Economic Activities In Rural Areas Research Articles

Kinship and Descent System of Malbedey Community: A Case Study of Gopalpur Village in Munshiganj District.

The paper analyzes the kinship and descent system of Malbedey Community at Gopalpur village in Munshigonj District. An attempt has been made to explore the role of kin and descent in the traditional and changing life systems of the Malbedey community, in particular. Here Malbedey is a sub- branch of Bedey community. in Bangladesh who had lived on boats travelling along the rivers for their livelihood since past. They are also a marginal group who customarily catches and sells snakes. Additionally, they are a folk healer, selling beads, amulets and a few more items. At present, the Malbedey community has come out the boat life to live permanently settling on land, and many of them have abandoned their traditional occupations to make a living through various informal economic activities in rural areas. The Malbedey community has the same kinship and descent system having extended as part of larger population. Research shows that blood, marriage, fictitious kinship and descriptive kinship terminologies do exist among the Malbedey community. In their kinship system everyone is addressed specifically in descriptive kinship terminologies like, Mother, Father, Grandfather, Grandmother, Aunt, Uncle, Cousin, Nephew, Niece and so on. Apart from this, patrilineal descent is common among them. In this section inheritance, descent, property, titles and status are passed from father to son. It should be noted that in writing the article, data have been collected through intensive fieldwork in an anthropological method which is additionally supplemented by secondary data.

Declining interest in afforestation under the common agricultural policy. Evidence from Poland and Lithuania

Land afforestation is an important aspect of forested land development. Increasing the area of forest areas through the reforestation of uncultivated, abandoned or agriculturally unsuitable land is considered an important way to diversify economic activities in order to reduce dependence on agricultural activities and improve environmental conditions in rural areas. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors affecting the afforestation of agricultural land carried out in the years 2004–2020 by farmers under the individual financial perspectives of the Rural Development Programme (RDP) in Poland and Lithuania. The study included a review of Polish and Lithuanian regulations aimed at providing financial support for afforestation under the RDP. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the rules and criteria for financial support for afforestation in relation to selected socio-economic indicators of the two countries was carried out. Based on the study results, it can be clearly stated that in both Poland and Lithuania, the support for afforestation under the RDP fails to meet the beneficiaries’ expectations. It would, therefore, be advisable to adapt the Programme to the changing economic conditions and keep the afforested land under the RDP under technical supervision. Support for afforestation should be continued to ensure the improvement in land use and the enhancement of the prospects for long-term economic activity in rural areas as well as to implement the assumptions of the green economy.

Reduction of the tax burden as a mechanism for stimulating business development in rural areas

The article is devoted to the study of both theoretical aspects of tax stimulation of the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, as well as the preferential norms for taxation of enterprises that carry out their economic activities in rural areas, provided for in the current legislation of Ukraine, as one of the effective ways of stimulating their development. The relevance of this issue, especially in the conditions of the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, is confirmed both in scientific circles and by the survey of business representatives, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, conducted after the start of the full-scale invasion. The norms of the current legislation of Ukraine on such main directions of tax stimulation of the development of enterprises in rural areas, which were characteristic of the domestic legislation in different periods of its development, were separately studied, such as: write-off and restructuring of tax debt; reduction of the taxation rate by separate taxes; exemption from payment of certain types of taxes and fees (mandatory payments), introduction of special taxation regimes. On the basis of the conducted research, the advantages and disadvantages of each of these mechanisms of tax incentives were analyzed. It was revealed that, as of today, one of the main preferential tax regimes inherent in enterprises carrying out their economic activities in rural areas is a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting. Taking this into account, and in the context of government initiatives to impose an additional fiscal burden in the form of a military levy, in particular, on taxpayers of the third group of single taxes, a proposal is made to balance such a burden at least for a part of taxpayers who carry out their activities in the least favorable rural areas, including the territories affected by the consequences of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, by reducing the taxation rate with a single tax to 2 percent for the period of martial law and for several years after its termination.

Identification of Opportunities for Capitalizing on Tourist Potential in Hunedoara County through Rural Tourism Activities and Supporting the Development of the Local Community

The need to diversify economic activities in rural areas is essential for stimulating sustainable development. In this regard, rural tourism can be an effective tool for supporting the development in rural areas. The purpose of this article was to identify the favorability of Hunedoara County for rural tourism activities, which would contribute to the sustainable development of tourism. Rural tourism activities would generate economic and social benefits both for local communities and for tourists, and at the same time preserve and protect the cultural and natural values of the area. The research methods used to carry out this study are both qualitative (documentary study) and quantitative (a questionnaire applied in order to identify the perceptions of tourists with respect to the tourist development potential of Hunedoara County through rural tourism). The main results of the research consist in the identification of some directions for future development of Hunedoara County. These directions would, in the future, lead to an increase in the visibility of local rural communities; to the preservation of local traditions and customs, while promoting sustainability and respect for the environment; and to the implementation of a plan for sustainable development through rural tourism in the studied area.

The Role of Credit Facilities and Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Enhancing Rural Development Performance (A Study in Villages in Central Sulawesi Province)

This research aims to analyze the extent to which the presence and role of credit facilities and micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in rural areas contribute to village development, especially in achieving the Village Development Index (VDI), which comprises three dimensions: the Social Resilience Index (SRI), Economic Resilience Index (ERI), and Environmental Resilience Index (EnRI). This study uses a quantitative method and cross-sectional data from 1842 villages in the Central Sulawesi Province sourced from the 2021 village potential data provided by the Central Statistics Agency, with a final sample of 1783 observations. The results indicate that the presence of both credit facilities and MSEs in rural areas has contributed to the achievement of VDI. Additionally, it was found that the presence of MSEs can mediate the influence of credit facilities on VDI. The existence of credit facilities in rural areas encourages the increase of MSEs in those areas, which in turn contributes to the improvement of VDI. The findings imply that for the strategy of accelerating rural development in Indonesia, the government, regional governments, financial institutions (banks and non-banks) and other stakeholders need to establish policies to enhance collaboration and innovative programs for the empowerment of village communities, including the provision of accessible, affordable, and reachable credit facilities for rural communities. The existence of such programs is expected to stimulate an increase in the number of MSEs and enhance economic activities in rural areas. This will then lead to an improvement in VDI. Keywords: credit facilities, micro and small enterprises, rural development, village development index

Hysteresis in Youth Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Focus on Gender, Income, and Region

ABSTRACT: Despite innumerable government policies to reduce youth unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa, the problem persists. This study examines the extent to which the hysteresis effect exists in the youth unemployment rate in Sub-Saharan African countries during the period 1991 to 2021, disaggregated according to territorial delineation, income, and gender. First, we employ the univariate and panel unit root tests including the Augmented-Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron, the Dickey-Fuller-Generalized Least Square by Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996), the ADFmax by Leybourne (1995), and the Kwiatkowski, et al. (1992) test, to enable comparison with previous studies. The Pesaran's (2007), test is then applied to account for cross-sectional dependence. Finally, the Zivot–Andrews single structural break by Zivot and Andrews (1992), Clemente–Montane–Reyes two structural breaks unit root tests by Clemente, Montañés, and Reyes (1998), as well as the Karavias-Tzavalis panel unit root test with structural breaks by Karavias and Tzavalis (2014) are employed. The univariate unit root tests generally support the hysteresis hypothesis (within a band of 60% to 97%) for almost all countries, and sub-regions in SSA. However, accounting for structural breaks, the hysteresis effect in total youth unemployment is only visible in 19 countries (40%), with evidence of gender disparities pointing to the hysteresis effect in females only in 16 countries (34%), and, in males only in 10 countries (21.3%). The lower-middle-income countries reject the natural rate hypothesis in total and both male and female youth unemployment rates. While only male youths suffer from the hysteresis in low-income countries, the total youth in upper-middle-income countries shares this effect. Accounting for cross-section dependence alters the finding of the hysteresis effect only in males in Southern Africa and upper-middle-income countries. A one-size-fits-all policy may not work. Instead, we recommend an integral approach aimed at the creation of employment opportunities for youth and females, including but not limited to diversification of economic activities in rural areas to reduce urbanization, skills training, political and economic stability, cultural transformation to remove unnecessary gender-related employment discrimination, as well as improved economic integration policies. For countries found to exhibit the natural rate hypothesis, it may not be necessary to engage in costly policies to return the youth unemployment rate to equilibrium since the shock is only temporary.

Feasibility study of entrepreneurship development in major parts of economic activity in rural areas (Case study: Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County)

Feasibility study of entrepreneurship development in major parts of economic activity in rural areas (Case study: Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County)

Active and productive ageing in India: evidence from the time use pattern of ageing adults

BackgroundWith the increasing proportion of older adults in India, it becomes essential to get an insight into the various influencing factors of successful ageing. However, the literature on successful ageing is minuscule in the Indian context. The present study attempted to understand successful ageing in terms of active and productive ageing by exploring their determining factors.MethodsThe data were extracted from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave–1 (2017–2018). We utilized self-reported time use information from the experimental module of the LASI. A total of 7837 ageing adults were included in the study. We employed descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and a multinominal logistic regression model to examine the prevalence and the determinants of active and productive ageing.ResultsThe prevalence of inactive ageing was higher among the Indian ageing population (57.47%), followed by active ageing (29.59%) and productive ageing (12.94%). Poor sleep quality and the prevalence of morbidity and disability limited the ageing population from attaining active and productive ageing. Engagement in physical activity was significantly associated with active and productive ageing (β = 0.83, 99% CI: -0.72–0.94 and β = 0.82, 99% CI: 0.66–0.98), respectively. Rural ageing adults were more likely to attain active ageing and less likely to attain productive ageing.ConclusionEngagement in physical activities among the ageing population shall be promoted to attain active and productive ageing. Since the rural ageing population were less likely to attain productive ageing than their urban counterparts, opportunities to participate in more formal economic activities in rural areas could be promoted for the wellbeing of the second demographic dividend.

Environmental and economic sustainability and conservation of natural resources in the context of rural territories

The impact of human activity on the environment is becoming increasingly evident in the modern world. Growing industrialization, the use of natural resources, and environmental pollution lead to serious environmental problems at the global level. In this context, preserving natural resources in rural areas is particularly important. Villages and rural areas, an essential component of society, also play a crucial role in ensuring environmental and economic sustainability. Balanced environmental and economic sustainability in rural areas is a task that requires a comprehensive approach and interaction between different actors, including local authorities, communities, businesses, and civil society organizations. Environmental sustainability involves preserving the diversity of nature, maintaining ecosystems, and using resources rationally without harming the environment. Economic sustainability is the development of agriculture and enterprises that provide vital goods and services while preserving the region's ecological integrity. The study aims to analyze the ecological and economic sustainability of rural areas and provide recommendations on preserving natural resources and ensuring their sustainable development. This article analyzes various aspects of the environmental and economic sustainability of rural areas in Ukraine. The importance of preserving natural resources, the possibility of using new technologies for sustainable agriculture, and the role of communities and the state in achieving these goals are considered. The trends and critical issues are assessed across dimensions like natural resource management, pollution in rural areas, etc., drawing upon data from national statistics, government reports, academic studies, and field surveys. It is determined that it is necessary to implement measures aimed at conserving natural resources to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas. This is achieved by introducing resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, developing alternative energy sources, promoting environmental culture, and improving the socio-economic situation in rural areas. This is achieved by creating new jobs, developing infrastructure, and providing social services. An essential condition for ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas is an integrated approach that considers all these factors. Rural areas play an essential role in ensuring food security and sustainable development of the country. However, in the process of economic activity in rural areas, significant environmental and economic problems arise that threaten the sustainability of these areas. Particular attention should be focused on integrated approaches that enhance synergies between the economic, environmental, and social spheres rather than individual initiatives. The importance of involving rural residents is emphasized to implement sustainability principles in rural lifestyles and institutions. Keywords: sustainable development, rural areas of Ukraine, theoretical aspects, practical aspects, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, natural resource conservation, agriculture, communities.

Promotion of Agribusiness in Nigeria through Youths’ Employability Skills and Entrepreneurial Training

The objectives are to: determine the efficacy of entrepreneurial training in enhancing youths' employability skills in rural communities; explore the extent to which entrepreneurial training influences the soft skills of Nigerian youths in promoting economic activities in rural communities and; dissect the influences of entrepreneurial training on the hard skills of Nigerian youths in the quest to promote economic activities in rural areas. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to sample the rural communities and the respondents, and the sample size is 100. The study reveals that the identified agricultural opportunity during entrepreneurial training pushed youths into agribusiness (71%), resilience strategy for agribusiness is still strange (62%), thinking creatively has become strategy to grow agribusiness (91%) and, inability to get job pushed youth into agribusiness (71%). It therefore recommends that further training is still needed for the survival and resilience of the agribusinesses.

Social Innovations for the Achievement of Competitive Agriculture and the Sustainable Development of Peripheral Rural Areas

The purpose of the study was to analyze social innovations in a broader context in order to achieve sustainable development goals. In terms of a response to the research questions, a comprehensive analysis of an alteration process in rural development was conducted while identifying the social innovations, highlighting the good practices, and conceptualizing the social innovation typology of peripheral rural areas. The methodology included a comparative analysis addressing three European regions, namely Northern, Central, and Western Europe, represented by Finland, Croatia, and France, respectively, together with their nine good practice examples during a biennial RUR’UP project period. The results demonstrate the typological differences between the selected examples of social innovations that stimulate the rural development of peripheral rural areas. These examples were formulated by the different social conditions in which these innovations were created. As a traditional economic activity in rural areas, agriculture is a great challenge for the application of innovations, can effectuate changes in the economic activities of the rural population, and can promote social and economic sustainability. In conclusion, significant differences among the regions were proven on the basis of social, environmental, and economic impacts arising from the application of social innovation.

A sustainable and efficient alternative for water pumping in electrically isolated rural areas of Ecuador

The main economic activities in rural areas of Ecuador are agriculture and livestock rearing, with water being the primary resource for these activities. Approximately 3% of the rural population lacks access to the conventional electrical grid, so photovoltaic pumping systems can fulfil the need to capture and distribute water without emitting greenhouse gases. This research aims to study the appropriate technologies to develop a photovoltaic pumping system for future implementation in rural areas of Ecuador, based on a centrifugal pump, induction motor, variable speed drive, and powered by a photovoltaic array. Simulink/MATLAB R2019B is used for system modelling and simulation. Additionally, two maximum power point tracking methods are studied, the perturb and observe algorithm and the artificial neural network algorithm. The simulation results show that when using the artificial neural network maximum power point tracking technique, the system performs better, being faster in transitions and presenting fewer oscillations in the steady state. The EN50530 standard is also employed to test the performance of the maximum power point tracker, and as a result, the artificial neural network-based algorithm achieves the highest efficiency of 99.5%. Finally, it is shown how the automatic regulation of speed allows adjustment of the pumping capacity in response to variations in irradiation and temperature. Even in unfavourable levels of irradiation and temperature, the water supply is not interrupted, and the pump capacity is adjusted to the maximum power supplied by the photovoltaic array.

Strategies for Reducing Rural Poverty in Developing Countries

Rural poverty in developing countries comes in various forms. Food insecurity, discrimination, human rights violations, inadequate health care, and social protection are just some of the manifestations of poverty that affect the rural population. However, the most severe form of poverty is the lack of access to food for the most vulnerable segments of the population. Several strategic approaches to rural poverty reduction have been developed at the international level and have been implemented specifically in developing countries. These strategies focus on agriculture as the dominant economic activity in rural areas. In addition, the strategies aim to strengthen local rural communities while adhering to the principles of environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

Employment in rural areas

Currently, labor relations in modern Russia are regulated on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, and other regulatory legal acts adopted at the federal level and in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Legal acts containing employment and labour statutes were also adopted by local self-government bodies until 2006. The rural area is a place of labor and economic activity mainly for residents of rural settlements. The spheres of labor relations are usually agriculture and forestry, and in some regions, subsurface resources management and other types of economic activity. The main legal document regulating the complex of relations, including labor relations, in agriculture is the Federal Law “On the Agriculture Development” and legal acts of agrarian legislation adopted at the level of federal authorities and in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Labor activity in the field of forest management is regulated by the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts of forest legislation. Labor relations in other spheres of economic activity in rural areas are regulated by relevant legal acts at the federal level and at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation. In addition to production organizations in rural areas, there are non-profit entities in which rural residents work. A significant number of the rural population is employed in private subsidiary farmings.

СІЛЬСЬКИЙ (ЗЕЛЕНИЙ) ТУРИЗМ ЯК ІННОВАЦІЙНА ФОРМА ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НА ЧЕРКАЩИНІ: МАРКЕТИНГОВИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article analyzes the conditions for establishing and implementing activities in the field of rural (green) tourism at the regional level. The concept of "rural (green) tourism" has been investigated and the author's own definition of "rural (green) tourism" has been proposed. It is stated that running a tourism business in rural areas is a socially significant type of entrepreneurial activity that contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas: infrastructure development, improvement of the quality of life, increase of local population's income, creation of jobs, support and preservation of traditions and culture, environmental protection. During the investigation, it was found that entrepreneurial activity in the field of rural (green) tourism is an important area of territorial development of Ukraine and an alternative type of economic activity in rural areas. The analysis of the conditions for the development of rural (green) tourism at the micro and macro levels has made it possible to state the fact of the dynamic development of this type of tourism activity. After conducting a territorial analysis of the development of rural (green) tourism in Ukraine, there have been identified the regions (oblasts) where this type of tourism activity has become particularly prevalent. It is mentioned that rural (green) tourism can act as an innovative form of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which can be a solution to many problems for the rural population. The results of the marketing analysis regarding the specifiсity of doing business in the field of rural (green) tourism in Cherkasy region made it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism business environment and to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the territory. The factors of development of rural (green) tourism in Cherkasy region are defined and considered. It is summarized that Cherkasy region possesses a significant natural and material resource for the development of rural (green) tourism. Nevertheless, there are complex problems that impede the development of a given type of tourism. The awareness of existing problems, reduction of problematic aspects and strengthening of competitive advantages will allow the development of rural (green) tourism in the region.

The Effect of Migration, Land Conversion, and Village Funds on Strengthening Agricultural Economy and Reducing Rural Poverty in Indonesia

This study examines the problem of rural poverty, which shows a more severe picture than urban poverty in terms of the number of poor people, poverty depth, and severity. The agricultural sector drives economic activity in rural areas, so this variable is used as a medium to reduce existing poverty problems. To uncover this problem, we collected secondary data from all provinces in Indonesia except DKI Jakarta Province. The data were then analyzed using a structural model through R software. The results of this study revealed that the agricultural sector could not reduce rural poverty. Migration has reached its peak, so many people who migrate do not necessarily reduce rural poverty. This situation is exacerbated by the massive conversion of agricultural land to industry. If the government wants to reduce rural poverty, it should be serious about improving the agricultural sector so that it grows, is competitive, and of high quality, not just giving village funds to every village. It aims to balance the structure of the economy and labor in addition to highlighting Indonesia's specific traits as an agricultural nation. Keywords: migration, land conversion, village fund, agriculture, rural poverty. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.60.48

МЕТОДИ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ НА СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ

In the modern conditions of transformation of entrepreneurship in rural areas, management of financial and economic activities of enterprises is a dynamic process that requires the use of modern methods and concepts that could increase competitiveness and efficiency of activity, as well as neutralize possible negative consequences of the influence of external environmental factors. The lack of their clear classification makes it difficult to choose the appropriate methods, taking into account the needs and goals of a particular enterprise. Based on the literature review and the implementation of the method of decomposition, the article defines the nature of the term «management methods for the enterprises’ financial and economic activities in rural areas». It also describes the management methods for an enterprise and the financial and economic activities of business entities. Taking into account the methods of comparative assessment, a set of management methods has been created. Business entities located in rural areas of Ukraine can use it to manage their financial and economic activities. The article has focused on the comparative assessment of special methods (change management methods) in the context of their implementation to manage the enterprises’ financial and economic activities in rural areas of the country. It is clarified that the set of concepts presented in the article should be aimed at optimizing business processes and improving the quality of production activities and form separate cycles of improving the mechanism of managing the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, as a result, the improvement process itself becomes permanent.

Global GDP Prediction With Night-Lights and Transfer Learning

Nighttime lights (nightlights) data are useful in predicting gross domestic product (GDP), a key economic indicator used by policymakers and economists. A persistent problem in such prediction is that nightlights under-represent economic activity in rural areas. Attempting to disaggregate nightlights using urban and rural regions is problematic as the urban&#x2013;rural dichotomy is increasingly tenuous due to changing economic structures. In response, this article presents a regionalization approach which is data driven. Utilizing transfer learning, we trained a model which takes fine spatial resolution daytime satellite sensor imagery and learns an optimal regionalization to disaggregate VIIRS nightlights for GDP prediction. To make national scale inference feasible, we formulated a novel Monte Carlo importance sampling scheme and then performed a single-year cross-sectional study across 178 countries using <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$178\,000$</tex-math></inline-formula> images. This achieved an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> between predicted and actual <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{log}_{10} \text{GDP}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.86 on the validation set and 0.89 on the whole study area. To benchmark, we performed a subnational study over 396 US counties using <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$98\,500$</tex-math></inline-formula> images in which our method outperformed comparable methods. Interpreting the regionalization, we found that the utility of the urban&#x2013;rural dichotomy is not supported by the model and argue that seeing the nightlights of some land types as representative of the overall economy is a better way to understand the model.

Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Consumer Profile of Hunting Tourism and Trophy Hunting from Tradition to Protected Areas: Study Case on Romania and Spain

Hunting has major importance from many perspectives: As a product of leisure and recreation, as a tool for conservation and wildlife management, as the main economic activity in rural areas, or as a cultural heritage and traditional activity for countries around the world, especially for countries in Europe and Africa. Therefore, this research fills a gap in the literature and offers a cross-cultural opinion and perceptions of 198 hunters from Romania and Spain. The aim of the paper is to analyze the perceptions and opinions of hunters regarding hunting tourism through an online self-administrated questionnaire by convenience sampling using hunters associations from these countries. Among the values that identify hunting as an activity, hunters highlight the human values (friendship, company, ethics), ecological values (love of nature associated with hunting as a tool to understand and enjoy the natural environment), and social values (resources generated, hobby, effort). The respondents can self-criticize some components and aspects of hunting groups. Hunters believe that the future of this sector is moving towards commercial hunting, associated with purchasing power to ensure results. Regardless of the nationality of the hunters, their values related to this sector are similar.

NABARD CONTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATERSHED PROJECT UNDER RIDF SCHEME IN INDIA

The Government of the India is giving emphasis on ‘Growth with Social Justice’ with the basic objective of planning for the development of India since its independence and made significant strides in developing rural India through Five Year Plan. A Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was introduced in the budget of 1995-96. The RBI governs this fund through NABARD with corpus from the nationalized banks. The NABARD was setup by the Government of India as a development bank in July 12, 1982 which operates through its head office at Mumbai, 28 regional offices situated in state capitals and 391 district offices at districts levels. The mandate also covers supporting all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promoting sustainable rural development. The various functions of NABARD are supervisory functions, institutional and capacity building, role in training etc. The paper analyses some of the issues that arise in the context of utilization of the fund under watershed for farm irrigation in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India