Manufacturing reshoring is often promoted as a strategic response to rising global uncertainty. However, empirical evidence on how reshoring affects firm performance over time, and whether realised outcomes differ from initial expectations, remains limited. This study addresses this gap by exploring reshoring performance outcomes through an Eclectic Paradigm (EP)-based four-dimension outcome analysis framework, covering performance impact, expectation alignment and reshoring phases. Based on 16 semi-structured interviews with Swedish manufacturing firms, the findings show that efficiency-related outcomes are most frequently observed, alongside capability-, market- and resource-related outcomes. Reshoring improves profitability, operational flexibility, controllability, product quality and environmental sustainability, but also creates challenges, including implementation delays, inventory build-ups and supplier disruptions. This study introduces a visual outcome model and provides practical guidance for managers evaluating relocation decisions and performance outcomes. It also advances future research on post-implementation reshoring evolution, and how reshoring outcomes emerge and changes over time.

The view of market entry challenges and strategies through the lens of opportunity. Indonesia, as the most populous country in Southeast Asia, represents one of the fastest-growing economies in the region and thus also a considerable market opportunity for heavy equipment manufacturers. But foreign companies encounter a series of challenges such as complex regulations, cultural differences and fierce competition. This study focuses on important market entry strategies including exporting, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries, as well as theoretical models including the Uppsala Model and Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm. The significance of technological innovation, pricing strategies and brand positioning is highlighted in the study, illustrating competitive dynamics shaping the heavy machinery industry. An assessment of sustainability and environmental compliance is done, taking into account the strict Indonesia environmental rules as well as a growing need for environmentally friendly industrial practices. Results imply that companies like SANY need to take a localization strategy, utilize strategic partnerships, and invest in green technology to succeed in the Indonesian market.

Purpose The study aims to clarify and present the role of the eclectic paradigm in manufacturing location decision research by examining its development, limitations, contributions and contemporary applications. Design/methodology/approach Conceptual paper based on how the eclectic paradigm developed and how it can be used. With an in-depth literature review to critically examine the theoretical evolution of the eclectic paradigm and its application in manufacturing location decision research, this study develops a strategic framework that enhances understanding. Findings This paper presents a practical guide for applying the eclectic paradigm. It introduces the strategic positioning matrix, enabling more effective navigation of the complexities in international production and location decision-making. It also highlights three dimensions to understand the decision factors, i.e. the drivers, barriers and enablers, in dynamic international business contexts. Research limitations/implications This paper harmonises with critical realism and once again stresses the fragmented and eclectic state of the research field by consolidating and advancing existing knowledge. Its conceptual scope, however, excludes empirical validation. Future research is encouraged to validate the proposed framework to assess its practical relevance and further explore contingency factors that remain underdeveloped in current literature. Originality/value As one of the few conceptual studies focused on the eclectic paradigm’s role in this context, this paper contributes by organising, systematising and extending its application. With the strategic positioning matrix, it fosters a more nuanced understanding and wider application among scholars and practitioners.

This study examines the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into 24 economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from 1980 to 2023. Utilizing Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm (OLI framework), institutional theory, and transaction cost economics, this research investigates how ownership, location, and internalization advantages influence FDI decisions in a region characterized by significant resource dependence and institutional heterogeneity. To ensure the robustness of our findings, we employ second-generation panel data techniques, including Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG). These methodologies effectively address issues such as Cross-Sectional Dependence (CSD) and Slope Heterogeneity (SH). Our results indicate that institutional quality, particularly in relation to control of corruption and government effectiveness, exerts a strong positive impact on FDI inflows. Conversely, natural resource abundance demonstrates a negative relationship with overall FDI, thus corroborating the “resource curse” hypothesis within the MENA context. Market size significantly positively influences FDI attraction. Notably indicators of political stability and regulatory quality do not consistently show statistical significance across the model, implying that broader stability metrics may inadequately capture investor sentiment. In contrast, control of corruption and government effectiveness emerge as more salient institutional mediators of FDI decisions. These findings contribute to the existing literature by providing a context-specific analysis of FDI dynamics in the MENA region, employing advanced econometric estimators that have been underutilized in prior studies, and enhancing methodological transparency through the construction of composite variables. The results furnish actionable insights for policymakers seeking to attract sustainable foreign investment through institutional reform and macroeconomic stabilization.

The article examines the problem of theoretically understanding the internationalization of international business in the context of distinguishing between the concepts of «market entry» and «depth of integration». The aim of the study is to develop a conceptional approach for analyzing the depth of international business integration as an independent analytical dimension of international economic presence. It is substantiated that traditional internationalization models focus mainly on market entry forms and expansion motives, which does not allow for a full assessment of the quality of a company’s integration into the national economy of the host country. The methodological foundation of the study consists of systems analysis, a comparative approach, and the theoretical synthesis of classical internationalization models (the Uppsala models, the OLI eclectic paradigm, and the Born Global approach). Based on the generalization of the provisions of the specified theoretical directions, a four-dimensional structure of the depth of international business integration is proposed, which includes production, innovation-technological, human resources, and institutional dimensions. A system of indicators has been developed for their operationalization, and a typology of integration configurations (surface, production-oriented, innovation-oriented, systemic) has been created. The main outcome of the study is the development of a conceptional framework that establishes the relationship between the mode of market entry, the development of individual dimensions of integration, the type of configuration, and the nature of economic consequences for the host economy. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of using the proposed approach to assess the quality of companies’ international presence, as well as to support decision-making in the sphere of State policy to promote international business integration. The proposed conception provides a theoretical foundation for further empirical testing and the development of tools for the strategic selection of integration forms.

This policy paper examines the relationship between insecurity, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and foreign exchange market performance in selected African countries that have suffered major security crises. The Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm provides the basis for analysis. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study explores insecurity, FDI trends, and forex market outcomes in ten countries: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso, D.R. Congo, Somalia, Mozambique, and Cameroon. Findings show that insecurity significantly undermines both FDI and forex market performance. These nations, in varying degrees, have suffered capital flight, increased forex volatility, and economic fragmentation due to insecurity. A clear adverse relationship exists between FDI inflows and insecurity: relatively stable nations like Ethiopia (pre-war) and Kenya attract more investment than highly unstable ones such as South Sudan and Somalia. Armed conflicts discourage investment, ruin infrastructure, and disrupt economic activities, hindering human and capital growth. The study contributes uniquely by offering a comparative analysis of security crises, FDI inflows, and forex markets across diverse African economies, with actionable policy recommendations. It emphasizes that no development can flourish amid violent conflict. Even stable economies face perception risks from regional instability. Addressing insecurity is therefore both a national and continental priority for sustaining FDI and healthy forex markets. All-inclusive approaches, military, institutional, diplomatic, and developmental are needed to restore investor confidence and stability. Without deliberate policy action, African countries risk continued economic underperformance, currency crises, and reliance on emergency financial interventions.

Purpose This study aims to explore the factors influencing companies’ decisions to bring manufacturing operations back to their home countries and to examine how these factors exert their influence. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach, conducting 16 in-depth interviews with managers involved in reshoring projects. The Eclectic Paradigm is used as theoretical framework. Findings A total of 69 influencing factors were identified, comprising 3% resource-seeking, 10% market-seeking, 41% efficiency-seeking and 17% strategic asset-seeking factors. Additionally, 29% of the factors were classified as hybrid-seeking. These factors were further categorised as drivers, barriers or enablers, providing a comprehensive understanding of their complex roles. Ten distinctive factors, such as customisation strategy and Information Technology (IT), emerged that were not previously reported in the literature, while seven factors cited in existing studies, including energy costs and knowledge transfer, were absent. Research limitations/implications This study offers a nuanced perspective on the multifaceted nature of reshoring decisions. The comprehensive framework developed in this paper provides valuable insights for manufacturers and policymakers. It contributes to the literature by identifying previously unreported factors and challenging established understandings. Future research could apply alternative or multi-theoretical approaches, and examine the relative significance of each factor, how this evolves over time and how it differs between reshoring and offshoring, thus developing a more comprehensive understanding of relocation decisions. Originality/value This study is one of the few to apply the Eclectic Paradigm to the analysis of reshoring, bridging gaps between influencing factors and underlying decision processes.

This study contributes to the growing literature on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by examining how innovation and the Human Development Index influence Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam. We utilize the Dynamic System Generalized Method of Moments to examine an unbalanced panel of 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam from 2016 to 2023. We apply the Two-Stage Least Squares method to ensure robustness and analyze a subsample of 58 provinces after excluding five centrally governed cities. We further examine whether the main findings remain robust during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that the Human Development Index and innovation play a significant role in attracting FDI, which is consistent with the eclectic paradigm and in contrast to the race-to-the-bottom hypothesis. Notably, the results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between innovation and FDI, with an optimal level at 22.74. This finding implies that innovation initially fosters FDI inflows, but excessive technological investment may diminish foreign investment beyond an optimal threshold. These findings align with the eclectic paradigm, race-to-the-bottom, and product life cycle theories. The study provides practical implications for governments and policymakers in emerging economies seeking to attract FDI and promote sustainable development.

This study investigates the influence of green logistics factors on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) attraction in Thanh Hoa Province, an emerging industrial hub in Northern Vietnam, with a particular focus on the moderating role of global supply chain pressure. Grounded in the Eclectic Paradigm (OLI framework), the Resource-Based View, and Institutional Theory, the study conceptualizes green logistics as a multidimensional locational advantage encompassing green logistics infrastructure, green regulatory frameworks, logistics digitalization, and green human resources. Using survey data collected from 152 foreign-invested enterprises operating in Thanh Hoa, the study applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4 to test the proposed hypotheses. The empirical results indicate that all four green logistics dimensions exert positive and statistically significant effects on FDI attraction, with green logistics infrastructure emerging as the most influential determinant. While global supply chain pressure does not directly affect FDI attraction, it significantly moderates the relationship between green human resources and FDI attraction in a negative direction, suggesting that under intense international environmental scrutiny, foreign investors tend to rely more on standardized logistics systems and infrastructure than on locally embedded human capital. These findings extend the OLI framework by incorporating green logistics as a sustainability-oriented locational advantage at the sub-national level and provide practical implications for provincial policymakers seeking to attract high-quality, environmentally responsible FDI.

The evolving landscape of international economic relations underscores the strategic significance of commercial diplomacy in advancing national economic interests abroad. This study examines Indonesia’s use of commercial diplomacy to facilitate foreign direct investment (FDI) through the establishment of an Indomie instant noodle manufacturing facility in Serbia. The analysis is grounded in a commercial diplomacy framework, which conceptualizes state-led support for international business, and is complemented by Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm (OLI) to explain the ownership, location, and internalization advantages underlying Indonesia’s outward investment strategy. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative case study approach based on systematic analysis of secondary data, including official government documents, bilateral agreements, corporate reports, academic literature, and credible media sources. Data are examined using thematic analysis and triangulation to ensure analytical rigor and validity. The findings demonstrated that Indonesia’s FDI initiative in Serbia is driven by economic diversification objectives, the strategic deployment of national branding through Indomie, and Serbia’s locational advantages as a gateway to the European Union market. Moreover, the collaboration has generated mutual economic and political benefits, including employment creation, infrastructure development, and strengthened bilateral trade networks. This study contributes to the literature on international political economy by illustrating how commercial diplomacy, when aligned with firm-level investment strategies, can function as both a market-entry mechanism and an instrument of geopolitical engagement.

ABSTRACT This study examines how AI‐related capabilities and institutional signals shape foreign direct investment (FDI) inward and outward flows in OECD countries. Drawing on Dunning's OLI paradigm and North's Institutional Theory, the paper investigates whether AI Patent Grants, Newly Funded AI Firms and Mentions of AI in Legislative Proceedings influence foreign direct investment. Using panel data from 25 countries, we apply regression models to assess whether AI is perceived as a valid driver of foreign direct investing. Results demonstrate that Newly Funded AI Firms significantly increase investment flows supporting the notion that dynamic AI entrepreneurship strengthens advantages in line with the OLI eclectic paradigm. In contrast AI Patent Grants have a significant negative effect; from an OLI perspective, this may indicate that the sector is still in an early stage, without commercial maturity. Surprisingly the robustness checks did not find statistically significant differences for inward foreign direct investments. However, when the model is re‐estimated with additional control variables, AI Patent Grants regain statistical significance. AI Legislative Proceedings do not significantly affect investment flows, suggesting that investment decisions are affected more by regulations than formal legislative discussions. This research contributes to the emerging field of AI‐driven international business by reconceptualizing investments as a proactive AI strategy. The policy implications underscore the importance of AI‐compliant institutions and stronger support for multinational enterprises (MNEs). From a managerial perspective, the findings highlight AI as a critical axis for strategic planning across global value chains.

Globalization has transformed the landscape of business management and economic policymaking by intensifying cross-border interdependence and reshaping institutional frameworks. This review article synthesizes contemporary research and policy reports to examine how globalization influences corporate strategies, human resource management, marketing, operations, and supply chain design, while also redefining trade, fiscal, labor, and sustainability policies. Classical and modern theoretical frameworks—including the eclectic paradigm, geopolitical critiques, and resilience-based models—provide the foundation for understanding globalization’s dynamics. The review highlights how firms leverage digital platforms, global value chains, and glocalized marketing strategies to remain competitive, yet simultaneously face challenges such as supply chain fragility, inequality, and cultural homogenization. For policymakers, globalization presents both opportunities and risks: liberalized trade and investment flows drive growth, but require careful calibration to mitigate volatility, inequality, and environmental harm. Emerging trends—including digital globalization, ESG integration, deglobalization and regionalization, and shifting geopolitical alignments—illustrate that globalization is not declining but evolving into more fragmented, technology-driven, and sustainability-oriented forms. By integrating business and policy perspectives, this article demonstrates that the future of globalization depends on adaptive strategies that balance openness with resilience, competitiveness with inclusivity, and economic growth with sustainability. These insights contribute to ongoing debates on how firms and governments can navigate globalization’s complex, contested, and evolving nature.

The novel Falling Man, like Don DeLillo’s other works, is thematically concerned with the symbolic aspect of terrorist violence as portrayed in the media. Furthermore, DeLillo’s story investigates the potential of rewriting individual identity, as well as the tendency of people to establish their identities using a community mindset. This article examines the portrayal of Muslims in Don DeLillo’s Falling Man, focusing on their difficulties during the period that saw the rise of terrorism. Although the image of Muslims in literature is becoming increasingly prevalent, their portrayals are sometimes reductive or stereotypical. The current study intends to investigate the intricate and subtle portrayals of Muslims, as well as the underlying ideas that affect these representations. A qualitative study design was used, with five passages carefully chosen from Falling Man. The study adopts an eclectic paradigm that examines text, discourse practice, and sociocultural practice by combining Fairclough’s (2003) three-dimensional framework with Van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis and manipulation method (2006). The findings show that the non-Muslim character’s speech uses specific narrative and discursive tactics to obfuscate Muslims’ genuine experiences, maintaining dominant preconceptions while occasionally upsetting them. The analysis reveals that the portrayal of Muslims in Falling Man is multifaceted and challenges popular prejudices. Finally, the novel uses discourse analysis to show the relationship between language, identity, and power, offering a critical evaluation of society’s opinions of Muslims and the larger political framework in which they operate.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the dynamics of manufacturing reshoring in Nordic countries by identifying the drivers, barriers and enablers influencing the decisions. Design/methodology/approach Grounded in in-depth interviews with 16 Swedish manufacturing firms, this research uses the eclectic paradigm as its theoretical framework. Findings This research reveals 65 drivers, 32 barriers and 38 enablers for manufacturers to bring manufacturing back. The primary drivers include total cost, product quality, controllability and flexibility in production. Prominent barriers are labour resources, facilities and equipment, labour, overhead and total costs. Key enablers include manufacturing capacity, labour resources, know-how and intellectual property, infrastructure and automation level. Research limitations/implications This research demonstrates how a single decision factor can manifest as a driver, barrier or enabler depending on specific scenarios, adding nuance to the existing reshoring literature. By applying the eclectic paradigm, this research reinforces the applicability of the theory in manufacturing location decision research and integrates factor perspectives with strategic-seeking categories. It refines and encourages the use of the eclectic paradigm. Practical implications The research offers practical implications for policymakers, industry leaders and researchers seeking to understand Nordic industrial dynamics. Insights provide guidance for industry leaders in strategic decision-making and navigate policymakers’ design measures to support industrial competitiveness in the Nordic region. Originality/value This research is among the few studies integrating strategic advantages with three aspects of the decision factors in analysing manufacturing reshoring. It advances theoretical understanding by showing how the same factor can shift depending on contextual dynamics and serve companies’ strategic needs.

This paper examines the internationalization strategies of the large energy corporations based on a comparative case study approach. Its purpose is to uncover strategic directions and ascertain how the companies respond to different geopolitical and regulative environments. Framed by the Uppsala Model, Eclectic Paradigm, and Internalization Theory, the research highlights the same practices including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and the focus on renewable sources. Findings report varying orientations—some firms prioritize market-led growth, whereas others emphasize sustainability. The Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America case studies illustrate how firms respond to local bottlenecks and opportunities. Theory-based, adaptive, and context-specific approaches are reported to enhance resilience and competitiveness on a global scale.

In the context of Vietnam's increasing integration into the global economy, new-generation Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) such as CPTPP, EVFTA, and RCEP have emerged as powerful drivers of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into the country. These FTAs not only eliminate tariffs but also encompass advanced commitments in areas such as investment protection, environmental and labor standards, and market access, thereby enhancing Vietnam’s appeal to foreign investors. This paper examines the influence of new-generation FTAs on the shifting of FDI inflows into Vietnam by applying Dunning's eclectic paradigm and the World Bank's investment environment framework. The research utilizes a qualitative analysis approach to construct an impact model that identifies how new-generation FTAs affect key determinants of FDI attraction. Empirical evidence is drawn from the movement of FDI from CPTPP, EU, and RCEP countries to Vietnam between 2018 and 2024, highlighting notable trends and sectoral shifts in investment. The findings demonstrate that FTAs significantly improve Vietnam's competitive position, not only in terms of quantity but also in the quality and structure of FDI inflows. However, challenges remain in legal harmonization, institutional capacity, and human resources. Based on the results, the paper proposes strategic policy recommendations to strengthen Vietnam’s position as an attractive destination for sustainable and high-quality FDI.

In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, artificial intelligence (AI), shifting market dynamics, and heightened global interconnectedness, traditional global business models have become insufficient. This study aims to address this gap by proposing a practical, multidisciplinary framework that adapts to the current global business environment. The existing literature on international business (IB) has primarily been grounded in outdated models that fail to adequately consider emerging markets, technological disruptions, and the challenges posed by aging populations. This study critically reviews the limitations of classical frameworks, such as the OLI Eclectic Paradigm, and offers a fresh perspective on dynamic capabilities and the necessity for continuous innovation in global business models. Using a qualitative exploratory methodology, this paper examines case studies of multinational corporations (MNCs) that have successfully adapted their business models to modern realities. Our findings suggest that firms capable of embedding adaptability, innovation, and agility into their business strategies are more likely to achieve sustained global success. This research contributes to the evolving discourse on global business strategies by emphasizing the importance of dynamic capabilities in navigating the volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment.

The Estonian e-Residency program, launched in 2014, allows non-residents to access Estonia’s advanced digital infrastructure and services. It provides a secure digital identity to individuals worldwide, enabling them to start and manage a location-independent business online within the European Union without needing to physically reside in Estonia. This study explores the opportunities and challenges of e-Residency through qualitative methods and the Eclectic Paradigm model by John Dunning. While e-Residency does not grant physical residency, citizenship, or tax residency, is especially attractive to individuals seeking to leverage Estonia’s advanced digital infrastructure and favorable business environment. Key opportunities include leveraging Estonia’s advanced digital infrastructure and accessing the European Union market, significantly enhancing business efficiency and economic participation. However, the novelty of the e-Residency concept still faces challenges from the challenge of low global adoption, which requires optimization for broader relevance and impact. Lastly, this research underscores the need for strategic improvements to maximize the program’s potential and suggests further development to achieve its global aspirations. Keywords: e-Residency, Digital Identity, Estonia, Eclectic Paradigm Program e-Residency Estonia, yang diluncurkan pada tahun 2014, memungkinkan non-residen untuk mengakses infrastruktur dan layanan digital canggih Estonia. Program ini menyediakan identitas digital yang aman bagi individu di seluruh dunia, yang memungkinkan mereka untuk memulai dan mengelola bisnis daring yang tidak bergantung pada lokasi di Uni Eropa tanpa perlu bertempat tinggal secara fisik di Estonia. Studi ini mengeksplorasi peluang dan tantangan e-Residency melalui metode kualitatif dan model Paradigma Eklektik oleh John Dunning. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa meskipun e-Residency tidak memberikan tempat tinggal fisik, kewarganegaraan, atau pajak tempat tinggal, tetapi sangat menarik bagi individu yang ingin memanfaatkan infrastruktur digital canggih Estonia dan lingkungan bisnis yang menguntungkan. Peluang utama termasuk memanfaatkan infrastruktur digital canggih Estonia dan mengakses pasar Uni Eropa, yang secara signifikan meningkatkan efisiensi bisnis dan partisipasi ekonomi. Namun, di sisi lain, kebaruan konsep e-Residency masih mengalami tantangan berupa adopsi global yang masih rendah sehingga memerlukan pengoptimalan untuk relevansi dan dampak yang lebih luas. Terakhir, penelitian ini menggarisbawahi perlunya peningkatan strategis untuk memaksimalkan potensi program dan menyarankan pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk mencapai aspirasi globalnya. Kata-kata Kunci: e-Residency, Identitas Digital, Estonia, Paradigma Eklektik

This study explores the intricate relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows and innovation in India, particularly during the post-liberalization period from 1991 to 2021. It critically examines theoretical perspectives and empirical trends to assess how FDI has influenced domestic innovation capabilities, as measured through indicators such as patent applications and gross expenditure on R&D (GERD). Drawing on a broad spectrum of economic theories—from early work by Kindleberger and Vernon to Dunning’s eclectic paradigm—the paper evaluates the dualistic nature of FDI: as a vehicle for advanced technology transfer and as a potential source of dependency. India’s FDI inflows dramatically increased following economic reforms and a rise in patent filings, even though R&D intensity relative to GDP stagnated. The findings underscore that while FDI has positively contributed to innovation output, structural limitations such as inadequate absorptive capacity and inconsistent R&D investment hinder the full realization of FDI’s innovation potential. The paper calls for more cohesive policy frameworks to align FDI with sustainable and inclusive innovation-driven growth.

The aim of the article is to explore and organize approaches to international investment and to emphasize its significant role in economic development. The author thoroughly examines the main theoretical models, including classical, neoclassical, and modern approaches, as well as relevant concepts such as the eclectic paradigm and the theory of competitive advantages of countries. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms through which international investment contributes to the development of economies, including technology transfer, human capital development, and modernization of production. An important aspect of the research is to identify the key factors of investment attractiveness in contemporary economies, which include not only economic and political conditions but also the effectiveness of legal and regulatory processes, domestic economic activities, the capacity for technological innovations, and the ease of capital movement. Based on research, including the Kearney FDI Confidence Index for 2025, the factors influencing the choice of investment locations are analyzed, as well as the characteristics of attracting foreign direct investment in countries with varying levels of economic development. Examples from different regions of the world illustrate various aspects of attractiveness for investors. By substantiating theoretical models and contemporary empirical data, the research results highlight that international investment is a powerful catalyst for economic development, contributing not only to increased production efficiency but also to ensuring long-term stability of economies that become more competitive on a global scale. The conclusions present the results of the systematization of theories and approaches to international investment, providing a deeper understanding of the processes that promote economic development through the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI). This also opens up new prospects for the development of effective investment attraction policies in developing countries, and provides useful recommendations for international companies seeking optimal investment directions in the context of global economic changes.