Societal Impact Statement The use of wild edible plants and the traditional knowledge associated with them is rapidly disappearing across the Mediterranean, with serious consequences for biodiversity, cultural heritage, and regional food security. This study compiles and organizes fragmented information to create the first comprehensive catalogue of these plants across the region. By revealing the richness and diversity of Mediterranean wild foods, it highlights both shared traditions and local specificities. The findings provide a valuable resource to support conservation efforts, promote sustainable harvesting, and help communities reconnect with traditional practices by integrating wild plants into modern diets and agricultural systems. Summary Wild Edible Plants (WEPs) are crucial to traditional Mediterranean food systems, yet their diversity and local uses remain underdocumented and poorly understood. Societal shifts have led to a decline in WEPs consumption, together with a rapid erosion of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) associated with their use. Moreover, climate change is increasingly posing challenges to their survival and the integrity of their habitats. In this study, we present a comprehensive catalogue of Mediterranean WEPs, integrating international datasets and an extensive literature review. The resulting checklist includes accepted names for 2.716 taxa, related geographic and detailed ethnobotanical information on their food uses across Mediterranean countries, revealing that 45% are absent from global edible plant databases. Notably, 48% have documented medicinal uses, highlighting their nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical value. The richest families are Asteraceae (481 taxa), Lamiaceae (282), Fabaceae (226), and Apiaceae (184), with key genera including Allium (80), Vicia (53), Thymus (49), and Salvia (39). The most widely used and multifunctional species—Foeniculum vulgare , Taraxacum spp., Urtica dioica , and Portulaca oleracea —are also the most frequently cited. In terms of life forms, hemicryptophytes (37.1%) dominate, followed by therophytes (23.8%) and phanerophytes (15.6%). Most frequently used plant parts are leaves (1127), and most prevalent food preparations fall under the “savoury preparations” category, particularly within the “vegetable dishes” and “egg dishes” subcategories, as defined by the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (EBDCS). By enhancing data accessibility, we aim to empower local communities and relevant stakeholders to actively contribute to the preservation of WEPs and related TEK, thereby untapping the potential of these underutilized resources to support the development of more diverse, resilient, and sustainable food systems.

Plant humanities pedagogy: teaching at the intersection of feminist economics and economic botany.

On a monument to the people enslaved on the grounds of the University of the West Indies campus in Kingston, Jamaica, groves of ackee trees are acknowledged as ‘botanical markers’ of former slave villages. This use of the ackee as a long-term memorial of enslavement exemplifies the role of trees as sites of cultural memory and demonstrates how ackee became the principal botanical symbol of Jamaican identity. However, there is scarcely any material about ackee in the archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, particularly in the Miscellaneous Reports, a collection of archival material about economic botany in the British empire. This article argues that this absence is the result of ackee’s long association with resistance to colonial exploitation, as a tree bearing a potentially poisonous fruit, growing beyond the colonial spaces of the plantation and botanical garden.

SummaryThrough this previously unresearched 19th‐century album of photographs of one plantation in Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), we learn about A.M. Ferguson, an influential colonial figure in Ceylon, and his connections to the plantation economy, RBG Kew, Director Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, and the Museum of Economic Botany. As a cogent exemplar of an imaging of the plantation economy, this collection of twenty photographs activates an expansive enquiry that explores the purpose, impact and influence of the collection.

The Quest for Economic Botany: William Roxburgh and the Company Rule in India

The Calcutta Herbarium (CAL) was initiated by William Roxburgh in 1793 with his own specimens of the Coromandel-Coast. His studies drew attention of the world Scientists to tropical flora. Nathaniel Wallich involved the world authorities in determining the specimens accumulated in CAL and those stored in the India Museum, London. He was uncharitably blamed for destroying the herbarium. He wished the most complete set to be sent to Calcutta. But it was ultimately sent to Kew, know as K-W. Nine botanists who worked in India collaborated in writing out 80 families in Hooker's Flora of British India. Sir George King managed to get the garden transferred from the Imperial to the Provincial Government charge. Soon he was disillusioned. He managed some contingency funds from the Imperial Government in 1890 in the name of Botanical Survey of India. No post or office was created. Botanical Survey of India was reorganized in 1954. The topmost priority of working out the flora of India has never been given due attention. State and District Floras were given untimely priority. 50% of 220 Scientific personnel in B.S. I. if properly deployed could write the Flora of India in twelve years to be followed up with compilation therefrom of all the State and District Floras. The remaining 50% the scientific staff could be fruitfully utilized for other important branches of study like economic botany, ecology, cytotaxonomy etc., all aiming at the welfare of man.

No Abstract.

During the exploration of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal ethnobotanical information was collected from the tribes of Kondh, Munda, Oraon, Santal and Lodha along with plants. It is found that 20 species under 19 genera and 16 families are used by them for veterinary medicine. It is further discovered that most of them are new to the present day knowledge. Hence an attempt has been made to enumerate all such folklore plants in the present work incorporating its botanical name, local name, locality, traditional uses with voucher specimens deposited in Economic Botany Section of Botanical Survey of India.

History has remembered Joseph Banks as the explorer-botanist of the first voyage of James Cook. Yet, shortly after his return, he got elected president of the Royal Society and, for over 40years, he then played in Great Britain an eminent role in reorganizing natural sciences and advocating an "economic botany". He actively intervened in acclimatization and varietal selection of plants and animals in Great Britain as in the future English colonies. Thus he built an intellectual environment which will promote the emergence of Charles Darwin's thoughts.

The British Government-facilitated introduction of breadfruit trees (Artocarpus altilis) from the Pacific to the Caribbean during the late eighteenth century was a notable feat of economic botany, but the identities of the earliest originators of the idea remain unclear. Previous historical scholarship has focused mainly upon the role of Joseph Banks as the prime mover behind the scheme, while more investigative scholarship has identified one of Banks’s correspondents, Valentine Morris, as having made an early suggestion of the idea in writing. This focus on Banks and Morris, however, may have overlooked or understudied even earlier origins of the idea. After discussing several key individuals involved in the inception of the breadfruit project, this article then considers a series of passages on breadfruit in the writings of Voltaire and presents a hypothetical pathway by which those involved in the actual transfer of breadfruit from the Pacific to the Caribbean, including Banks via Morris, may have been influenced by the French philosopher.

Ecology, economic botany and conservation of Diploknema butyracea in Nepal

Abstract. Afrianto WF, Hasanah LN, Metananda AA. 2023. Diversity of edible plants traded in the East Jakarta traditional markets, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6953-6968. Traditional markets provide limited assistance while facilitating transient or set-term direct retail interactions between buyers and sellers. Commodities traded in the traditional markets range from fresh produce, pantry, dairy, snacks, meat, fish, and wellness products. This study aimed to determine the ethnobotany of edible plant species in Indonesia's East Jakarta traditional markets. This study used an ethnobotanical approach qualitatively. The data were collected using purposive sampling, which included 157 sellers. This study found that 140 edible plant species (181 landraces) in the East Jakarta traditional markets belong to 50 plant families. Most plants were fruits (102 species), with herbs as the most dominant life form (90 species). Most edible plants must be cooked before consumption (40%) as vegetables (68 species). In addition, 166 species are cultivated, 8 are semi-cultivated, and 7 are wild-type plants. The edible plants observed in the traditional markets in this study are classified as highly available (79%) and can be found in all seasons (91%). The East Jakarta traditional markets have an essential role as a place of economic botany that can help balance the economy and conservation efforts. Consequently, traditional markets recreate an essential social-cultural function by combining cultural and biological diversity on a small scale.

During the peak of interest in botany and plant collecting in Britain from 1760 and 1820, a garden, in Clare Hickman's telling, could be many different things at once: farm, ornament, research center, social space, and menagerie. Productivity provided a common thread. The period under consideration in The Doctor's Garden was also one of imperial expansion that saw the ascendency of an ideology of improvement whereby human beings could, and should, bend nature to better their own lot. Attentive to these larger contexts, Hickman emphasizes the “world beyond the garden gate” to embed British gardens within the economic realities of the time, whether enclosure at home or resource extraction abroad, as well as within the social and cultural trends that motivated their cultivators (1).At the book's core lies a group of medical practitioners, including prominent surgeons, apothecaries, and physicians, who by establishing gardens that blended the functions mentioned above joined a transoceanic “medico-botanic network” at a busy moment in British history and the history of science (2). Such a perspective decenters Kew Gardens, which has occupied much work on late Georgian botany, in favor of gardens operated by professionals outside of the gentry or state bureaucracy that nonetheless contributed to knowledge production and exchange. Given the resources, time, and connections required to construct such spaces, the medical practitioners involved were typically wealthy and possessed institutional support, in contrast to the numerous irregular practitioners who also populated Britain's medical marketplace at the time. John Coakley Lettsom's estate at Grove Hill attracts considerable attention in the text, as do the lesser-studied gardens of John Fothergill, William Pitcairn, John Hunter, and Edward Jenner. In Hickman's eloquent narrative, these men embody the tension visible in their gardens between offering amusement and creating “an economic botany powerhouse, which could be financially valuable for the nation and the wider imperial project” (63). Often what emerged from this tension was a combination of polite and useful knowledge, especially visible in the example of Jenner's Temple of Vaccinia at his garden in Gloucestershire.Readers of this journal will find much to interest them in chapter 5, for example, where Hickman challenges distinctions between botany and agriculture as well as between farm and garden. In the author's view, eighteenth-century medical practitioners were “well placed to take . . . an essential scientific approach to agricultural improvement,” in large part due to their training, which included courses in chemistry, botany, and comparative anatomy (134). Edward Jenner and Humphry Davy, both well known within the medical realm, applied their skills to soil quality and fertilizer during their careers. Such experimentation could help grow medicinally useful plants such as rhubarb, but it also offered the prospect of solving the related problems of unemployment, wealth distribution, and trade deficit that afflicted the health of the nation metaphorically. Gardens offered spaces where these medical practitioners could attempt to devise practical responses to what they witnessed firsthand in their practices, such as the poverty that Lettsom observed in London's East End.Other chapters consider a range of topics rooted in the garden's multifunctional possibilities that nevertheless will appeal to scholars working outside of garden history. An emphasis on the role of the senses in botanical knowledge dissemination illustrates the garden as a teaching and research center intimately connected to the human body. The ways that owners constructed these gardens and allowed visitors required systems of management that, in turn, prompted new forms of labor and “class-based discrimination” as the number of visitors increased (80). How such gardens were presented to the public and cataloged in print also reflected the changing status and expectations of the medical profession by the early nineteenth century, as physicians like Lettsom sought to consolidate their newfound status as polite landowners. An epilogue connects this garden history to the heritage sector today and the future of the discipline of garden history.In addition to reading a variety of sources and the gardens themselves, Hickman pays attention to the archive, including who has been left out of it, as she leads readers through a rich medicinal and ornamental landscape over the book's six chapters. The available sources, however, only offer glimpses of the invisible labor inherent in these landscapes. Likewise, the British state appears obliquely in the account despite its support of so many of the networks discussed here. These open questions of labor and government illustrate some of the ways that The Doctor's Garden draws on the histories of medicine, science, environment, and empire to both advance garden history and contribute a more applied interpretation of gardens to those fields. Historians can expect to see gardens in a new light, as domestic spaces between the field and the laboratory significant for the “development of scientific ideas and practices in the early modern period” and closely tied to larger economic, cultural, and imperial processes (re)shaping Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century (11).

Biocultural collections include specimens of plant and animal origin, artefacts and documentation. They are important resources for the conservation of biological and cultural diversity, as well as for education and research. Curation of biocultural collections at Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales is underpinned by the unique legislative framework, the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act (2015). This article presents the findings of a series of six workshops with a range of community groups invited to discuss how the Amgueddfa Cymru Economic Botany Collection can build public understanding of biodiversity and fulfil its well-being duty. Findings indicate participant interest in the collection as a resource that can support learning about the multiple values of plants, the diverse cultural heritage linked to plants and the community connections the collection can support, including within and across cultures, practices and places.

This article invokes the “molecular intimacies of empire” to illuminate the links between the superfood status of coconut oil and plantation labor in the American colonial Philippines. Prior to the American occupation in 1898, coconuts were a local crop that offered small growers a degree of protection from capitalist agriculture. A mere two decades later, coconut plantations occupied more than two million acres of land; copra – the dried kernels from which oil is pressed – was the archipelago’s third major export industry; and the industry employed at least four million people along a commodity chain that included prisoners, landed planters, and oil refiners. Transimperial tropical research stations, economic botany, and penal farms propelled this change. US-run prison plantations in the southern Philippines served as living laboratories for the racial management of labor and the bioengineering of trees bearing fruit all year. Though the copra trade comprised production of modern extractive capitalism, American dairy farmers and vegetable oil producers racialized copra imports as a tropical threat to the white body politic during the global Great Depression. Yet this conflation of coconut oil and the imagined tropical primitive positioned coconut oil for its rerendering as an unrefined natural health food. By connecting the colonial planation to the coconut’s superfood status, the article shows how discourses of risk are racialized and consumed. Indeed, is not the body of the laborer who risks exposure to fertilizers and pesticides nor the loss of biodiversity that North American consumers consider when asked if coconuts are a health food.

Background: Practitioners of syncretic religions often incorporate plants into their sacred rituals, a unique practice that helps keep them connected to their cultural history. An important example of ritual plant use is found in the botánicas (religious stores that cater to practitioners of Afro-Caribbean diaspora religions) of Miami-Dade County, Florida (USA). Methods: We examined ritual plants sold in a sample of six botánicas in Miami-Dade County from November 2018 until April 2019. We addressed the following questions: 1) What is the ratio of native to non-native plant species found in the botánica stores; 2) What is the ratio of invasive exotic to non-invasive exotic plant species found in the botánica stores; and 3) What is the geographical origin of plant species found in the botánica stores? Results: Given the study’s location in South Florida, the frequency of local native flora sold as ritual plants was significantly smaller than initially predicted (27% vs. 65%). Likewise, actual frequency of invasive species was much higher than the expected frequency (32% vs. 19%). We also discovered that most of the taxa collected during the study were Neotropical (50%) and Asian (25%) in origin, while very few African taxa were documented (7 out of the 93 species identified). Conclusion: These botánicas highlight the reliance of Afro-Caribbean syncretic religions in Miami-Dade County on locally common plants, particularly those taxa from the Neotropics. Future studies should further investigate how these plants are being cultivated, traded, and used by the informal economy associated with urban botánicas. Keywords: African diaspora, economic botany, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, religious syncretis

Three compounds were isolated from the rhizome part of Canna edulis for the first time including liquiritigenin, methyl caffeate and uracil. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as MS and NMR.
 Keywords
 Canna edulis Ker Gawl, liquiritigenin, methyl caffeate, uracil.
 References
 [1] T. H. Vu, Q. U. Le, Edible Canna (Canna edulis Ker), A Potential Crop for Vietnam Food Industry, International Journal of Botany Studies, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2019, pp. 58–59.[2] N. Tanakar, The Utilization of Edible Canna Plants in Southeastern Asia and Southern China, Economic Botany, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2004, 112–114.[3] A. S. A. Snafi, Bioactive Components and Pharmacological Effects of Canna indica - an Overview, International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2015, pp. 71–75.[4] X. J. Zhang, Z. W. Wang, Q. Mi, Phenolic Compounds from Canna edulis Ker Residue and Their Antioxidant Activity, LWT - Food Science Technology, Vol. 44, No. 10, 2011, pp. 2091–2096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.05.021. [5] F. Xie, S. Gong, W. Zhang, J. Wu, Z. Wang, Potential of Lignin from Canna edulis Ker Residue in The Inhibition of α-d-glucosidase: Kinetics and Interaction Mechanism Merging with Docking Simulation, International Journal of Biology and Macromolecules, Vol. 95, 2017, pp. 592–602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.100.[6] J. Zhang, Z. W. Wang, Soluble Dietary Fiber from Canna edulis Ker By-product and Its Physicochemical Properties, Carbohydrates Polymers, Vol. 92, No. 1, 2013, pp. 289–296, http:/doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.067.[7] T. M. H. Nguyen, H. L. Le, T. T. Ha, B. H. Bui, N. T. Le, V. H. Nguyen, T. V. A. Nguyen, Inhibitory Effect on Human Platelet Aggregation and Coagulation and Antioxidant Activity of Canna edulis Ker Gawl Rhizhomes and Its Secondary Metabolites, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 263, 2020, pp. 113-136, https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113136.[8] T. A. Y. Diaa, M. A. Ramada, A. A. Khalifa, Acetophenones, a Chalcone, a Chromone and Flavonoids from Pancratium Maritimum, Phytochemistry, Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 1998, pp. 2579-2583, http:/doi.org/10.1016/S003109422(98)00429-4. [9] W. Koji, Y. Osanai, T. Imaizumi, S. Kanno, M. Takeshita, M. Ishikawa, Inhibitory Effect of The Alkyl Side Chain of Caffeic Acid Analogues on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Nitric Oxide Production in RAW264.7 Macrophages, Bioorganic Med. Chem., Vol. 16, No. 16, 2008, pp. 7795–7803, https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.006.[10] C. Y. Wang, L. Han, K. Kang, C. L. Shao, Y. X. Wei, C. J. Zheng, H. S Guan, Secondary Metabolites From Green Algae Ulva Pertusa, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Vol. 46, No. 5, 2010, pp. 828-830.[11] C. T. Inh, N. T. H. Van, P. M. Quan, T. T. Q. Trang, T. A. Vien, N. T. Thuy, D. T. Thao, New Diterpenoid Isolated from Medicinal Plant Euphorbia tithymaloides (P.), Vietnam J. Chem., Vol. 54, 2016, pp. 274-279, https:/doi.org/10.15625/0866-7144.2016-00304 (in Vietnamese).[12] Q. Y. Li, H. Liang, B. Wang, Z. Z. Zhao, Chemical Constituents of Momordica charantia L, Yao Xue Xue Bao, Vol. 44, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1014-1018.[13] V. T. Diep, L. T. Loan, N. T. Thu, T. T. Ha, N. M. Khoi, N. H. Tuan, D. T. Ha, Triterpen, Flavonoid and Pyrimidine Compounds from The Aerial Parts of Dregea volubilis, Journal of Medicinal Materials, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2019, pp. 329-332.[14] H. M. Eid, D. Vallerand, A. Muhammad, T. Durst, P. S. Haddad, L. C. Martineau, Structural Constraints and the Importance of Lipophilicity for the Mitochondrial Uncoupling Activity of Naturally Occurring Caffeic Acid Esters with Potential for the Treatment of Insulin Resistance, Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2010, pp. 444–454, https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.026.[15] K. Takahashi, Y. Yoshioka, E. Kato, S. Katsuki, O. Iida, K. Hosokawa, J. Kawabata, Methyl Caffeate as a Glucosidase Inhibitor from Solanum Torvum fruits and the Activity of Related Compounds, Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Vol. 74, No. 4, 2010, pp. 741–745, https:/doi.org/10.1271/bbb.9087.[16] S. M. Fiuza, C. Gomes, L. J. Teixeira, M. T. G. D. Cruz, M. N. Cordeiro, N. Milhazes, F. Borges, M. P. Marques, Phenolic Acid Derivatives with Potential Anticancer Properties, a Structure-Activity Relationship Study Part 1: Methyl, Propyl and Octyl Esters of Caffeic and Gallic Acids, Bioorgan Med Chem, Vol. 12, No. 13, 2004, pp. 3581-3589, https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.026.[17] S. P. Lee, G. Jun, E. Yoon, S. Park, C. Yang, Inhibitory Effect of Methyl Caffeate on Fos-Jun-DNA Complex Formation and Suppression of Cancer Cell Growth, Bulletin of Korean Chemical Society, Vol. 22, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1131-1135.
 
 
 

Humanity faces the challenge of conserving the attributes of biodiversity that may be essential to secure human wellbeing. Among all the organisms that are beneficial to humans, plants stand out as the most important providers of natural resources. Therefore, identifying plant uses is critical to preserve the beneficial potential of biodiversity and to promote basic and applied research on the relationship between plants and humans. However, much of this information is often uncritical, contradictory, of dubious value or simply not readily accessible to the great majority of scientists and policy makers. Here, we compiled a genus-level dataset of plant-use records for all accepted vascular plant taxa (13489 genera) using the information gathered in the 4th Edition of Mabberley's plant-book, the most comprehensive global review of plant classification and their uses published to date. From 1974 to 2017 all the information was systematically gathered, evaluated, and synthesized by David Mabberley, who reviewed over 1000 botanical sources including modern Floras, monographs, periodicals, handbooks, and authoritative websites. Plant uses were arranged across 28 standard categories of use following the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard guidelines, which resulted in a binary classification of 9478 plant-use records pertaining human and animal nutrition, materials, fuels, medicine, poisons, social and environmental uses. Of all the taxa included in the dataset, 33% were assigned to at least one category of use, the most common being "ornamental" (26%), "medicine" (16%), "human food" (13%) and "timber" (8%). In addition to a readily available binary matrix for quantitative analyses, we provide a control text matrix that links the former to the description of the uses in Mabberley's plant-book. We hope this dataset will serve to establish synergies between scientists and policy makers interested in plant-human interactions and to move towards the complete compilation and classification of the nature's contributions to people upon which the wellbeing of future generations may depend.

This study aims to assess the growth in overall publication output in ethnobotany as well as provide a systematic examination of the history of ethnobotanical publications using reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS). The study is based on 5201 papers published between 1974 and 2019 covering 290 006 non‐distinct cited references (CRs), indexed in science citation index‐expanded (SCI‐Expanded) of web of science (WoS). The regression analysis indicated a compound annual growth rate of approximately 11% globally in ethnobotanical publications and the volume of publications doubles every approximately six years. The reference publication period was divided into four sub‐periods in which a total of 31 peaks are clearly identifiable, including five peaks from the first period (earliest to 1800), ten from the second (1801–1900), nine from the third (1901–1950) and seven from the last period (1951–2000). A total 44 publications were found to have been especially influential and landmark. Out of them, 31 (70%) were books and 11 (25%) were articles. Out of the 11 articles, 5 (45%) were published in the same journal (Economic Botany). The first period had the lowest number of publications (5), including classic books like the Spanish translation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica and Carolus Linnaeus' Systema naturæ . Interestingly, about 30% of the studies that laid the foundation of ethnobotany and are discussed in this paper come from South Africa, pointing to the contribution of the African Continent to the foundation of the field of ethnobotany.

Non-edible plant seeds are found around us and are regarded as waste and nuisance to the environment due to their hardness or pungent odour. Ornamental design unveils the usefulness and aesthetic value of these non-edible plant seeds. Some of these seeds including Flamboyant (Delonix regia), African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum), Velvet tamarind (Dalium guineense), Nicker nut (Caesalpinia bonduc), Rosary pea (Abrus precatorios), Incense tree (Canarium schwenfurthii), Thorn apple (Datura stramonium), Lucky nut (Thevetia peruviana), Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) and Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) among others were obtained by handpicking from the ground, or plucked directly from the trees. They were used to make variety of ornaments ranging from Jewelries, Key holders, Wall frames, Prayer beads, Pen vase, Flower vase, as Ornaments on bag and slippers. From this study, nineteen (19) non-edible plant seeds within eight (8) families were used for ornaments. Most of them belong to the family Fabaceae (47.3%), Arecaceae (15.8%), Euphorbiaceae (10.4%), Sapotaceae (5.3%) and Solanaceae (5.3%) among others. The products obtained from this work have shown that non-edible plant seeds are vital instruments to meet man’s desire for beauty, thereby converting these seeds from waste to wealth. This study will stimulate further interest in the students of Economic Botany especially when included in the course content.