indicative economic assessment of acceptable alternatives when forming a TAD management strategy and conducting their system analysis, including the selection for an optimal strategy under given rules of rational behavior. The results of the experimental testing of the developed model show its practical applicability and the possibility of forming significant conclusions on its basis about the conditions for optimal project management in the TAD regime.

IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON STOCK MARKET (EVIDENCES FROM INDIA)

Stock market and its indices are known as the barometer for any economy and India is no exception to it. Stock market is sensitive driven which is affected more or less by every movement in the economic parameters at world level in general and in India in particular. It remains the matter of concern for every Investor, Policy Makers, Economist, Government, etc., to know what are the factors that govern the movement of stock market? One of the biggest such factors (especially after 1991) is Foreign Institutional Investment (FIIs), therefore, the present study is conducted by taking BSE Sensex (as the proxy of Indian stock market) as dependent variable and FIIs as the prime independent variable. However, certain other independent factors are used as control variables viz. Index of Industrial Production (IIP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Export, Exchange Rate (INR/USD). The study employs Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to analyse cointegration among dependent and independent variables. It is observed that the variables under study are co integrated with each other. FIIs, Export and CPI were found to be positive significant determinants, however, IIP and ER were the negative significant determinants of BSE Sensex in the long- run. Further, the study finds that ContEquis -.959021 which signifies that the short-run results get convergence or will be monotonically adjusted in the long-run at the speed of 95%.

Optimizing shellfish aquaculture in nitrogen and fisheries management

Water quality and the invasion of weeds due to nutrient eutrophication have been a concern in major lakes and coastal areas. Scholars have advocated the cultivation of some species of shellfish as a new potential to facilitate the bioremediation of the polluted environment due to excessive nutrients. In this paper, our objective is to determine the optimal area that must be dedicated to shellfish aquaculture relative to the level of nitrogen pollution, other fisheries activities, and the performance of wild catch. The optimal size also depends on the effort outside the water body to control pollution from the point source. We set up transition equations that describe the system’s state based on pollution reduction efforts, nitrogen concentration level, and the size of shellfish cultivation. We show that the impact of the nitrogen concentration level in the habitat can be minimized by allocating optimal management efforts to reduce nitrogen waste from the source and setting aside an area for shellfish cultivation. We found the optimal steady-state solutions and analyzed the optimal solutions based on biological and economic parameters.

Reconciling Existing Architecture With Contemporary Living: An Inhabitant-centered Approach for the Renewal of Modern Housing

Abstract: One of the challenges of the present is to understand how to update a large housing stock inherited from the Modern. Imagined as a genre of production, Modern movement design research was focused exclusively on housing determined by economic and regulatory parameters. The inhabitant was pushed aside. The modification of domestic living models due to contemporary social changes made it necessary to define new paradigms centered on comfort and on the respect for the needs of the inhabitants. Looking at two European examples, this contribution aims to define a new design approach in which the inhabitant is at the center. Reflecting on the interaction between inhabitant and domestic space, leads the contemporary architect to understand the importance of the performance of the inhabitants who continuously adapt living space according to their own aspirations. This almost daily action can be an important tool for contemporary architects to redevelop and renovate the existing residential heritage. Key words: modern housing renovation, inhabitants’ performance, new ways of inhabiting