Economic Order Research Articles

This study examines inventory control for RON 92 (Pertamax) fuel using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method at Pertashop Ulak Bandung, Muara Enim Regency. The objective of this research is to analyze inventory control by implementing Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Safety Stock (SS), Re-Order Point (ROP), and Total Inventory Cost (TIC) through a quantitative descriptive approach. Primary data were used, covering a one-year period from January 2024 to December 2024. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel. The results show that the optimal economic order quantity is 6,289.37 liters per order. The required safety stock is 119.05 liters, while the re-order point is determined at 1,719.05 liters. Furthermore, implementing the EOQ method successfully reduced the Total Inventory Cost (TIC) by Rp12,306,739.12 compared to the existing company policy.

Inventory management is a critical component of procurement efficiency, ensuring maximum resource usage, reduced operational costs, and timely delivery of products and services. Efficient inventory management procedures are crucial for public utility firms like Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company (NAWASSCO) to maintain uninterrupted service delivery and meet consumer demands. However, inefficiencies in inventory planning, management, record accuracy, and stock level monitoring frequently result in delayed procurement procedures, stock outs, and excessive inventory expenses. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of inventory management practices on procurement performance at NAWASSCO. The study specifically looked at the impact of inventory planning, inventory control techniques, record accuracy, and stock level monitoring on procurement performance. The Economic Order Quantity Model, Just-in-Time Theory, and Inventory Control Theory served as the study's framework. The target population comprised 63 (sixty-three) NAWASSCO personnel from areas such as procurement, finance, technical operations, ICT, Audit, stores, and department heads. The study adopted a census technique to include all 63personnel. A pilot study was conducted in Nakuru Rural Water and Sanitation Company to ascertain the instrument of data collection reliability and validity. Questionnaires were preferred in data collection and offered convenience to respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. With the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive analysis used frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while inferential statistical analysis involved the use of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. The relationship between inventory management practices and procurement performance at Nakuru Water and Sanitation Company (NAWASSCO) was determined through regression analysis using R², beta coefficients, standard errors, and p-values. The descriptive and inferential data indicated that inventory management strategies have a substantial impact on procurement performance. The results showed that inventory planning (β = 0.355, p =.000 < 0.05), inventory control techniques (β = 0.425, p =.000 < 0.05), and inventory record accuracy (β = 0.438, p =.000 < 0.05) significantly improved procurement performance. This indicates that excellent inventory planning, proper management mechanisms, and correct inventory records all contribute to increased procurement efficiency. The report recommends that NAWASSCO incorporate efficient inventory planning into its procurement framework to achieve accurate forecasts and timely material replenishment. Furthermore, the company should develop its inventory control systems and update inventory records on a regular basis to improve decision-making and reduce discrepancies. Furthermore, it should combine its stock level monitoring technologies with other inventory management components, such as planning, control, and record accuracy, to ensure timely reordering, avoid stock outs or overstocking. Implementing these principles can improve openness, shorten procurement delays, and boost overall organizational performance.

In the manufacturing industry, optimal raw material inventory management is crucial for smooth production and cost efficiency. PT SSI faces problems in managing insert frames, which causes high ordering and storage costs. This study analyzes the application of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method to determine the optimal order quantity and reduce total inventory costs. With a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through interviews, historical analysis of ordering and inventory costs, and calculations of EOQ and Total Inventory Cost (TIC). The results showed that the EOQ method reduced the frequency of orders from 48 to 24 times per year with an optimal order quantity of 63,155 units. Total inventory costs were also reduced from Rp 279,412,534 to Rp 230,256,690 per year, proving that the EOQ method is more efficient. The novelty of this research is the combination of EOQ with specific variables of the semiconductor industry. Further research is recommended to explore demand uncertainty and the integration of EOQ with artificial intelligence and ERP systems to improve inventory management accuracy. Keywords: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Inventory Control, Operational Efficiency, Optimal Order Quantity, Total Inventory Cost

In the cigarette paper industry, pallet packaging plays a crucial role in the supply chain. It helps protect cigarette paper from physical damage and environmental factors during transportation and storage. PT BM faces several challenges, one of which is inefficiency in inventory management, leading to unnecessary costs in production and distribution processes. This study applies the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method to determine the optimal order quantity of raw materials, ensuring a smooth production process. The calculation results show that implementing the EOQ method leads to more efficient total inventory costs compared to the company's previous ordering policy. For local pallets, the optimal order quantity changed from 3,600 sets ordered 12 times per year (costing Rp 43,200,000.00) to 514,208 sets ordered only 3 times per year (costing Rp 10,800,000.00). A similar improvement was observed for export pallets, where the order quantity changed from 3,600 sets ordered 24 times per year (costing Rp 52,200,000.00) to 338,327 sets ordered only 3 times per year (costing Rp 6,525,000.00). Additionally, the total inventory cost using the EOQ method was recorded at Rp 38,333,333.33 for local pallets and Rp 36,912,500.00 for export pallets. Keywords: EOQ, Inventory, Pallet Packaging

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of modern inventory control techniques on supply chain performance of retail stores in Kisii Town. Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional study design. The unit of analysis for this study was 83 stores managers of the retail stores. Purposive sampling was be used to select the samples for the study. The study made use of questionnaires to collect primary data. A pilot test was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the data collection instruments. SPSS software program was used to facilitate data processing and analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Findings: The findings indicated that economic order quantity inventory control technique, re-order point, fixed stock levels and FSN analysis techniques positively influenced supply chain performance of retail stores in Kisii Town. Unique Contribution to Theory Practice and Policy: The study recommended that management of retail stores should use the inventory control techniques to only store what was being required in the production process but to enhance the overall store performance.

This article explores the use of technology to provide hospitality at high speed. The requirements of economic competition and achieving profitability underpin the need for speed. Speed, in this article, is viewed as a function of Zygmunt Bauman’s notion of liquid modernity but also points to evidence of solid structures. Solidly positioned corporations set the pace of the speed agenda. Trade journal articles offer insight into the corporate-managed push for technology-driven speed. Themes are noted that relate to ‘fast hospitality’: an overarching concept that blends the desire for speed and liquid relations with the profit-seeking practices of ‘solidly’ entrenched corporate entities. The interplay between Bauman’s notions of solid and liquid is presented as one of contemporaneous connection rather than historical transition. Rather than representing a shift from the liquid to the solid – a notion more consistent with Bauman’s work – ‘fast hospitality’ would appear to be deployed in a way that weaves them together strategically. Such actions help corporations avoid uncertainty as well as address an absence of focus and clear direction: conditions typically associated with liquidity. ‘Fast hospitality’ is a function of solid organizational structures that aim to preserve a rationalized economic order, thus minimizing uncertainty, during liquid modern times.

This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in an economic model that profits from climate catastrophe, as depicted in Kim Stanley Robinson’s science fiction novel New York 2140. Through a textual analysis of the novel’s central financial algorithm, the “Intertidal Property Pricing Index” (IPPI), this study reveals how AI algorithms transform the physical realities of disaster into tradable financial products. The research finds that the IPPI primarily reshapes New York’s post-disaster economic order and exacerbates social inequality through three steps: the “datafication” of disaster consequences, the “marketization” of risk, and the “socialization” of profits and costs. This paper argues that Robinson, through his portrayal of this financial algorithm, critically exposes how technological tools can combine with specific economic motives, offering a literary reference for understanding the complex interplay between technology and economy in the real world.

PT.Y is a national automotive component company, where one of its products is Headlining Assy Roof which is routinely distributed to automotive manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The problem which occurs is high frequent orders cause high ordering costs and high storage costs, not meeting the company's targets. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimal and economical number of raw material orders, reorder time or reorder point, safety stock, and the amount of total inventory cost; so that raw material inventory control gets optimal results to support smooth production. This research is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, data collection techniques based on the company's historical data related to ordering and storage costs. The analysis method uses the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) by applying mathematical formulas. With the EOQ formula, the company can identify the most cost-effective order quantity, Headlining Assy Roof. The results of the study show that with the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, the optimal order quantity is 679,248 pcs, with an order frequency of 8 times/ year, an ordering cost of Rp 5,125,167/ year, a storage cost of Rp 5,124,773/ year, and a total inventory cost (TIC) of Rp 10,249,940/ year. With the EOQ method, the total savings in TIC inventory costs that can be obtained by PT. Y is Rp 132,870,060/ year compared to the company's previous method.

This study explores the interdisciplinary application of inventory management principles in English literature, focusing on how techniques such as ABC analysis, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), and demand forecasting can optimize literary resource organization and thematic analysis. Drawing from both logistics and digital humanities, the paper examines how these quantitative models can enhance library management, improve access to high-demand texts, and support data-driven literary studies. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes quantitative data on library usage patterns and qualitative insights from scholars and librarians to illustrate the transformative potential of inventory systems in academic contexts. Findings suggest that inventory-based methods not only streamline resource allocation but also foster thematic discovery across literary corpora. This interdisciplinary synthesis highlights how operational strategies from management sciences can inform and enrich humanities research in the digital age.

This study represent the exploration of an economic order quantity (EOQ) model where it is perceived that inventory cost at starting time and estimated inventory cost are not necessarily the same. The reason is assumed as delay in time interval between cost estimation and actual starting time of the inventory. Inflation of money, promotional strategies and debilitation rate of decaying items are included in the model. Instability in political ground or uncertain situation of a country as well as the whole world create more instability in the economic system. Thus, inflation of money is considered. The model includes deterioration rate in fuzzy sense, fuzzy inflation and fuzzy promotional index. Therefore, the model is solved by method of signed distance, triangular fuzzy and trapezoidal fuzzy for maximization of profit. Carbon emissions due to transportation is calculated for adding sustainability concept to the model. Optimal order quantity, optimal shortage quantity, optimal selling period and optimal shortage period are found to make the model distinctive. The formulated model is thoroughly explained for both crisp, triangular fuzzy and trapezoidal fuzzy environment and it is concluded that trapezoidal fuzzy number is better in its applicability for decision maker. Because, under the trapezoidal fuzzy environment, the profit value is increased by 10.51% as compared to crisp environment and 3.89% with respect to triangular fuzzy environment. One more finding is that, trapezoidal fuzzy number is better with its simple arithmetic operation as well as easy 1 2 and intuitive interpretation approach. The finding is supported in respect to profitability from the proposed model. A practical example from a fertilizer company is considered in the model to add a real touch. Sensitivity analysis is performed supported by graphical representation. Comparative analysis is derived to show the uniqueness of the model. The model ends with conclusion and direction to possible future study.

Civil society active in corporate accountability dataset

China's Made in China 2025 (MIC 2025) policy, launched as an industrialization strategy to dominate the global technology sector, and its implications for trade tensions between China and the United States. Analyzing the United States' economic policy response to MIC 2025, as well as the impact of the trade conflict on global trade stability and developing countries. These tensions have caused supply chain disruptions, changes in global investment flows, and increased market uncertainty. Findings show that developing countries are in a strategic yet vulnerable position, with opportunities for industrial relocation but also risks of new economic dependencies. This study uses the theoretical framework of hegemonic stability, liberalism, and trade uncertainty to examine this conflict as part of the restructuring of the global economic order. The results emphasize the need for adaptive strategies, strengthening domestic competitiveness, and active participation in multilateral forums to reduce the negative impacts of global trade tensions.

ABSTRACT The ‘End of History’ for corporate law and governance has come to a messy conclusion, upending many assumptions on which the post-Cold War economic order operated. This new global environment has ushered in an era of geoeconomics – the pursuit of power politics using economic means. Geoeconomics leverages, curtails or blocks the actions of private, profit-oriented commercial enterprises to increase state power vis-à-vis geopolitical rivals. This article explores the potential implications of geoeconomics for corporate governance, with a focus on U.S. firms. These include potential ways in which geoeconomics may affect the policy environment for corporate governance, as well as the implications for firm-level governance in the following areas: (1) board and senior executive expertise, (2) oversight of geopolitical risk, (3) compliance, (4) supply chain management, (5) litigation risk, and (6) public and government relations. It also considers the implications of the ‘return of history’ for policy makers and scholars of corporate governance worldwide.

This study analyzes the impact of raw material price fluctuations on production costs and selling prices, while evaluating the effectiveness of inventory management strategies using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method in the case of the UMKM Sambal Valir. Employing a qualitative intrinsic case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation involving the business owner, consumers, and two competitors (Dapur Sabil and Auko Lauk). The findings reveal that the volatility of key raw materials, particularly chili and cooking oil, has a direct effect on price stability and production efficiency. The application of EOQ proved effective in reducing ordering and holding costs, minimizing the risk of overstocking or stockouts, and supporting more adaptive production planning. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding consumer behavior and demand patterns in determining optimal order quantities and frequencies. These results highlight that an EOQ-based inventory strategy not only enhances cost efficiency but also strengthens the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in navigating raw material market volatility

This paper seeks to present some dilemmas surrounding the ageing society, considering that not even the minimum social imaginary has yet been created around an issue that implies changes in the cultural, economic and urban order, among others. Thus, the imminence of an ageing society is inversely proportional to the awareness of it. This has consequences that are both mutational and thanatic.

PT Bumi Mandiri Resources is a manufacturing company engaged in producing wooden pallets with a make-to-order production system or production after an order is received. Wooden pallets are transport aids processed from solid wood materials to facilitate logistics operations. The demand for wooden pallets in Indonesia is influenced by the level of manufacturing activity and export-import conditions that cause fluctuations in demand for pallets that are not fixed. PT BMR faces challenges in raw material inventory because it still uses conventional and unsystematic methods. This study aims to design a more efficient raw material inventory planning for one year using the Single Exponential Smoothing (SES) forecasting method and the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) planning method. The MRP method calculation will be carried out using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Lot for Lot (LFL) techniques to compare the results of the best raw material planning design. The calculation results show that the SES method with the parameter α (0.09) provides the lowest error rate. This indicates that the MRP method calculation using the EOQ technique provides higher efficiency with cost savings in one year period of 49.54% compared to the LFL technique.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also referred to as Industry 4.0, is a paradigm shift in production, management, industrial growth and economic order that has been influenced by the development of new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics. This review systematically attempts to reflect on the recent academic literature (2021–2025) to explore the effects of Industry 4.0 on the managerial decision-making process, labor markets, sustainability, and long-term competitiveness. Through the evaluation of more than fifteen peer-reviewed journal articles, the paper can synthesize the insights that were made into the readiness of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the efficacy of maturity models and adoption frameworks, and the theoretical basis behind the digital transformation research that includes resource-based view, dynamic capabilities, and institutional theory. Although most of the literature is focused on productivity increase, reduction in costs, and supply chain resilience, some contradictions have been identified around labor replacement, skills gaps, and increasing digital divide, especially in the developing economies. Sustainability and ethical issues are also mentioned in the review, as Industry 4.0 has a dual potential of cutting down on waste and emissions and increasing concerns regarding energy usage, e-waste, and data privacy. It is identified that policy and governance are the most important facilitators, and inclusive digital policies and global collaboration are required to create equitable change. The paper ends by outlining major gaps, such as the lack of longitudinal studies, the lack of balance in indicators of readiness, and research in other areas of manufacturing. The research in the future needs to take an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively capture the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of Industry 4.0. The reflection is to be added to the continuous discussion by striking a balance between technological optimism and critical awareness of the issue of attaining inclusive, sustainable, and strategic adoption of Industry 4.0.

In recent years, many advanced economies have implemented restrictions on cross-border economic activity for national security purposes. The seeming lack of an effective counter lobby against these regulations is puzzling, especially since previous theory and empirical analysis suggests the largest, most globally engaged firms are the best positioned to influence economic policymaking. I develop a theoretical framework to explain firms’ political behavior when economic policy has become “securitized,” meaning that policy entrepreneurs have successfully framed economic regulation as essential for national security. When firms face highly securitized regulatory proposals, they are less able to organize effective opposition. I use a recent case of foreign direct investment (FDI) regulation in the United States to probe and refine the theory’s plausibility. Politicians successfully framed regulation as a national security imperative in a way that limited the business community’s ability to launch public opposition campaigns. Firms responded by either strategically disengaging or using quieter influence tactics that relied on associational groupings. My theory and findings explain why global firms have been largely unable to arrest a substantial and rapid reshaping of the post-war prevailing economic order. These results have broad implications for the domestic and transnational political power of global business in an era of increased geoeconomic competition and raise important questions about how securitized economic landscapes may further erode democratic institutions.

Amid shifts in the global power structure, the defence industry is emerging as a crucial sector for economic development and national security. It is closely related to the industrial structure and developed in the form of the military-industrial complex (MIC). This article examines South Korea’s defence industry development strategies to explore actionable insights for Poland. By integrating technological advancement with robust support for the defence sector, South Korea has crafted a unique model that strengthens technological autonomy and security in a volatile global economic and political order. The impact of South Korea’s defence industry on its national economy is evident in employment generation, technology innovation, and dynamic partnerships with the private sector, underscoring its role in economic resilience and competitiveness. The article highlights the potential benefits for Poland, which faces its own geopolitical challenges and modernisation needs, in drawing from South Korea’s experiences. With a strategic focus on enhancing civil-defence sector cooperation, technological innovation, and international partnerships, Poland could bolster its industrial growth and defence capabilities, contributing to long-term economic security and regional stability.

This study was conducted to evaluate the raw material inventory management system at Belikopi Semolowaru using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. Raw material inventory is a vital aspect in maintaining smooth operational processes, but if managed inefficiently, it can lead to cost wastage and hinder production. The EOQ method was chosen because it can determine the most optimal order quantity, thereby reducing storage and ordering costs. Research data were collected through field observations, interviews with business owners, and review of raw material purchasing documents. The analysis included calculations of EOQ, safety stock, reorder point (ROP), and total inventory costs. The results showed that the implementation of EOQ at Belikopi Semolowaru was more effective than conventional methods, because it was able to reduce storage costs and reduce ordering frequency. The cost savings obtained were also more significant, thus not only increasing operational efficiency but also positively impacting the company's profitability. With more optimal inventory management, Belikopi Semolowaru was able to consistently meet customer demand without experiencing stock shortages or excess raw materials.