This study examines the phenomenon of giving monetary envelopes at weddings within Indonesian Muslim society, a practice that often occupies a gray area between voluntary giving (tabarru’) and economic exchange (mu’āwaḍah). The research employs a qualitative method that compares legal theory with empirical realities in the field. The data was collected from several relevant research articles that discuss wedding traditions in various regions. The data analysis was conducted by selecting relevant information, organizing it systematically, and drawing logical conclusions to address the existing legal issues. Through a comparative approach between Islamic Family Law and Islamic Economic Law, this article aims to map the legal status and socio-economic functions of this tradition. The findings indicate that, from the perspective of Islamic Family Law, wedding envelopes are regarded as gifts or grants that serve to strengthen social bonds (silaturahmi). However, from the perspective of Islamic Economic Law, this practice may shift into a form of debt (qardh) when accompanied by record-keeping and expectations of equivalent repayment. This study proposes a classification of wedding envelopes into three categories: pure gifts, social debts, and social investments. In conclusion, the permissibility of this tradition largely depends on the clarity of intention and sincerity, ensuring that such assistance does not become a burdensome obligation in the future.

Islamic mortgage financing (KPR iB) is one of the flagship products of Islamic banking in Indonesia, designed to facilitate home ownership in accordance with Sharia principles. However, customer participation in KPR iB remains suboptimal compared to conventional mortgage products. This study aims to examine the factors influencing customer decisions in choosing KPR iB, particularly from the perspective of Islamic Economic Law. The study specifically analyzes: (1) the influence of Sharia compliance, product innovation diffusion, promotion, and product quality on customer decisions to choose KPR iB in Bogor; and (2) the mediating role of customer decisions in the relationship between those variables and the increase of Islamic bank market share. This research employs a Mixed Methods approach, with an Explanatory Sequential Design combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The theoretical framework includes Rational Choice Theory (Gary Becker) as the Grand Theory, Islamic Consumer Behavior Theory (Umer Chapra) as the Middle Theory, and Sharia Compliance Theory (Monzer Kahf) as the Application Theory. Data were collected through questionnaires, observations, interviews, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0. The findings indicate that: (1) Sharia compliance does not significantly influence customer decisions; (2) product innovation, promotion, and product quality have a significant positive effect on customer decisions; and (3) customer decision does not mediate the relationship between Sharia compliance and market share, but effectively mediates the impact of product innovation, promotion, and product quality on increasing Islamic bank market share.

Born from the convergence of digital technologies and global commerce, cross-border e-commerce has significantly contributed to worldwide economic expansion while simultaneously giving rise to pressing difficulties in safeguarding consumer interests. Grounded in the analytical lens of international economic law, this paper draws on literature analysis and case study methods to systematically investigate the institutional frameworks for consumer protection operating at two levels—the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements—and to analyze three practical dilemmas: the fragmentation of multilateral rules, jurisdictional conflicts and obstacles to the application of law, and governance gaps in cross-border personal data transfers. On this basis, the paper proposes a coordinated approach that includes incorporating a dedicated consumer protection chapter into World Trade Organization (WTO) e-commerce negotiations, deepening regional enforcement cooperation and strengthening the dispute resolution role of platforms, and improving domestic data protection legislation to align with international rules, with the aim of achieving an effective balance between trade liberalization and consumer protection.

Effective waste management is essential for reducing Indonesia’s dependence on imported waste. However, inadequate domestic waste management systems have made it difficult for the country to meet industrial raw material needs independently. One of the industries significantly affected is the paper industry, which requires both long and short fibers for production. These materials are not solely obtained from domestic sources, such as timber, but are largely supplemented through imported waste paper. Indonesia’s paper industry requires approximately 10.7 million tons of raw materials annually, of which around 7.6 million tons are fulfilled through imports in the form of waste paper. These imports arrive in large quantities, often transported in thousands of containers. This study applied a normative legal research method, focusing on the analysis of legal norms and regulations related to waste import policies. The approach relies on secondary data, including legislation, legal doctrines, case law, and scholarly commentaries within the scope of Commercial (Economic) Law and Environmental Law. The findings indicate that the implementation of waste import policies still faces significant challenges. Issues such as the smuggling of hazardous and toxic waste, document falsification, and the mixing of dangerous waste with non-hazardous materials continue to occur. Furthermore, existing regulations are not sufficiently detailed or stringent in defining permissible waste types, contamination levels, and quality standards. Therefore, stricter and more comprehensive legal frameworks are necessary to ensure proper verification, prevent environmental harm, and regulate waste imports effectively, including provisions for acceptance or re-export of non-compliant materials

This research is motivated by differences in judges' decisions in disputes over the default of a mudharabah contract in the religious court environment, even though the objects of the dispute and the legal bases used are similar. This study aims to analyze inconsistencies in judges' legal reasoning in assessing the elements of default and their implications for the consistency of the application of Sharia economic law in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method with a juridical-normative approach, drawing on two decisions of the Yogyakarta Religious Court, Number 392/Pdt.G/2021/PA. YK and Number 370/Pdt.G/2020/PA. YK by analyzing positive legal norms, DSN-MUI fatwas, and the principles of muamalah fiqh. The results of the study show that the judge in the first case emphasizes the legal-formal approach, oriented toward legal certainty, while the judge in the second case adopts a substantive-normative approach that considers the fairness and good faith of the parties. These paradigm differences indicate a disharmony in the interpretation of sharia law and in the proof of mudharabah contracts. This disharmony has implications for the weakening of legal certainty in the settlement of Sharia economic disputes. Theoretically, these findings confirm Gustav Radbruch's view of the tension between the value of legal certainty (rechtssicherheit) and substantive justice (gerechtigkeit) in judicial practice. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare guidelines for the interpretation of sharia economic law that integrates the principles of positive law, fiqh muamalah, and maqashid al-sharia in encouraging real business sector financing and supporting development of the sharia economy.

The concept of halal was initially understood as a religious provision related to what is permissible for Muslims to consume. However, over time, the meaning of halal has expanded significantly and is no longer limited to the aspect of consumption alone. Halal has developed into a broader value system that encompasses various economic activities, including production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. This development has led to the emergence of the halal industry, which integrates Islamic principles into various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fashion, finance, and tourism. This study aims to analyze the concept of halal as a foundation for the development of the halal industry from the perspective of Islamic economic law. The research employs a normative approach using a literature study method by examining Islamic legal sources, including the Qur’an, hadith, fiqh literature, and regulations related to halal product assurance. The findings indicate that the concept of halal is not only related to the legal permissibility of products but also reflects values of justice, transparency, cleanliness, and public welfare in economic activities. In Indonesia, the development of the halal industry is supported by regulations through Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance, implemented by Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency with the involvement of Indonesian Ulema Council in determining halal fatwas.

In the context of Baraya Travel, the dynamics of shuttle ticket transactions often reveal consumer misunderstandings regarding terms and conditions for cancellations, which may undermine the integrity of the contract. This study is field research employing a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach. Data were collected through observations and documentary studies, then analyzed using the principles of Islamic Economic Law. The findings indicate that the transaction mechanism at Baraya Travel normatively provides for khiyār rights, particularly through the company’s established ticket cancellation policies. However, empirically, an information gap persists where consumers lack a comprehensive understanding of these standard clauses. The analysis of Islamic Economic Law confirms that khiyār practices at Baraya Travel align with muamalah principles, where renegotiation or mediation serves as a solution to achieve benefit (maslahah). This study suggests the importance of transparency and education regarding the contract at the outset of the transaction to ensure that the fulfillment of rights and obligations between the service provider and user is fully realized in accordance with Sharia principles.

This study aims to analyze the permissibility status of income earned by Food Vloggers from destructive review content within the perspective of Islamic economic law. The background of this study is based on the increasing phenomenon of Food Vloggers on social media, who not only function as a medium of information and promotion but also have the potential to cause harm to business actors through excessive, misleading, or defamatory review content. This research employs a normative legal approach with a fiqh muamalah perspective by examining Islamic principles such as honesty (sidq), justice (‘adl), trustworthiness (amanah), and the prohibition of harm (dharar). The findings indicate that review activities are fundamentally permissible in Islam as long as they do not violate sharia principles. However, if the review content is destructive and causes harm to others, it contradicts the principle of la dharar wa la dhirar as well as the objectives of sharia (maqasid al-shariah), particularly in protecting honor (hifz al-‘ird) and wealth (hifz al-mal). Therefore, income derived from such content cannot be categorized as lawful (halal) income.

This research is motivated by the increasing demand for halal product assurance in the context of global economic integration, consumer protection, and the enhancement of the competitiveness of the national halal industry within a value-based economic system. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the economic law aspects in the implementation of halal product assurance in Indonesia, with a particular focus on the transformation of the legal regime through a comparative approach between Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance and Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation along with its implementing regulations. This research employs a normative (doctrinal) legal research method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed qualitatively through systematic, grammatical, and teleological interpretation techniques to understand the direction and implications of legal norm development. The findings indicate that there has been a significant transformation in the halal product assurance legal regime, marked by amendments, additions, and reaffirmations of legal norms, including the simplification of halal certification procedures, the strengthening of institutional roles, and the acceleration of services oriented toward ease of doing business. From an economic law perspective, this condition highlights the necessity of a responsive, adaptive, and integrative legal policy capable of balancing economic interests, sharia values, and the principles of economic democracy as mandated by the constitution.

This study focuses on the analysis of pricing strategies implemented by contemporary culinary entrepreneurs, by taking the business entities of Kue Balok Lumer and Teh Saring franchises (such as Es Teh Solo) as case studies, to then be critically evaluated using the epistemological framework of Sharia Economic Law (Fiqh Muamalah). Through qualitative methods with an in-depth literature study approach (library research) and market phenomenological observations, this study dissects the anatomy of cost structures, cross-promotion schemes, bundling tactics, exponential price markups on online delivery applications, and indications of predatory pricing practices. The results of the study describe that entrepreneurs currently implement pricing strategies based on platform differentiation and market penetration that result in very high profit margins (reaching more than 400% for Teh Saring products) and price disparities between offline and online outlets due to platform commissions of 20-30%. A critical analysis of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh Muamalah) concludes that high profit margins do not automatically constitute Ghabn Fahisy (excessive profit-making) as long as they are based on the principles of mutual consent and transparency, considering that contemporary culinary products are considered tertiary needs (Tahsiniyyat) that complement lifestyles. However, price manipulation practices such as predatory pricing (Siyasah al-Ighraq) and double markups without transparency have the potential to violate the principle of Thaman al-Misl (fair pricing), trigger Gharar (unclear information), and undermine the Islamic business ethics of simplicity (Iqtishad).

The measurement of sustainability in Islamic banking in Indonesia remains largely dominated by conventional Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks, which tend to emphasize formal compliance and value-neutral indicators. Such approaches have not fully captured the ethical and normative dimensions embedded in Islamic finance. This study aims to formulate a comprehensive model for measuring the sustainability of contemporary Islamic banking by integrating ESG principles with Islamic value-based sustainability indices, namely the Islamic Corporate Sustainability Practices Index (ICSPI), Islamic Banking Sustainability Performance Index (IBSPI), and Maqāṣid Sharī‘ah Index (MSI). This research employs a mixed-methods approach. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is utilized to identify and prioritize the most relevant sharia-based sustainability index based on stakeholder perspectives. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) is applied to examine the impact of ESG integration and Sharia sustainability models on the financial performance of Islamic banks, as proxied by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The findings reveal that integrating ESG with a maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah-based sustainability index provides a more holistic and substantive framework for assessing sustainability in Islamic banking. This integrated model not only enhances measurement accuracy but also aligns financial performance with ethical and social objectives rooted in Islamic principles. This study contributes to the advancement of contemporary Islamic economic law by offering a conceptual framework that bridges conventional sustainability metrics with Islamic normative values. Additionally, it provides practical implications for policymakers and industry practitioners in developing more robust, value-oriented sustainability standards within the Islamic banking sector.

Normatively, DSN-MUI fatwas serve as the primary guideline for the operation of Islamic financial institutions. However, in formal juridical terms, those fatwas do not yet have binding legal force because they are not included in the hierarchy of statutory regulations. As a result, the authority of the Sharia supervisory body is positioned below the state’s legal authority, leading to a dualism of powers between DSN-MUI, the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and Bank Indonesia. The impact of that legal uncertainty affects actors in the Islamic economic sector and indicates that legal politics have not fully integrated Islamic law substantively. The problems in this study will be addressed by examining the position of DSN-MUI and the fatwas produced by DSN-MUI within the national economic law system through the lens of legal politics. The main aims of this research are to analyze the institutional position and fatwas of DSN-MUI; to identify obstacles that hinder the strengthening of DSN-MUI’s authority; and to offer legal-political recommendations to bolster DSN-MUI’s role within the national economic legal system. This research is expected to contribute to the literature on Islamic economic law and to provide clearer policy direction for regulators and stakeholders in Indonesia’s Islamic finance industry. The study is qualitative, using a normative juridical method with legislative and conceptual approaches. The results show that the legal politics of Islamic economics in Indonesia remain limitedly accommodative by allowing space for Sharia values, whereby DSN-MUI fatwas which are DSN-MUI’s legal products continue to serve as a normative basis for OJK and BI in regulatory formation also as a foundational guideline for Islamic finance industry actors in conducting their practices. However, the non-binding juridical status of DSN-MUI fatwas indicates that DSN-MUI has not been granted adequate sovereignty.

This study aims to analyze legal protection for companies experiencing boycott practices from the perspective of Indonesian economic law enforcement, particularly through Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The research employs a normative juridical method with a literature-based approach, utilizing statutory regulations, books, official documents, publications, and prior research findings as supporting materials. The results indicate that the mechanisms of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) are effective in protecting affected parties through investigations and binding decisions. However, challenges remain, including legal uncertainty arising from MUI Fatwa No. 83 of 2023 and the spillover effects of losses along supply chains, which necessitate normative synchronization. The conclusion emphasizes the need to balance consumer rights and economic efficiency, and recommends the establishment of boycott verification guidelines and the strengthening of enforcement mechanisms to ensure business certainty.

The article proposes, based on the Economic Analysis of Law and under the perspective of the New Institutional Economics, to examine the need for formal institutions to be adaptable to social changes arising from new technologies. For this article, the example of crypto-assets is used. Facing the growing circulation of crypto-assets in Brazil and worldwide, legislations have been increasingly challenged and tested in its enforcement to new social realities. The article seeks to propose a reflection on the need for formal institutions to update themselves in order to keep pace with technologies that are beginning to shape new forms of transactions within society, both in the civil and corporate spheres.

The mokitulung and mogogutat traditions are among the important elements of the Bolaang Mongondow customary practices that remain strongly preserved in Motoboi Kecil Village. These traditions are not merely forms of communal cooperation but also function as socio-economic mechanisms that help ease the financial burden of families during wedding and funeral ceremonies. From the perspective of Sharia Economic Law, these practices are particularly interesting to examine because they embody elements of ta’awun (mutual assistance). However, the reciprocal aspect found in mogogutat also requires further analysis to determine whether it constitutes tabarru’, hibah muqayyadah, or potentially involves prohibited elements such as riba or social coercion

This study analyses the concept of Mumathalah in determining maximum fines based on Islamic economic principles and its relevance in the development of the digital economy. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study aims to understand how the principle of Mumathalah, which emphasises proportionality, fairness, and equality, serves as the basis for the formulation of fair and balanced financial sanctions policies in both conventional and digital contexts. The results of the study show that Mumathalah serves as a normative and ethical guideline to ensure that each fine is applied proportionally to the level of violation that occurs, in accordance with the objectives of Maqāṣid asy-Syarī‘ah, namely to uphold justice and prevent economic injustice. Furthermore, integrating Islamic values into digital financial systems, such as fintech and e-commerce, enables the development of an algorithmic model for determining sanctions based on justice and transparency. The application of the Mumathalah concept in digital economic policy has strategic implications for building a fair, sustainable, and Sharia-compliant Islamic financial ecosystem. Overall, this research contributes to the modernisation of Islamic economic law through theoretical and practical models for the application of fair penalties in the era of digital transformation.

The article traces the evolution of the legal system in China from ancient times to the present, with a focus on the effect of innovations and borrowings on traditional norms. The author identified the transformation patterns to determine those cultural, political, and external factors that shaped the unique hybrid model of Chinese legal system. The historical and legal method was applied to historical codes, decrees, and legal doctrines. The comparative legal method made it possible to compare and contrast Chinese legal institutions with foreign ones. The systematic approach highlighted the correlation between law, economy, and social processes. Chinese law started as a Confucian-Legalist synthesis, where morality was balanced with strict norms. Later, it was modified by Chinese socialism, which combines authoritarianism with market mechanisms and digital technologies. Innovations entered the system as borrowings but were always adapted to local realities to maintain the cultural continuity. The current legal system of the People’s Republic of China is dual as it binds the formal liberalization of the economic law with strict control over society through national security laws and the social credit system. In China, the legal system managed to develop without abandoning cultural identity because its evolution proceeded under strict political control.

This study provides a normative-juridical review of the concept of gharar in five fatwas issued by Indonesia's National Sharia Council (DSN-MUI) that directly relate to muamalah contracts, and examines their relevance to the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (KHES). Using content analysis of primary legal documents, the study finds that: (1) DSN-MUI formulates gharar explicitly and operationally within specific contract types; (2) KHES contains substantive principles relevant to the prohibition of gharar but does not mention the term explicitly; and (3) harmonization between the two is highly feasible at the level of principles, but requires structural reform at the normative formulation level. The study recommends amendments to KHES, formalization of fatwas as jurisprudence, and strengthening judges' capacity in applied fiqh muamalah as concrete steps toward harmonization.

When governments raise tariffs or impose sudden export restrictions, the immediate concern typically centres on trade competitiveness; however, the deeper consequence may lie elsewhere, in the stability of domestic banks. Trade regulation in India has historically operated through the Customs Act, 1962 and executive control over foreign commerce, shaped by commitments under the World Trade Organization and broader principles of international economic law. Banking stability, in contrast, is governed by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016; frameworks designed to safeguard credit discipline, ensure capital adequacy, and preserve systemic resilience. These domains have evolved in parallel, institutionally and conceptually distinct, and are rarely examined as structurally interconnected within legal scholarship or regulatory design. Yet contemporary tariff escalations, retaliatory trade measures, export bans, carbon-border adjustments, and supply-chain realignments demonstrate that external trade shocks can significantly compress corporate revenues, disrupt export-dependent industries, intensify leverage stress, inflate non-performing assets, and accelerate insolvency proceedings. What begins as an instrument of economic diplomacy may therefore transmit volatility into bank balance sheets, credit markets, and broader financial stability indicators, affecting lending behaviour, capital provisioning, and risk-weight assessments. Despite this cascading effect, India’s macroprudential regulatory architecture does not explicitly categorise trade-policy volatility or geopolitical economic conflict as a systemic banking risk, nor does it formally integrate such disruptions into supervisory stress-testing frameworks or prudential oversight mechanisms. By tracing the doctrinal separation between trade governance and financial regulation, and analysing how tariff-induced corporate distress interacts with prudential norms, insolvency processes, and supervisory discretion, this article reconceptualizes trade policy as an internal generator of financial risk rather than merely an external economic tool. It argues for a more integrated regulatory approach in which financial supervisors anticipate and incorporate trade-policy shocks into systemic risk assessment, thereby rethinking the boundaries between international economic law and domestic banking stability in India. Keywords: Banking Regulation, Financial Stability, Macroprudential, Systemic Risk, Tariffs, Trade Policy.

The metaverse，as a new generation of digital ecosystems integrating virtual and real worlds，is reshaping the landscape of intelligent services. This paper focuses on its economic principles，operational models，and delivery methods，revealing that the metaverse service economy follows the principle of “cognitive value driving service value.” User value recognition stems from real-world experiences，virtual spiritual value，and the integrated recognition of virtual-physical synergy. Operationally，it constructs a service architecture with autonomous evolution capabilities. Through service demand correlation mining and a closed-loop virtual-physical space decision-making and scheduling system，it forms a closed-loop mechanism where service value guides architectural restructuring and service collaboration facilitates value realization. Regarding intelligent delivery，it proposes networked intelligent scheduling and hierarchical collaborative decision-making for service resource clusters. This addresses challenges in data perception，resource matching，and robust decision-making，constructing an elastic，evolvable，reliable，and low-latency intelligent service network. This provides theoretical support for the efficient operation and resource allocation of intelligent services in the metaverse.