Economic Exclusion Research Articles

Measuring economic exclusion for racialized minorities, immigrants and women in Canada: results from 2000 and 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, the authors examine patterns of economic exclusion in Canada’s labor market in 2000 and 2010. Using Canada’s Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics data, the authors devise a unique Economic Exclusion Index to capture disparities in income, employment precarity, and wealth. The authors find evidence of persistent disadvantage tied to immigrant status, race, and gender in Canada’s labor market; specifically, individuals identified as Black, South Asian and Arab, as well as recent immigrants and women, fare worst. The authors conclude that there is a need for structural changes that enable disadvantaged groups to move toward economic inclusion in Canada’s labor market.

Technology, ethics and religious language: early Anglophone Christian reactions to “cyberspace”

ABSTRACTThe very recent past has seen an upswing of scholarly interest not so much in the Internet and Web themselves but in the terms in which they have been discussed and understood. This article examines a remarkable effusion of writing in the 1990s that addressed the spiritual and ethical implications of “cyberspace”. Christian critics reacted in different ways to prophecies of technological revolution. Some saw ethical challenges in relation to economic and social exclusion and the nature of interpersonal relations. Others elaborated a semi-mystical evolutionary understanding of the Web as an ontologically concrete “space”. Others again revived older anxieties about the challenge apparently posed to human uniqueness and autonomy posed by computerisation more generally, which cyberspace threatened to magnify.However, this thinking did not occur in isolation from the sweep of Anglophone social thought. I suggest instead that the wider discourse about the ethics of the Internet and Web, both learned and popular, was infused at every level with religious imagery. As such, the article contributes to the ongoing debate on the extent to which the cultures of the UK and North America have been secularised: even if religious observance has declined, the English language still bears the marks of its Christian past.

Can Short-term Economic Policies Hurt the Health of the Poor? Demonetization in India.

In November 2016, the Government of India (GOI) demonetized the commonly used Rs500 and Rs1,000 denominations. This was a short-term economic policy, known as notebandi, implemented as a means to address black money, counterfeit currencies, and terrorist activities. Notebandi was unrolled in a chaotic, confusing, and complex manner, leaving many people with limited access to cash in their daily activities. And the poor, who tend to earn their livelihoods from cash, were faced with economic exclusion and even destitution. In this paper, we argue that demonetization had disproportionately negative consequences on the poor and trace the main pathways between demonetization and the health of the poor. We conclude by calling on public health researchers to monitor and evaluate the health consequences of India's latest demonetization and to rapidly assess future policy initiatives in order to help advise governments in devising and implementing economic policies that does not harm the health of people, especially the poor.

Entrepreneurs in the making: indigenous entrepreneurship and the governance of hope in Chile

ABSTRACTOver the last three decades, national governments and international agencies have introduced a growing number of entrepreneurial programs as a panacea for problems of economic precariousness and exclusion. This article illustrates some of the effects of entrepreneurial discourses and state actions among Mapuche rural residents in Chile. I argue that becoming an entrepreneur is an open-ended process in which state-supported microenterprises consolidate imaginaries of individual self-realization and ethnic autonomy while effectively establishing new bonds of dependence with state and market actors. The effects of entrepreneurial discourses and state actions examined in this article constitute a type of power formation that I define as a ‘governance of hope.’ This term refers to a disputed political field in which hope is at once an object capitalized by the state apparatus and a source of critical knowledge about ethnic hierarchies within indigenous populations.

도시재생사업에서 지역주민의 사회적 배제 현상 분석

This study explored the social exclusion phenomenon of residents in an urban regeneration project. Gamcheon 2-dong village in Busan was selected as the research target site for the sake of this study. Findings showed that residents have experienced multidimensional exclusion phenomena such as economic, social, and political aspects in addition to poverty. Also, it was found that controlled-exclusion and self-exclusion worked together to strengthen the exclusion of the community. The social exclusion of residents operated as a cause of community conflict, and economic exclusion was analyzed to be the most influential exclusionary dimension for residents. Therefore, local governments need to make an active effort to collect authentic opinions from residents and to encourage participation from residents. Participation of residents should be regarded as a process of the project and should not be used as an administrative basis. In addition, more advanced methods of participation of residents are required to collect opinions.

Communicative rationality in conflicted language ecologies post #RhodesMustFall at the University of the Free State

Past regimes governing South African public life have used language as one means towards sociopolitical control and economic exclusion. Twenty years into the current, democratic state of affairs, the #RhodesMustFall movement called for a cementing of egalitarian praxes into all aspects of university business. At historically Afrikaans universities (HAUs), this demand inevitably intersected with language politics, raising two chief concerns: the retention of Afrikaans and the precarious status of African languages in the academy. While the problematic, colonial/ imperial roots of English were repeatedly acknowledged, so too, was its status as the lingua franca in higher education and the necessity for competency in the language in pursuing goals of access, equality and redress. Linguists in the south African research terrain routinely question the status of English, frequently pointing out the gains of multilingual practice and ‘mother tongue instruction’ but seldom address the materialities of oppositional politics in diverse linguistic ecologies. By applying Habermas’s theory of discourse ethics and ethnographic insights from the University of the Free State (UFS) during its language policy review process of 2015, this paper suggests that depoliticising processes are useful in fostering the communicative rationality needed for inclusivity, social cohesion and meaningful transformation while fulfilling constitutional imperatives.

The efficacy of gender-based federal procurement policies in the United States

Because procurement policies are one means of redressing discrimination and economic exclusion, the United States government has targeted 23% of its annual half-trillion dollar spend to SMEs and 5% of its spend to women-owned businesses. This research studies the efficacy of various certifications, with particular reference to that of women-owned, on the frequency with which SMEs bid on, and succeed in obtaining, US federal procurement contracts. The research framework is informed by two theoretical paradigms, feminist empiricism and entrepreneurial feminism, and employs a secondary analysis of survey data of active federal contractors. Empirical findings inform the extent to which certifications are associated with bid frequency and bid success. The results indicate that none of the various certifications increase either bid frequency or bid success. The findings are consistent with entrepreneurial feminism and calls for federal accountability in contracting with women-owned supplier firms. Study recommendations complement research that has criticized US federal government policy with respect to women’s enterprise. The study findings have implications for other economies; emulation of US federal government procurement processes and practices are not supported. Recommendations include the need to review the impact of consolidated tenders on designated (as certified) SME vendors and to train procurement personnel about the economic contributions of women-owned businesses.

Lived experience, active citizenry and South African intellectual history: reflections on a colloquium on ‘The intellectual heritage and inherited values of the Eastern Cape’

Lived experience, active citizenry and South African intellectual history: reflections on a colloquium on ‘The intellectual heritage and inherited values of the Eastern Cape’ André Odendaal (bio) This colloquium, held from October 2–5, 2017, and a smaller preliminary planning conference in June, were attended by a rich mix of academics and public intellectuals and dealt with an old topic in need of rethinking. Sponsored by the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), both events were hosted at a venue oozing historical significance–Hunterstoun, alongside the Tyhume River, which tumbles down the great Hogsback escarpment to a valley where frontier Wars of Dispossession once unfolded. The former home of anthropologists professors Monica and Godfrey Wilson, where ZK Matthews visited regularly and is reputed to have worked on the proposal for a Freedom Charter, it has now been converted into the Hunterstoun Centre as a place of reflection belonging to the University of Fort Hare. The political and educational heritage and inherited values of the Eastern Cape have long been celebrated. The Eastern Cape after all is the region where the Hundred Years War was fought. ‘More blood was shed per square metre’ here, commented influential participant Pallo Jordan, ‘than anywhere else in South Africa’. It is also the region which until the 1940s produced more than 50 per cent of black African matriculants and the only black graduates in the country (Mager 1999:196). From this context and from the harsh experiences of incorporation into a colonial order there emerged generations of indigenous intellectuals, activists and organisations who first conceived of a democratic and inclusive South [End Page 83] Africa and were to lead the struggle for liberation for many decades (Odendaal 1983, 1984, 2003, 2012 and 2016). Something unique, we all agree, happened in this region. But has the way the legacies of the Eastern Cape are engaged with not become stereotyped, static and increasingly remote from people, especially younger audiences? Is this not a history now largely reduced to formalised protocols at ceremonies for struggle (and government) royalty? Or a narrative reflected in sad, improperly functioning liberation heritage routes and sites that don’t live up to the promise of the shiny road signs pointing to their location? Like DDT Jabavu’s crumbling house at Middledrift, where this foremost intellectual of his day once put to paper visions of ‘common citizenship’, alive to the aching beauty of the Amathole Mountains visible through the big bay windows (See Higgs 1997). Those visitors who can get access today are challenged to reimagine how his study must have once looked like. There is also the monument in nearby Cradock that is supposed to attest to the profound narrative of the ‘Cradock Four’ whose funerals defined the changing balance of forces in the brutal 1980s. But it is, likewise, sadly derelict. ‘A broken gate greets you’. Weeds ‘sprout up through great gaps in the tar’. There are missing doors, smashed windows, pilfered light fittings, gaps in the roof. No-one welcomes you (Spies 2018). Only rarely now, it seems, does an event drawing inspiration from the Eastern Cape’s traditions galvanise national opinion and lead to energetic action, such as the 2016 funeral of the rev Makhenkhesi Stofile did. Addressing a tradition in crisis There are many reasons for this dip in the national influence and leadership role of the Eastern Cape in recent decades, and this was an underlying theme throughout the discussions. One is its precarious economy. As professor Francis Wilson explained with graphs and maps containing impressive economic data on the second evening of the colloquium, the province remains stuck in historical patterns of land dispossession, economic exclusion and social marginalisation stemming from its past role as a labour reservoir for the migrant labour system which underpinned the economies of colonial and apartheid South Africa. Another is the weakening of Eastern Cape influence within the ANC since the Zuma ‘tsunami’ at Polokwane in 2007, as well as the systematic tarnishing of the brand of the liberation struggle and the ANC-in-government since then. [End Page 84] The lead-in group discussions at the colloquium dealt with leadership and values, and the participants were in no...

The Use of Complex Adaptive Theory and Information Technologies to Inform Development Strategies in English Speaking Black Community, Montreal

The Use of Complex Adaptive Theory and Information Technologies to Inform Development Strategies in English Speaking Black Community, Montreal

The Development and Practice of Citizenship and Citizenship Rights in Ethiopia: Crude Assessment in Three Consecutive Regimes

Instilling democracy on an unshakable ground in a given society is the main goal of political leaders and political philosophers. This process on its base needs an educated citizen that clearly understands and develops an inherent character about one's own rights and responsibilities. A responsible citizen also helps an inclusive citizen in a given society. In a multicultural society like Ethiopia, social, cultural, economic and political exclusion will be the basic problem that the country faces. However, the legal inclusion can never be a guarantee for developing and ensuring social and cultural inclusion of individuals in a given political community. Rather, educating and creating awareness about citizenship and citizenship rights can possibly mitigate such problems from the grassroot level. Bearing this in mind, this paper attempts to made general assessment and explication about the development and practice of citizenship and citizenship rights in Ethiopia. In doing so, different literature, legal documents, governmental reports and records were used as sources of data. Accordingly, this paper made an assessment, though not made a conclusion, about practice and development and practice of citizenship in to four basic periods namely, pre-Emperor Haile Selassie, Haile Selassie, Derg and the EPRDF.

Comparative of Feasibility Study Between Diesel Mechanical Propulsion System and Combination of Diesel Engine and Electric Motor Propulsion System on Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) 80 m

The modern offshore patrol vessel is designed to carry out various missions in the management of economic exclusion zones, thus having some speed of service. For example, the speed for slow patrol is 10 knots, regular patrols 18 knots and chasing 22 knots. This condition requires a flexible propulsion system, which is combination of mechanical and electrical propulsion system. The application of this propulsion system to the OPV can increase the load factor of the propulsion system, resulting in lower fuel consumption than when using a mechanical propulsion system. Based on feasibility analysis results, the choice of combination of mechanical and electrical propulsion system is more advantageous than mechanical propulsion system, although investment and maintenance cost is higher. Therefore, patrol boats should use combination of mechanical and electrical propulsion system.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND

The article discusses the problem of social exclusion in rural areas in Poland as well as theuse of social entrepreneurship to limit it. The purposes of this paper is to present theoretical aspects ofsocial and economic exclusion (especially in the countryside) as well as social entrepreneurship.In addition, the study discusses the socio-economic situation in rural areas of WestPomerania and social cooperatives operating there. The article also presents the conditions for theircreation and an example of such an enterprise in the Choszczno powiat. While working on theresearch problem, national and foreign literature as well as public statistics data were used. Amongthe applied research methods are: literature study, comparative analysis and descriptive method.

Travel Cost: Not Always the Most Important Element of Social Exclusion

Introduction: Very few authors in the literature have dealt with the issue of social exclusion related to HSR systems. Methods: A Revealed Preference survey has been delivered to English users of transport systems for long distances journeys in order to investigate their perception of HSR-related social exclusion. Results: The main result of the survey is that a relationship between social exclusion and HSR in England is evident, especially in terms of economic and geographical exclusion.

Mobility-Related Economic Exclusion: Accessibility and Commuting Patterns in Industrial Zones in Turkey

Geographers have long examined the assumption that women are locally constricted and what this means for women taking up of economic opportunities. These studies have provided valuable insights into the understanding of the spatial dimension of social exclusion. However, the investigation of the role of wider economic, physical and social contexts on women’s mobility and accessibility constraints has mainly concerned the countries in North America and Western Europe. Through a mixed methods study of two industrial zones in Turkey, this article looks at how women and men from different social backgrounds access the zones with the aim of identifying the specific constraints that women face in their everyday life in accessing economic opportunities. The results show that while gender seems to play a role in the choice of place of residence and the employers’ perception of time use, women’s socioeconomic and educational backgrounds seem to be more important predictors of their commuting patterns and access to the zones. The study confirms that gendered daily travel patterns are a useful unit of analysis for investigating unequal access to economic opportunities. It further argues that the complex nature of everyday mobilities of women should be interpreted in conjunction with the perceptions of employers on women’s work spaces and time use.

Algonquin Provincial Park as Policed Space

This paper explores the creation of Algonquin Park, and its social and economic exclusion of local people, including the people after which the park was named, in favour of industrial resource exploitation. The very foundation of the park in 1893 was a form of exclusion, though Aboriginal people were so socially marginalized that their existence was only subsequently recognized through the casting of their everyday behaviours as deviant. Non‐Aboriginal trappers were also confronted with the prohibition of their primary economic activity. Surveillance and law enforcement became important as hunting and simply entering the space without permission were criminalized. Official publications and brochures highlight the public and recreational aspects of the park, but industrial resource extraction, particularly clear cut logging by private lease‐holding companies, was deemed a legitimate activity. This reflects the related capitalist and colonial values of the provincial government and suggests that the creation of Algonquin Provincial Park was hegemonic and economic. The record of legislation, policy construction and enforcement in the park provide an excellent testimony of this reality.8

Old History in the "New" Cuba

This article examines the reasons why racism persists in Cuba more than fifty years after the 1959 Revolution in which Fidel Castro promised Afro-Cubans to eradicate racism from the island. More specifically, it investigates Cuba’s racist history and concludes that the enduring problem cannot be resolved by economic and social policies alone. While Fidel Castro introduced social and economic reform, his prohibition of discussion on the controversial topic of race relations due to his desire to maintain control prevented a resolution of institutional racism. 
 After the fall of the USSR, the Cuban government implemented temporary economic liberalization policy reforms that remain today.3 Under Raúl Castro’s leadership the economy continues to expand.4 However, as the economy broadens by moving towards a free-market model, there is an increase in both economic and social exclusivity stemming from the racist history of slavery on the island. Thus, Afro-Cubans lack the ability to participate in the free market aspect of the Cuban economy, placing them at an economic disadvantage. While current literature discusses Cuba in terms of either economic or social factors, authors Drake and Davidow take a holistic approach by investigating the relationship between Cuba’s enduring history of social and economic inequality that Afro- Cubans encounter today. Finally, the authors introduce proposals promoting greater racial equality for Afro-Cubans.

The frustrated generation youth exclusion in Arab Mediterranean societies

ABSTRACTIn Arab Mediterranean countries (AMCs), insecurities and a lack of opportunities have continuously kept young people from becoming independent and being full, active, and integrated members of society; a process commonly referred to as social exclusion. This paper explores the driving factors of youth exclusion in Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, and Tunisia. It is argued that not only the extent but also the structure of social exclusion varies across countries. Based on the social exclusion framework developed by the UNDP [2011. Beyond Transition – Towards Inclusive Societies. Bratislava: United Nations Development Programme], we construct a social exclusion index that takes economic, social, and political factors into account. The results obtained indicate that the share of young people suffering from social exclusion is highest in Tunisia (46.7%), followed by Algeria (43.4%), Egypt (42.1%), and Lebanon (33.2%). In contrast to the prevailing assumptions on social exclusion, we find that economic exclusion does in fact play a minor role. The strongest driver of youth exclusion in all Arab Mediterranean countries is the exclusion from social and political life.

An Exploration of “Hyper-Local” Community-University Engagement in the Development of Smart Cities

ABSTRACTThe use of big data in smart cities poses new questions about higher education and community-university engagement practices in addressing longstanding social and economic exclusion in urban communities. Drawing on transdisciplinary ideas in higher education, cultural theory, and science and technology studies, primary concerns in the era of big data are considered with current conceptualizations of higher education engagement and anchor institution purposes. Tensions in the narratives of civic engagement and democratic practice for community well-being are juxtaposed with tensions in the smart citizen narrative implied by the idealized smart city design. A new framing of community-university relations under what I term “hyper-local” engagement is suggested for more justice-oriented and democratic practices when universities interact with their surrounding communities given the impending and sweeping changes occurring from the use of big data in social policy.

Offline: America—the Fourth World

In her compelling account of the 2016 US Presidential election (What Happened, Simon and Schuster), Hillary Clinton invokes a powerful metaphor to express her concerns for the health of America's democracy. She argues that a body politic needs a strong immune system to survive. The elements of that immune protection are facts and reason. But “our immune system had been slowly eroded over years”. Democratic institutions of “the greatest country in the world” became vulnerable to attack. Americans must “heal our democracy”. Yet the prospects for repair seem poor: “I'm worried about our democracy at home…I'm worried about the future of democracy around the world.” With “epidemics” of despair, guns, and substance use, it seems impossible to deny that America has a “broken political system”. This view, from someone who has served her country for over a generation, should surely be taken seriously. Some critics have interpreted Clinton's book as a bitter parting shot against those who defeated her. They are mistaken. Her analysis is a disturbing autopsy on the state of America today. What Happened is an urgent plea directed not only to those concerned about America's capacity to survive, but also to all who are anxious about protecting America's international contributions to human health. Clinton doesn't exonerate herself from America's existential crisis. She writes frankly about her own “shortcomings” and “mistakes.” She accepts that she “failed to connect” with working class voters. “I take responsibility”, she states plainly. But the pathologies of America are multiple and metastasising. America has lost its ability to base policy on sound evidence. Instead, the country has developed a zero-sum politics of resentment—your unjust gain is my intolerable loss. Truth has given way to spectacle. A war is being waged against mainstream sources of reliable information. “Billionaires, powerful corporations, and special interests” have corrupted political debate. Sexism and misogyny thrive. Cultural dis-ease is pervasive, based on fears about race, class, immigration, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and economic exclusion. America is now victim to violations of its sovereignty through an organised campaign of cyberwarfare. An important pillar of American democracy—a free and independent press—now suffers from “moral decay”. Reporters “often seemed bored” by the substance of the 2016 election. They focused on the pugilistics of the contest, not the arguments of candidates. There was a “decline of serious reporting on policy”. Most media organisations ignored “the danger staring us in the face”. She is nothing less than exasperated by the “absurdity of it all”. The present state of America was predicted. The French writer Jean Baudrillard conjured the idea of a Fourth World in his 1986 travelogue, America. The Fourth World was one in which “entire swathes of the population are falling into oblivion, being totally abandoned…entire social groups are being laid waste from the inside…society has forgotten them”. Baudrillard was the 20th century's de Tocqueville. But his vision was not a paean to democracy in America. It was a dystopian warning. The policies of successive governments—he was writing at the time of Ronald Reagan—have been “desocialising, disenfranchising, and ejecting”. The “American prophecy” was “the grand prospect of utopia on earth combined with world power”. That prophecy lay in tatters. Baudrillard saw America as “the only remaining primitive society”, one that enjoyed a “superficial diversity” yet lacked a past through which it could reflect on its own predicament. He described an Astral America, a civilisation with “the obsessive desire for survival (and not for life)”. America is “the crisis of an achieved utopia, confronted with the problem of its duration and permanence”. The gravest danger? “The anti-utopia of unreason.” His words uncannily define America today. Hillary Clinton has a “creeping dread” about the future of her country. Global health has emerged as an important force in international diplomacy and development. America has been a leader in global health. But the future for global health is threatened by a closing of the American mind. As the current US administration turns its back on the world, as it seeks to corrode institutions that have enhanced human lives, now is a moment to engage even more energetically with America and protect its role in global affairs. The ice that is freezing America will thaw. But the country's winter will last some years to come.

Racial Plagiarism and Fashion

Abstract This article attempts to chart a path out of the stultifying binary oppositions of “cultural appropriation” and “cultural appreciation” with regard to fashion and beauty forms and practices. “Racial plagiarism,” this essay argues, is a more precise analytic framework for understanding and critiquing the kinds of copying that happen in fashion and beauty contexts than either of the previous terms because it achieves a number of things: (1) it attends to the non-illegal but not unproblematic status of this kind of unauthorized copying; (2) it explicitly connects “racial plagiarism” with other forms of racial and economic exclusions that are also not illegal but not unproblematic; and (3) it demonstrates how non-legal constructions of authorship and copying produce racialized understandings of creativity and criminality.