ECG Method Research Articles

Non-invasive Fetal heartbeat detection using vibration sensing system

Monitoring the fetal heartbeat is essential for obtaining information about fetal condition during pregnancy. By measuring the maternal uterine contractions, the movement of the fetus, and the fetal heart rate, the state of the fetus is detected and taking appropriate measures prevent fetal health abnormality. The NST method is used to obtain the fetal heart rate. The ECG method is useful to observe heart rhythm. In this study, a system that can detect fetal heartbeat signals using vibration sensors is proposed. For vibration measurement, a band-type device with a sensor was proposed. The band was wrapped around the mother's stomach to sensing signals generated by the mother's body. In order to extract the fetal heartbeat signal, appropriate signal processing for denoising is performed. Processed signal was divided into several IMFs using the CEEMD method. The maternal heartbeat signal and fetal heartbeat signal were separated from the IMF. Through frequency analysis, the characteristics of each signal make clear

Distribution of Polymorphic Marker of Genes of the Renin-angiotensin System RAS (AGT, AGTR1, АСЕ), ITGB3, PPARG) in Pa-tients With Essential Arterial Hypertension Depending on the Nature of the Nocturnal De-crease of BP

A clinical-genetic study using ABPM (24-hour BP monitoring) and Holter’s ECG methods in 49 pa-tients with essential arterial hypertension (group 1: 17 patients without sufficient nocturnal BP de-crease СI≤10%, and group 2: 32 patients with suf-ficient nocturnal BP decrease СI≥10%,) was per-formed for comparative analysis of the genotype frequencies of ACE, AGT, AGTR1, ITGB3, and PPARG. The study was conducted in order to clari-fy the pathogenetic mechanisms of the implementa-tion of different dynamics of nocturnal blood pres-sure in patients with hypertension without metabol-ic syndrome. It was found that in group 1, protec-tive genotype II of the ACE gene was more com-mon (p ≤ 0.025) than in the population data. A sig-nificant increase (p ≤ 0.025) in the frequency of the CC genotype of the AGTR1 gene responsible for the formation of insulin resistance compared to the population data was combined with a significant increase in the frequency of autonomic dysfunction in patients of group 1 - 83.4% vs. 64.5% group 2 respectively. The results obtained indicate the pos-sible pathogenetic links between genetically deter-mined insulin resistance and autonomic nervous system dysfunction and allows us to determine therapeutic approaches for correcting the noctur-nal blood pressure profile.

MO758DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY IN A HAEMODIALYSIS POPULATION

Abstract Background and Aims Left ventricular hypertrophy is common in end stage renal disease (ESRD) and haemodialysis. Its association with cardiovascular outcomes has been demonstrated. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiographic methods of calculating LVH compared to Real Time 3- Dimensional Echocardiogram (RT3DE) which we used as a surrogate gold standard test. Method This study was performed as a post-hoc analysis of a sub-group of patients enrolled into the Salford Kidney Study (SKS). Patients included into this analysis are from the sub-group of SKS previously known as the CRISIS-HD cohort. All adult haemodialysis patients at Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK or one of its satellite units are considered for inclusion. In this study we examined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Sokolow – Lyon and Romhilt –Estes methods in comparison to RT3DE. Results The final sample comprised 44 patients. The vast majority were Caucasian (39 patients). The mean age of the patients was 62 ± 13 years and mean time on dialysis 5.1 ± 2.9 years. The sensitivity of both ECG methods for diagnosis of LVH was very low. This was the case for the whole sample and also for individual groups. Romhilt – Estes was marginally better than Sokolow – Lyon and that was especially the case for male patients. Conclusion Our study shows that ECG methods for assessment of LVH that rely on voltage criteria have very low sensitivity and unreliable specificity compared to RT3DE and also conventional M –Mode echocardiography. As a result, they could not be reliably used as a quick and inexpensive method of LVH estimation in clinical practice in the case of haemodialysis patients.

In-vivo endocardial and epicardial quantitative comparison of multi-wave based non-invasive inverse electrocardiography

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation Introduction Non-invasive mapping of ventricular activation using inverse electrocardiography (iECG) in patients with cardiomyopathy during sinus rhythm, may improve risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. However, iECG is complicated by multiple simultaneous endocardial activation waves (multi-wave) mediated by the His-Purkinje system, especially when the QRS complex is narrow. The activation estimation should be based on a realistic physiological model of the His-Purkinje system combining multiple waves initiated at His-Purkinje associated endocardial locations. Equivalent double layer based iECG provides an estimation of both the endocardial and epicardial surface. To improve accuracy, equivalent double layer based iECG was supplemented with electro-anatomical structures associated with the His-Purkinje system to test initial ventricular activation (Figure, Panel C). Multi-wave iECG local activation timing (LAT) maps and invasive LAT maps during sinus rhythm were quantitatively compared. Purpose Quantitative comparison of multi-wave iECG in His-Purkinje mediated cardiac activation using invasive activation maps in patients. Methods Thirteen patients referred for invasive electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) of the endocardial and epicardial surface were included. Prior to EAM, each subject underwent 64 electrode body surface potential mapping, cardiac computed tomography (CT) imaging, and 3D imaging of electrode positions. Anatomical models of the ventricles, lungs and thorax were created using CT images and supplemented with electrode positions (Figure, Panel A-B). Electro-anatomical structures associated with the His-Purkinje system were incorporated in ventricular anatomical models (Figure, Panel C) and multiple simultaneous activation waves were simulated. Invasive endocardial and epicardial LAT maps were quantitatively compared to iECG LAT maps. Invasive EAM LAT maps were quantitatively compared to estimated iECG LAT maps (Figure, Panel D) using inter-map correlation coefficients (CC, Pearson’s) and absolute differences (AD). Results Mean inter-map CC and AD were 0.54 ± 0.19 and 18 ± 7 ms respectively for the epicardial surface (n = 13). Similar to the RV endocardial surface (n = 10, CC = 0.50 ± 0.29, AD = 20 ± 8 ms) and the LV endocardial surface (n = 4, CC = 0.44 ± 0.26, AD = 25 ± 7 ms). Conclusion(s): Quantitative comparison of the multi-wave iECG method showed overall moderate performance. This novel iECG method provides a physiologically more realistic and more robust estimation of sinus rhythm and may serve as a tool for detection of electro-anatomical substrates and risk stratification. Compared to other available non-invasive ECG methods, multi-wave iECG captures His-Purkinje mediated ventricular activation better. This method might also be useful for the accurate detection and localization of structural conduction disorders. Abstract Figure. Multi-Wave inverse electrocardiography

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЖИДКОСТНОГО ДЫХАНИЯ МЕТОДОМ ПОГРУЖЕНИЯ/ВСПЛЫТИЯ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБЪЕКТА В ГИДРАВЛИЧЕСКОЙ КАМЕРЕ С ВЫСОКИМ ДАВЛЕНИЕМ

The study of liquid respiration technology for the process of immersion/ascent of biological objects in the stand at depths of 500, 1000 and 1500 m is proposed. Safe modes and the depth of immersion/ascent of biological objects are studied. A hydraulic stand and a capsule for immersion/ascent of a biological object were developed and tested. The main characteristics of a hydraulic stand that simulates diving/surfacing to a depth of 1500 meters are given. Safe diving/surfacing modes and maximum diving depths on the spontaneous breathing of the dog are determined. The results of medical studies of the biological object on such basic parameters of ECG, EEG, ultrasound, X-ray, and other instrumental methods of research are presented.

A different cardiac resynchronization therapy technique might be needed in some patients with nonspecific intraventricular conduction disturbance pattern-final results

Abstract Background Current cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) works by pacing the latest activated left ventricular (LV) site. We hypothesized that the greater nonresponse rate of patients with nonspecific intraventricular conduction disturbance (NICD) than with left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern to CRT might be due, besides less dyssynchrony, to the inability of the current CRT technique, devised to eliminate dyssynchrony caused by LBBB pattern, to eliminate dyssynchrony in some patients with NICD pattern, because their latest activated LV site is far away from that in LBBB. Methods We devised a novel surface ECG method to estimate the approximate location of the latest activated LV site based on the principle that the resultant ST vector of secondary ST segment alterations associated with wide QRS complexes is directed 180o away from the latest activated LV site. By measuring the amplitude and polarity of secondary ST segment alterations in two optional frontal and horizontal plane ECG leads and using a software, we determined the resultant 3D spatial secondary ST vector in 88 patients with LBBB and 57 patients with NICD patterns and heart failure. To validate the ECG method, we also estimated the latest activated LV region by echocardiography using 3D parametric imaging and 2D speckle tracking in 16 LBBB and 13 NICD patients. Patients with NICD pattern were subdivided according to their non-overlapping frontal plane resultant secondary ST vector ranges to NICD-1 (n=35) and NICD-2 (n=22) subgroups. Results The resultant 3D spatial secondary ST vector coordinates in the LBBB group were: (x axis: −0.228 mV, y axis: −0.062 mV, z axis: 0.63 mV); in the NICD-1 and NICD-2 subgroups: (x: 0.154 and 0.198 mV, y: −0.198 and 0.162 mV, z: 0.422 and 0.398 mV respectively). Consequently the latest activated LV sites were located leftward, posterosuperior in the LBBB group, right, posterosuperior in the NICD-1 and right, posteroinferior in the NICD-2 subgroups. The latest activated LV region determined by ECG and echocardiography matched in all patients, except 1. Conclusions The latest activated LV site was at the expected position in the LBBB group, while it was at an almost opposite site in the NICD-2 group [22/57 (39%)]. Thus, one potential reason for the unfavorable response to CRT, occurring in approx. 40% of patients with NICD pattern with a QRS duration of 120–149 ms in randomized studies, is that the current CRT technique using a left posterolateral LV electrode position may not be able to eliminate dyssynchrony in these patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Right-to-left T-wave discordance in acute myocardial infarction: A new electrocardiographic sign of apical and left lateral infarction

IntroductionA new ECG method producing Precordial Bipolar Leads (PBL) enables a computerized subtraction of the electrical activity detected by the precordial V1 lead from that of the V6 electrode (V6-V1 PBL). This calculation can also be performed manually using measurements from standard simultaneous 12 lead ECG (SS12LECG) tracings. We compared the magnitude of T-waves generated by PBL V6-V1 (measured by computer) to the SS12LECG V6-V1 T-waves (measured on the tracing) to determine whether these measurements are equivalent. Although Lead I and Lead V6-V1 PBL examine almost the same right-to-left axis, we noted that Lead I and Lead V6-V1 PBL sometimes have opposite T-wave polarities. We investigated this observation further using a database containing control and patient data. Material and methodsRecords of 79 patients and 52 controls from the Physionet database were used to generate the V6-V1 PBL for comparison to manual calculations from the V1 and V6 unipolar T-wave measurements on the tracings. The accuracy of these measurements was validated against the computer measurements by correlation and paired t-tests. ResultsThe T-wave automated and manual measurements in patients were strongly correlated (0.9895), consistent with the premise that measurements from tracings are accurate. The V6-V1 T-wave calculation was positive in 48 of the 52 control subjects. Nearly half of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients had discordant T-wave polarity between Lead I and V6-V1 PBL; ventriculography results on 24 of these patients identified 13 patients with apical and 11 with lateral wall motion abnormalities. ConclusionA discordant T-wave in Lead I and in the V6-V1 PBL is a potential diagnostic criterion for apical or left-lateral infarction.

Prolonged ECG with a novel recorder utilizing electrode belt and mobile device in patients with recent embolic stroke of undetermined source: A pilot study.

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke, but challenging to detect with routine short-term monitoring methods. In this pilot study, we present a novel method for prolonged ECG and screening for pAF in patients with a recent embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS). Fifteen patients aged≥50years with a recent ESUS were assigned to wear an external electrode belt-based 1-lead ECG device (Beat2Phone) continuously for 2weeks (wear time). The device was operated via a mobile phone application in nonhospital conditions. The primary outcome was patient adherence to monitoring. Secondary outcomes were incidence of new pAF, quality-wise comparison to Holter, and usability of the novel ECG monitoring method with Systems Usability Scale (SUS). We also performed a 24- to 48-hr comparison between simultaneous Beat2Phone ECG and a standard Holter in 6 patients. Wear time of Beat2Phone device was over 80% in 5 (33.3%) patients, 50%-80% in 7 (46.6%) patients, and less than 50% in 3 (20%) patients. We detected pAF≥30s in 1 patient (6.7%). In the simultaneous monitoring with Beat2Phone and Holter, there were a total of 817 (out of 1979) analyzable periods of sinus rhythm or premature atrial or ventricular beats (Cohen's Kappa coefficient 0.92±0.02 between Beat2Phone and Holter), and no pAF events. Beat2Phone ECG showed remarkable SUS scores in user evaluations (average score: 81.4 out of 100 on SUS). Beat2Phone device was easy to use among ESUS patients and in optimal conditions provided high-quality 1-lead ECG signal for diagnosing pAF. The study was not registered, as it was a nonrandomized single-arm pilot study.

Silent atrial fibrillation detected by home-monitoring: Cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention in patients with diabetes

ObjectivePatients with silent and undiagnosed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) have increased risk of ischemic stroke. Patients with diabetes have a higher risk of both AF and ischemic stroke compared to patients without diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of silent AF in patients with diabetes in an outpatient cohort and to identify the possible risk factors associated with AF. Research design and methodsThis prospective observational study was performed in the outpatient diabetes clinic at a single University Hospital. We included 217 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with at least one additional risk factor from the CHA2DS2VASc Score for Stroke Risk Assessment in Atrial Fibrillation. The primary outcome was prevalence of AF, with a duration of at least 30 s, recorded by a seven-day home-monitor, external loop recorder (ELR) in comparison to a standard resting ECG. Seventeen patients were excluded due to premature removal of the device. ResultsIn the final cohort of 200 patients the majority were male (58.5%) with a mean age of 66 ± 0.7 years. The mean BMI was 29 ± 6 and patients had a mean diabetes history of 23 ± 14 years with the majority diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (59%). Comorbidity was common with hypertension in 86%, and dyslipidemia in 80%. The total prevalence of silent AF [n = 20 (10%)] or flutter [n = 1 (0.5%)] was 10.5% using the ELR compared to a 0.0% detection-rate in the standard ECG method (p < 0.001). Higher age, male gender, albuminuria, and elevated systolic blood pressure were associated with AF in univariate analyses, but only age [OR 1.14 (95% CI = 1.00–2.04) (p = 0.048)], male gender [OR 4.9 (95% CI = 1.30–18.65) (p = 0.019)] and albuminuria [OR 2.7 (95% CI =1.08–6.98) (p = 0.034) were independently associated with AF. Mean CHA2DS2VASc Score was ≥2 (4.1, SD ± 1.6), and patients with AF were referred to further cardiac evaluation. ConclusionUndiagnosed, silent AF is common in high-risk cohort with a long history of diabetes followed in a University Hospital outpatient clinic. Non-invasive monitoring with ELR enhances detection of AF and identifies candidates for early anticoagulation treatment with the possible effect of stroke prevention.

An Instantaneous Correlation Coefficient and Simplified Coherent Averaging Method for Single-Channel Foetal ECG Extraction

In this paper, an instantaneous correlation coefficient and simplified coherent averaging method for single-channel foetal ECG (FECG) extraction is proposed. The instantaneous correlation coefficient is used to determine the position of the R peak of the measured ECG signal, and the simplified coherent averaging method is used to extract the main information of the ECG signal. The loss of the nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics by coherent averaging is recovered by threshold processing of the residual signal. The FECG signal extraction is performed in three steps. In the first step, the main information of the maternal electrocardiogram (MECG) is extracted from the abdomen electrocardiogram (AECG) signal by means of the instantaneous correlation coefficient and simplified coherent averaging method, and then the noisy FECG is obtained by subtracting the MECG obtained by simplified coherent averaging from the AECG. The second step is to extract the main information of the FECG by applying the instantaneous correlation coefficient and simplified coherent averaging method to the noisy FECG. The remaining signal is obtained by subtracting the simplified coherent averaging FECG from the noisy FECG. Thirdly, the threshold method is utilised to remove MECG residual noise and random gross value noise from the remaining signal to extract the nonlinear and nonstationary information, and the final FECG extraction is obtained by adding the nonlinear and nonstationary information to the simplified coherent averaging FECG. The validity of the proposed method is verified by experiments using synthetic data and real database data. FECG extracted by the method has the advantages of clear QRS complex wave, reasonable enhancement of P wave and T wave morphology, and no loss of nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics.

A New Diagnosis Method of ECG Diseases Based on Deep Learning

The research of ECG diagnosis based on deep learning is a hot topic at present. ECG signals are collected from human body surface electrodes and electrocardiograms are obtained. The research process is to integrate engineering technology into the medical field, reflecting the new direction of interdisciplinary combination. This paper introduces the basic principle of ECG signal and the basic analysis method of ECG. The experimental results show that the application of one-dimensional convolutional neural network is more effective and accurate than the traditional methods. The design of the theoretical method has provided the technical support and theoretical basis for the further study of electrophysiological signals and the clinical diagnosis.

Randomized multicenter study on long-term complications of peripherally inserted central catheters positioned by electrocardiographic technique.

The intracavitary electrocardiogram (IC-ECG) method has been used for the tip location of central venous access devices for the advantage of being safe, accurate and highly cost effective. However, long-term follow-up is rare. This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the long-term complications of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) positioned by the IC-ECG method. We randomized 2250 patients who needed PICC placement to either a landmark length estimation supplemented by IC-ECG positioned group (ECG group) or the traditional landmark length estimation alone group (control group) in a 2:1 allocation. Post-procedural chest X-rays were applied to confirm tip position. Follow-up was performed monthly to six months. Standard statistics analyses were performed with the SAS 9.13 software, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. As evaluated by post-procedural chest X-ray, tip location in the ECG group had a first-attempt success (catheter tip located at optimal position) of 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 90.3%-93.1%), significantly higher than 78.9% (95% CI: 76.0%-81.9%) observed in the control group (p < 0.001). At six-month follow-up, in the control group, frequency of total complications was 9.5%, including the exit site infection (4.0%), phlebitis (1.3%), deep venous thrombosis (1.5%), liquid extravasation (2.9%) and mechanical failure (1.9%). The IC-ECG group had significantly lower rates of complications (6.4%, p < 0.001), including the exit site infection (2.7%, p > 0.05), phlebitis (1.1%, p > 0.05), deep venous thrombosis (1.2%, p > 0.05), liquid extravasation (2.4%, p > 0.05) and mechanical failure (1.2%, p > 0.05). In the univariable logistic regression analysis, ECG method, other diseases and upper arms were the independent protective factors, and the number of adjustment procedures (n ≥ 2) were the independent risk factors of the complications. The intra-procedural tip location by IC-ECG is more safe and accurate than the traditional method of verifying tip location only post-procedurally, by chest X-ray.

Real Time Pacemaker Patient Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things

Daily, the Internet of things is becoming increasingly popular in the field of remote monitoring as well as the increasing number of patients with cardiac pacemakers, especially those who need a pacemaker. In this research, a new method of monitoring ECG has been developed for patients who are implanting pacemakers. the develop system is the ability to transfer of the display screen that exist in the special website (www.thinger.io) by using the Wi-Fi protocol, Also, helping them to transmit their data over long distances and different places in real time depending on Internet objects (IoT). The system helps to transfer the ECG, temperature and the detector of magnetic field across the website to solve the problem of the inability of the doctor to monitor the patient from home continuously, as well as in the case of a doctor in another country. In the end of paper the system will be reliable to display ECG data with 70 beats, temperature with 37.12c and warning in the form of light if a magnetic field comes near the system, which can help facilitate patient follow up after implantation of the pacemaker.

ECG Methods for the Prompt Identification of Coronary Events

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Precordial bipolar leads: A new method to study anterior acute myocardial infarction

IntroductionA new ECG method produces Precordial Bipolar Leads (PBL) generated by subtraction of measurements of Standard Precordial Unipolar Leads (SPUL). This procedure brings new information about time/amplitude mismatch among SPUL, presenting it as tracings and local VCG loops exploring the precordial left-to-right axis on the horizontal plane. In this study, results of V2-V1 bipolar precordial derivation V2-V1 (right to left) and its relationship with the anteroposterior axis are presented. Material and methodsRecords of 37 patients and 15 controls from Physionet database were used to create new PBL and compare between V1 and V2 SPUL. So, bipolar V2-V1 was obtained by subtracting V1 measurements from V2, always having as positive the V2 SPUL and as negative V1. The algorithm used was subtracting, in every millisecond, the voltage recorded by the right electrode from the simultaneously recorded left electrode. Combination of SPUL and PBL can be presented as tracings or local loops, showing detailed information of the electric horizontal plane of the heart at retrosternal location. PBL V2-V1 reflects right ventricle and septal electric activity. ResultsThe new method is able to detect changes in vectors and differences of milliseconds between SPUL and presents new and important information about the right-to-left electric axis. Right ventricle and interventricular septum electric activity can be differentiate in anterior AMI and LBBB. ConclusionTime/amplitude mismatch between SPUL could be the source of abundant and new information about cardiac depolarization and repolarization. As data to obtain PBL and new loops are already obtained in any ECG device that records simultaneously 12 leads, the system can be added to ECG software algorithms without any additional cable or recording work.

Accuracy of CVC Depth Prediction in Internal Jugular Veins: The Difference Between The Andropoulos and ECG Methods

Accuracy of CVC Depth Prediction in Internal Jugular Veins: The Difference Between The Andropoulos and ECG Methods

Promena paradigme za stabilnu koronarnu bolest u hronični koronarni sindromi - novine u vodiču Evropskog udruženja kardiologa iz 2019. godine

Promena paradigme za stabilnu koronarnu bolest u hronični koronarni sindromi - novine u vodiču Evropskog udruženja kardiologa iz 2019. godine

IMPROVING OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION QUALITY VIA OPERATOR SCHEDULE OPTIMIZATION

The functioning of passenger transport systems should provide necessary quality of passenger service. The results of this research have shown possibility to increase the quality of urban public transport via influence on the driver’s state due to the rational schedule planning. The state change patterns of drivers during the idle time on the final and intermediate bus stops were formalized, based on field observations. The following conclusion was made: decreasing of driver’s body stress takes place during the idle time on the route stops. The intensity of decreasing of driver’s body stress is inversely proportional to the meaning of activity index of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time. Consequently, the duration of idle time must be differentiated depending on the value of the indicator of activity of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time, which is influenced by the working conditions. ECG method was used for assessing driver’s fatigue in elements of transportation process. Comparative analysis of driver’s state changes during the different types of idle time shows the comparability of the results of the study. Transportation management experts can use the research results in urban transport schedule planning and monitoring.

IMPROVING OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION QUALITY VIA OPERATOR SCHEDULE OPTIMIZATION

The functioning of passenger transport systems should provide necessary quality of passenger service. The results of this research have shown possibility to increase the quality of urban public transport via influence on the driver’s state due to the rational schedule planning. The state change patterns of drivers during the idle time on the final and intermediate bus stops were formalized, based on field observations. The following conclusion was made: decreasing of driver’s body stress takes place during the idle time on the route stops. The intensity of decreasing of driver’s body stress is inversely proportional to the meaning of activity index of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time. Consequently, the duration of idle time must be differentiated depending on the value of the indicator of activity of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time, which is influenced by the working conditions. ECG method was used for assessing driver’s fatigue in elements of transportation process. Comparative analysis of driver’s state changes during the different types of idle time shows the comparability of the results of the study. Transportation management experts can use the research results in urban transport schedule planning and monitoring.

Электрокардиографическая диагностика сердечно-сосудистой патологии у спортсменов детских юношеских школ

Objective: to evaluate the data of cardiac screening to identify cardiac pathology and determine sports participation among in athletes of Youth Sports Schools in five districts of St. Petersburg. Materials and methods: 9847 young athletes (average age 13.8 ± 4.9 years, 6127 men) were included in the study during 8 months. Clinical protocol uncluded the collection of complaints, anamnesis, family anamnesis, physical examination, ECG in 12 leads. If necessary, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and an exercise test were performed. Results: typical ECG changes were registered in 60.4% of athletes, borderline in 0.05% and pathological in 3.69%. All athletes with pathological changes were excluded from the training and competitive process for the period of in-depth medical examination. In the end, two athletes were not allowed to continue participation in sport (2 with stressful ventricular arrhythmias). There was not any lethal outcomes for the entire period of the study. Conclusions: cardiological screening using the routine ECG method remains the main tool for identifying a possible pathological substrate and assessing the risk of sudden cardiac death. Early detection of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances allow to take measures to prevent sudden cardiac death.