An economic framework for One Health investment: A critical tool for decision makers.

Two Worlds, Two Urns is a turnkey classroom experiment that empirically demonstrates and teaches ergodicity, while also serving as a compact research protocol for history-dependent dynamics in behavioral economics. By contrasting an ergodic i.i.d. process (Urn B) with a non-ergodic, self-reinforcing Pólya process (Urn A), students can experience instances where time and ensemble averages align, as well as instances where they diverge. The design highlights microeconomic methodological limitations that arise from 'freezing' time in static models, such as additive and symmetry assumptions, reliance on process averages, and neglecting path dependence. In the ergodic world, early shocks alter transition probabilities, resulting in stochastic symmetry breaking, cumulative advantage and increasing dispersion from identical initial conditions. We provide a replicable protocol comprising instructions, tracking sheets and analysis templates, and recommend reporting time-averaged growth, ensemble means, variance growth, rank mobility and inequality metrics, as well as process diagnostics (e.g. estimated reinforcement). The experiment supports theory-informed pedagogy and offers an entry point for integrating ergodic reasoning into behavioural research on risk, learning and inequality, where lived trajectories, rather than just cross-sectional snapshots, determine outcomes.

The article investigates the process of institutionalization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) at enterprises in the Russian Far East. The relevance of the study is determined by the strategic importance of the Far East for the national economy and the need to transition from a philanthropic CSR model to its systemic integration into corporate governance. In the context of sanctions pressure and the enhanced role of business in ensuring the sustainable development of the region, the analysis of documented CSR practices becomes particularly significant. The aim of the research is to diagnose the state of the internal institutional environment of CSR through the lens of compliance of company practices with the recommendations of the international standard ISO 26000. Based on the methodology of institutional economics and the ISO 26000 analytical framework, an institutional matrix for content analysis was developed. The empirical base consisted of documents from 68 of the region’s largest companies, grouped into 7 industry clusters. An integral Index of CSR Institutionalization (ICSR) was developed for quantitative assessment. The results reveal an average level of CSR institutionalization in the region (ICSR = 0.52) with pronounced industry differentiation: leaders are companies in the fuel and energy complex and utilities, while outsiders are retail and the fishery complex. It was found that institutions related to compliance with legal norms (labor protection, ecology) are the most developed, while strategic aspects (human rights, consumer issues) are underdeveloped. Econometric analysis confirmed a statistically significant positive impact of the level of CSR institutionalization on companies’ return on sales and labor productivity. The scientific novelty lies in the synthesis of the institutional approach and the ISO 26000 toolkit for a comprehensive CSR audit in the specific Far Eastern context. It is concluded that the formation of CSR institutions in the region is fragmented and reactive, and recommendations for its improvement are provided.

Forest ecosystems are a critically important component of global natural capital, providing a wide range of vital regulatory, provisioning, and cultural benefits. However, the dominance of a narrowly economic approach focused on raw material rent leads to a systematic underestimation of the true worth of forests and their degradation. The concept of ecosystem services has become a key tool for addressing this issue, but its widespread application in scientific and political practice has revealed a number of methodological contradictions and ethical challenges that require integrated analysis. The aim of the research is to systematically analyze the concept of forest ecosystem services, including its theoretical foundations, existing classifications, modern critiques, and the methodological apparatus for economic evaluation, with a focus on the specifics of Russian scientific discourse and management practice. The interdisciplinary approach is applied in the research, which synthesized methods of systematic review and content analysis of scientific literature, regulatory legal acts, and reporting data. Comparative analysis methods were used to compare classification systems (MEA, CICES, NCP) and economic evaluation methodologies (market price methods, cost methods, methods of identified and expressed preferences). The analysis of Russian specifics is based on data from meta-reviews of contemporary publications. Key theoretical and practical limitations of the ecosystem services concept have been identified: anthropocentric reduction of nature's value; terminological confusion and conceptual gap between paradigms in Russian science; significant variability in economic valuation results; and weak operationalization of research results into management decisions. The main factors influencing the variability of assessments in the Russian Federation (method selection, socio-economic context, forest characteristics) have been identified. The arsenal of economic valuation methods, their advantages and limitations, has been systematized. Development prospects are linked to overcoming narrow utilitarianism through the integration of value pluralism (the NCP approach), shifting focus to managing ecosystem functions, and developing specific institutional mechanisms. These include voluntary forest certification (FSC), which confirms the positive impact on ecosystem services, and new natural capital accounting tools (the "Nature Units" concept), capable of translating environmental value into the language of economic and management decisions for transitioning to a sustainable forest management model.

Raising of problem. Multifamily high-rise buildings of typical construction are characterized by high energy consumption and do not comply with current state energy efficiency standards. Their outdated infrastructure has almost exhausted its resource and requires significant modernization. Purpose of the aricle. This article analyzes regulatory documents and scientific publications concerning the state of the housing stock and engineering systems to explore ways of improving organizational and technological solutions during the reconstruction of typical series residential buildings, aiming to enhance their energy efficiency. Conclusion. The potential for modernizing the thermal envelope and engineering systems through the implementation of modern technologies is investigated, taking into account the limitations of existing architectural and structural solutions. Innovative approaches to improving energy efficiency are proposed, including the integration of liquid-cooled solar electric systems into facade systems, the creation of combined decentralized heating systems, and the application of unified BIM models for typical series. However, the implementation of comprehensive energy modernization depends on state support and the interest of end-users, and faces a number of significant challenges, including high initial capital investments, the complexity of integrating heterogeneous systems, as well as organizational and social barriers. To overcome these obstacles and activate modernization processes, it is proposed to develop standardized design solutions, a unified economic evaluation methodology, and ensure the adaptation of innovative solutions to conditions of mass implementation.

Livestock production projects are environmentally friendly, as they provide farmers with organic fertilizers and year-round job opportunities. This helps reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, thereby simultaneously achieving the goal of environmental improvement and poverty reduction. This research conducted an economic analysis of a calf fattening farm in Diyala Province for 2024. The research adopted a quantitative economic analysis methodology using a multivariate production function in the double logarithmic form. The research aimed to conduct a quantitative economic analysis to determine the optimal combination of production resources to achieve optimal production. Based on the prices of production resources, the cost equation was formulated, and then the Lagrange multiplier method was used to create the objective function. The optimal production reached (827) K.g/calf, which represents the weight of the calf during the fattening period of (25) weeks. The economic analysis showed that the elasticity of production resources was less than one, which means that the production process is in the second stage of the law of diminishing returns, where technical efficiency is achieved. Through the analysis of the allocative efficiency of production resources, it became clear that there is an inefficient use of dry fodder and green fodder, as the elasticity of these two resources was greater than one, and less than one for the other resources. The study recommended increasing the effective role of agricultural extension to educate calf farmers on the application of scientific research findings to achieve optimal production levels. It also recommended In addition to supporting fodder.

The article attempts to apply the tools of new institutional economics to the analysis of international relations. Such usage of economic methodology is justified by the parallels between the logic of resolving international conflicts and that of disputes among economic actors. In both settings, exchanges take place that require ensuring the credibility of the commitments the parties undertake within formal agreements. In international relations, however, such exchanges are complicated by additional difficulties: counterparties’ ability to resort to coercion, a high degree of uncertainty, challenges in establishing value, and even in defining the very bundle of goods being exchanged. These problems are compounded by divergent “worldviews” among actors in international relations and by the erosion of competencies in their mutual communication. According to the authors’ view, the experience accumulated in economics on analyzing and resolving conflicts between economic agents allows us to pay attention to a number of nontrivial questions. Finding answers to these questions can help in managing the geopolitical conflicts that have intensified over the recent decades. At the same time, the perspective on international relations offered in the article is that of economists observing the field from the outside. Therefore, the paper does not purport to propose universal recipes for resolving global conflicts; rather, it aims to assist in identifying the problems that drive the escalation of geopolitical tensions.

ABSTRACT There is an increased proportion of studies using quantile‐based regression methodology (QR) in economics. They offer a robust alternative to classical mean regressions, which can estimate non‐normal variables with distributional heterogeneity in the dependent variable. This study synthesizes the theoretical foundations, methodological advancements, and empirical application of QR in economics that traces the evolution from the foundational work of Koenker and Basset. The targeted studies are from Scopus. Bibliometrix library in R is used for bibliometric analysis, and Structured Literature Revie (SLR) is conducted on selected studies. The Scopus query started with 250 studies and was finalized at 53 studies that focused on the motivation of using QR, comparison of ordinary least squares (OLS), and QR in economics. The systematic review has spanned the past decade. The consolidation of fragmented evidence showed that QR can advance econometric debates by providing superior data insights. The insights presented in this review are aimed at bridging the gap between econometric development and applied economic policy research. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of distribution‐sensitive modeling strategies, offering valuable implications for economists in academia, government, and industry.

This study offers a comprehensive legal and economic analysis of the cost structure of judicial enforcement procedures in Hungary, with particular emphasis on the delicate balance between the remuneration and liability of enforcement officers. My commitment to the topic was inspired by my personal experience of being convicted by the court responsible for conducting the enforcement in a manner that could only be remedied through a separate lawsuit after a protracted period. This incident illustrates the absurd situation that can emerge in the performance of a public duty: the remuneration of an enforcement officer neither keeps pace with changes in the prices of goods and services nor reflects prevailing inflation and wage trends, while at the same time their liability remains for the entire claim, in all cases. The study places particular emphasis on the irregularities identified in the reports of the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights (AJB-1876/2011,[1] AJB-4756/2012[2]), such as disproportionately high costs and a lack of legal certainty. The study examines the changes and effects of the decrees governing the fees of judicial enforcement officers (14/1994. (IX. 8.) IM; 35/2015. (XI. 10.) IM; 8/2021. (X. 29.) SZTFH) and reviews relevant judicial decisions that illuminate the challenges of legal practice. It employs legal, economic, and comparative methodologies, drawing on both national and international literature and analyzing the enforcement fee systems of neighbouring countries—Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Romania. Particular attention is devoted to the relationship between enforcement officers’ remuneration and that of other legal professions, as well as its impact on debtors, compliance behavior, and the overall efficiency of enforcement. The research seeks to identify weaknesses in the current system and to formulate recommendations aimed at enhancing legal certainty and efficiency, while also taking into account economic rationality and lessons derived from international experience.

The article reveals the scientific heritage of Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch, winner of the first Nobel Prize in Economics (1969) and founder of econometrics as an independent scientific discipline. It provides a comprehensive analysis of Frisch's contribution to the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of econometrics and assesses his influence on modern economic science. The author carries out the evolution of the scientific views of the scholar, who combined mathematical analysis with economic theory, which made it possible to lay the foundation for the quantitative description and modelling of economic processes. an analysis of the scientist's main works that determined the direction of econometrics development in the 20th century (the concept of ‘economic impulses’ and ‘chain reactions’ that initiated a dynamic approach to the analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations). Emphasized Frisch’s role in the formation of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of econometrics, and his desire to combine empirical statistics with economic theory into a single system of scientific research; revealed the significance of Ragnar Frisch's ideas for the development of global economic thought, in particular for the formation of macroeconomic equilibrium models, forecasting economic cycles and the formation of modern methods of quantitative analysis (the founding of the Econometric Society in 1930, which became an institutional platform for the development of a new science). The relevance of understanding Frisch's legacy in the context of modern economic methodology is proven, since his approaches to the formalization of economic processes retain their scientific value today, serving as a basis for the construction of macroeconomic models, regression analysis, the study of cause-and-effect relationships, and the development of economic stability policies; it is argued that the scientist not only laid the foundations of econometrics, but also formed a new type of economic thinking – the quantitative and analytical one, which became decisive for the further development of economic science in the 20th and 21st centuries.

A systematic review of the cost impact of sepsis care bundles.

Correction: Contribution to a standardized economic and ecological assessment methodology for e-fuel production in Germany

This study examines the philosophical dimensions in the development of Sharia economic law methodology by highlighting three main aspects: ontological, epistemological, and axiological. The purpose of this research is to formulate a methodological framework capable of integrating the normative Islamic sources based on divine revelation with scientific rationality and empirical perspectives within the discipline of economics. Methodologically, this normative-legal study employs a qualitative approach through a philosophical–integrative library research method. This approach involves a critical analysis of classical and contemporary literature on Islamic law, economic theory, and the philosophy of science, to formulate the relationship between spiritual and material realities, as well as between transcendental values and the empirical realities of the economy. Through this approach, the research is not only descriptive of the methodology of Sharia economic law but also constructive in formulating the direction for developing an adaptive Sharia economic law methodology in response to modern socio-economic dynamics. The findings show that, ontologically, Sharia economic law is rooted in the integration of spiritual and material realities; epistemologically, it combines revelation, rationality, and empirical understanding as the foundation of legal knowledge; and axiologically, it emphasizes justice, balance, and public benefit (maṣlaḥah) as its normative orientation. Thus, this study contributes to strengthening the philosophical foundation while providing a conceptual direction for the development of Sharia economic law methodology that is holistic, adaptive, and grounded in Islamic ethical values consistent with the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, ensuring its continued relevance to contemporary global economic challenges.

Praxeology, the Austrian School’s methodological foundation, asserts that economic laws derive a priori from the axiom of purposeful action, independent of empirical validation. While most modern economic schools reject this approach, praxeology remains influential in economic methodology and policy debates. This paper presents a systematic critique, highlighting its methodological weaknesses, definitional ambiguities, and reliance on unfalsifiable axioms. It introduces novel arguments, strengthens existing critiques, and examines praxeology’s applicability in light of psychological and neuroscientific findings. Additionally, it connects praxeology’s limitations to broader methodological issues in neoclassical economics, questioning its viability as a foundation for economic inquiry.

Natural disaster is among the causes that affect agricultural production, especially in agricultural land of Thailand. Flood damage is obviously recognized because of climate change. As a result, it negatively affects the food security through complex relationships between food production, distribution, consumption and waste with the flood. To prevent future destructions, this research assesses the preliminary economic damage from flooding and identifies factors that determine the value of damage from flooding in Mahasarakham province, Thailand, in 2022. The areas of study cover Mueang District and Kantharawichai District. The area of study was chosen because of its densely populated area of agriculture households. The study employs a preliminary economic damage assessment methodology focusing on direct and indirect damages. It used quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze the primary data collected through a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews from 242 flood-affected households. These families are primarily involved in agricultural farming. Factors determining flood damage values were analyzed using cross-sectional data analysis through a linear regression model. The investigation reveals that average total damage reached USD 3,726.69 per household, comprising direct damages of USD 3,520.52 per household and indirect damages of USD 206.17 per household. Flood victims received compensation from government and private sector sources averaging USD 530.80 per household, equivalent to 14.24 percent of the total average damage value. Analysis of factors affecting total flood damage value demonstrates predominantly positive correlations, with notable exceptions being the age of household heads in Kantharawichai District and the distance of residences from nearest rivers in Mueang District and overall analyses. Research limitations include delayed data collection following the flooding event, necessitated by interview form development and respondents' focus on home repairs, suggesting future studies should prioritize immediate data collection to minimize discrepancies. The findings provide practical implications to determine appropriate compensation for flood victims and develop guidelines for reducing factors contributing to economic damage which are 1) Implementation of comprehensive flood preparedness training programs, 2) Development of enhanced early warning systems, 3) Integration of adaptive management strategies in flood-prone areas. These can be useful for all stakeholders. The study contributes to existing literature through its comprehensive preliminary economic damage assessment across household, agricultural, and business sectors, coupled with analysis of factors affecting total economic damage values. Future research should focus on the longitudinal assessment of how effective a flood warning strategy is and the investigation of additional variables that influence community resilience to extreme flooding. Key words: Damages, economic loss assessment, flooding disaster, total economic damage value

The methodology of Islamic economics currently used tends to adapt from contemporary economics. To address this issue, several Muslim scholars and economists have attempted to develop a methodology for Islamic economics. However, due to the diverse opinions of many Muslim scholars and economists, this methodology remains diverse and has not been systematically codified. To address this issue, this study aims to classify the methodology of Islamic economics based on literature analysis from Muslim economists. The research method used is library research which analyzes the opinions of Muslim economists from journal articles, books, papers, etc. This study found that Muslim economic opinions regarding their main discussion on the methodology of Islamic economics can be divided into four: (1) doctrine; Baqir al-Sadr and Abbas Mirakhor, (2) maqasid sharia; Umer Chapra and Mehmet Asutay, (3) economic problems; A. Mannan, Sabah Eldin Zaim, Akram Khan, Mohammad Aslam Haneef, and Sayyid Tahir, (4) human behavior; Monzer Kahf, Anas Zarqa, and Zub

The increasing pressure on global water supplies from overexploitation, drought, and pollution necessitates efficient and sustainable water management. Integrated water resource management strategies have shown effectiveness in decision support, but a deeper integration of economic and participative methodologies is needed. This research reviews the core characteristics and directions of experimental economics and living labs (LLs) and aims to address three research questions, namely, how the participatory, real-world environment of living laboratories can be incorporated into the controlled, hypothesis-driven nature of experimental economics; what is the significance of behavioral insights that are derived from experimental economics in the design and implementation of living labs; and how these two approaches can be merged under one framework. The focus of this review is the improvement of water resource management through collaborative and stakeholder-driven innovation. LLs provide authentic environments for cocreation, allowing scientists and stakeholders to address water-related issues such as supply, demand, and shortage. These environments connect controlled experimental conditions with real applications, providing comprehensive insights into behavioral reactions and policy formulation. LLs can enhance and be strengthened by economic methodologies, particularly in water valuation through integrated frameworks accounting for environmental externalities and opportunity costs. Finally, this article shows that integrating behavioral insights and experimental approaches within LLs improves the external validity of experimental economics by putting interventions in real-world settings.

Anointed by Keynes to complete the index to The General Theory in 1935, David Bensusan-Butt made an early claim to academic fame. His subsequent career dabbling within the worlds of public policy and research was similar to that of his idol, Keynes. He made lasting contributions to taxation policy and at a higher level of abstraction, growth theory. As an aesthete, Bensusan-Butt embraced Keynes's skepticism of the Benthamite calculus. His lifetime preoccupation to recast the methodology of modern economics ended in failure.

Enlightenment thought was central to the rise of modern social sciences, bequeathing to Classical Economics a framework shaped by methodological individualism, a deterministic view of science, and a strong commitment to universality. Yet this inheritance seems to rest on a static and ahistorical conception of human nature. The present study follows that intellectual lineage through primary sources and, within the framework of Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm theory, asks what methodological difficulties arise from the universalist claim about “human nature.” The approach combines philosophical analysis with comparative theoretical review. Daniel M. Hausman’s criticisms of economic methodology are placed in dialogue with Karl Polanyi’s distinction between the formalist and substantivist conceptions of the economy. What emerges, I argue, is that neglecting the historical and cultural embeddedness of economic categories exposes the discipline to ideological influence. A more promising path, perhaps a necessary one, would be an economics that is historically self-aware, methodologically pluralist, and philosophically self-reflective. Adopting such an orientation could enhance the discipline’s objectivity while also deepening its explanatory capacity.

Non-destructive measurement of leaf size based on leaf length and/or width is a simple, economical, and precise methodology. Leaf morphometric indicators were measured on 55 coffee progenies obtained from intraspecific and interspecific crosses. The estimation of parameters in the models and the testing of hypotheses related to these were performed. The relationships between leaf width and length, the ellipticity index, and leaf size were subsequently analyzed with a partitioning algorithm. The groups were then compared using Hotelling’s T2 test. In coffee, the Montgomery model allowed for an adequate estimation of leaf size for each progeny, hybridization type, and grouped data. An α value of 0.67000 for the Montgomery model was consistent. This finding indicates that it is a suitable model for both individual and groups of progenies. The model based on the “principle of similarity” was found to be suitable only on a per-progeny basis. Certain characteristics, such as the leaf width-to-length ratio, ellipticity index, and leaf size, modify the parameter fit to inherent values. Similarly, leaves with a higher width-to-length ratio were the most elliptical for coffee, according to the groupings found. The estimation of coffee leaf size improves if the selected model considers whether they come from specific progenies or groups of progenies.