Eating Scores Research Articles

Towards Novel Nutritional Strategies in Gestational Diabetes: Eating Behaviour and Obesity in Women with Gestational Diabetes Compared with Non-Pregnant Adults.

Gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Effective nutritional strategies are needed to reduce BMI and improve long-term maternal cardiometabolic health, but the relative contribution of maternal eating behaviour, a potential barrier to dietary change, has not been explored. We compared eating behaviour in women with gestational diabetes with that of men and non-pregnant women with comparable risk factors, and tested associations between eating behaviour traits and BMI in women with gestational diabetes. We hypothesized that eating behaviour would be unfavourable in gestational diabetes and would be associated with BMI. Participants (n = 417) including 53 men, 164 non-pregnant women and 200 women with gestational diabetes (singleton pregnancy; 29 weeks' gestation) were recruited into three prospective studies assessing weight loss interventions, with similar entry criteria. The three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) assessed uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint at study enrolment. Associations between BMI at study enrolment and TFEQ-R18 (% maximum score) were assessed using linear regression. Women with gestational diabetes had significantly lower uncontrolled eating scores vs. men (53% vs. 65%; p < 0.001) and non-pregnant women (53% vs. 66%; p < 0.001), lower emotional eating scores vs. non-pregnant women (60% vs. 71%; p < 0.001) and higher cognitive restraint (p < 0.001 vs. men and non-pregnant women). In women with gestational diabetes, emotional eating scores were positively associated with BMI at study enrolment (beta coefficient 7.8 (95% CI 3.9 to 11.7), p < 0.001). Women with gestational diabetes have favourable eating behaviour compared with other population groups. Because BMI at study enrolment was associated with emotional eating, nutritional strategies which reduce emotional eating may provide new opportunities to improve long-term maternal health after gestational diabetes.

Sex and ethnic/racial differences in disordered eating behaviors and intuitive eating among college student.

Eating behaviors encompass disordered eating behaviors (e.g., overeating, binge eating, and associated symptoms of binge eating) and intuitive eating. Certain disordered eating behaviors, including binge eating, are more prevalent among female and ethnic/racial-minority college students than male and/or non-Hispanic White college students. However, sex and ethnic/racial differences among college students with other disordered eating (e.g., associated symptoms of binge eating) and intuitive eating behaviors remain unclear. In 2022, 887 college students (Mage = 20.9 ± 2.6 years) self-reported their sex, ethnicity/race, disordered eating behaviors (e.g., overeating, binge eating, associated symptoms of binge eating), and intuitive eating. To examine sex and ethnic/racial differences among these students, we used modified Poisson regressions for students who reported disordered eating and linear regressions for students who reported intuitive eating. Except for overeating, disordered eating behaviors were more prevalent among female [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 1.3-1.8] than male college students after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, whereas intuitive eating scores did not differ by sex. Across ethnic/racial groups, disordered eating was more prevalent among all ethnic/racial-minority college students (aPR = 1.2-2.3) than non-Hispanic White college students after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Moreover, non-Hispanic Black or African American college students had higher intuitive eating scores than non-Hispanic White college students (adjusted β = 0.7, 95% CI = -0.2, 1.6). In our sample, notable differences emerged in the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and mean scores by sex and ethnicity/race, while differences in intuitive eating scores emerged based on ethnicity/race.

Behaviour regulation and the role of mental health in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background and aimsNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in wealthy societies, and is responsible for a significant rise in liver morbidity and mortality. Current treatments prioritise lifestyle interventions, predominantly diet and exercise management, but patients frequently fail to make the necessary behavioural adjustments. The current study seeks to identify those factors which influence patients’ behaviour with respect to adherence to treatment regimes.MethodsNovel areas of interest were investigated; locus of control, behavioural regulation and a range of mental health measures, due to their links to either poor lifestyle choices or abnormal eating as identified in previous literature. Data was gathered using self-report questionnaires, from 96 participants, who were split into three groups, NAFLD patients, non-NAFLD liver disease patients and healthy controlsResultsData was analysed using a MANOVA, and followed up with a Tukey post-hoc test. Three factors were found to be significant by group; cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and SAPAS score (a measure of personality disorders). An association between personality disorders and NAFLD was identified.ConclusionIt is suggested that NAFLD patients are screened for personality disorders and, if identified, treated prior to the commencement of diet and exercise management.

The relationship between food addiction and emotional eating in individuals at risk for anorexia nervosa.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anorexia nervosa, food addiction, and emotional eating. The study was carried out with 395 university students. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT)-26 was used to determine the risk of anorexia nervosa in individuals. Yale Eating Addiction Scale (YFAS) and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used to determine the eating behaviors that may be effective in anorexia nervosa. Digital scales were used for weight measurement, and a non-stretchable tape measure according to standard techniques was used for measuring height, waist, and hip circumferences. In this study, in which individuals at (high and medium) risk of anorexia nervosa were examined, 62.03% were females, and the mean age was 25.21±4.33 years. The mean BMI value was 22.25±3.48 kg/cm2. In the study, 8.35% of people with both anorexia nervosa (AN) risk and food addiction made up 19.75% of the food addict population (p=0.023). The distribution of DEBQ scores by sub-dimension shows that AN risk decreases as external eating score decreases. The group at the highest risk for AN also had the highest emotional eating score (p=0.029). In the multiple linear regression analyses, emotional eating behavior, gender, and BMI were predictive factors for eating attitude or anorexia nervosa risk. Food addiction increases the risk of eating disorders and the most important factor affecting them is BMI. Women were more likely than men to have anorexia nervosa and food addiction. This study informed young adults about food addiction, eating disorders, and anorexia nervosa.

Eating behavior and health-related quality of life among female students attending higher education during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

Background: Female students attending higher education had lower Health-related Quality of Life (HRQOL) scores and their eating behavior, which is a key element of healthy lifestyle, had changed to become unhealthy as a result of the pandemic's mental effects. There has been no study assessing the asssociation between both during the pandemic in Indonesia, especially after controlling for other factors.&#x0D; Objective : This study aimed to assess the association between eating behavior and HRQOL among female students attending higher education during Covid-19 Pandemic.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional online survey with 474 subjects aged 18 to 25. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to assess emotional, external, and restraint eating. HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire, with the subscales Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Additionally, sociodemographic data, screen time, sleep duration, nutritional status, and physical activity were collected. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. &#x0D; Results: PCS was significantly associated with emotional eating (r = 0.279, p-value &lt;0.001), external eating (r = 0.211, p-value &lt;0.001), and restrain eating (r = 0.116, p-value = 0.012). Besides, emotional eating (r = 0.211, p-value &lt;0.001) and external eating (r = 0.172, p-value &lt;0.001) were also significantly associated with MCS score&#x0D; Conclusion: During Covid-19 pandemic, the higher the emotional, external, and restraint eating behavior scores of the students, the higher their physical health-related quality of life. The higher the emotional and external eating behavior scores, the higher their mental health-related quality of life.

Effects of Women's Body Satisfaction, Emotional Eating, and Race on Short-, Mid-, and Long-term Weight Loss

ObjectiveTo improve understanding of psychosocial factors, their changes, and racial differences with implications for behavioral obesity treatments. MethodsWomen with obesity of White (n = 64) and Black (n = 33) racial groups participated in cognitive-behavioral community-based obesity treatment and were assessed on body satisfaction, emotional eating, and weight changes over 3, 6, 12, and 24 months via mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression analyses. ResultsBaseline body satisfaction scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in Black participants. White participants had significantly higher (P = 0.04) emotional eating scores. Significant overall improvements (P < 0.001) in body satisfaction, emotional eating, and weight were found, with weight reduction significantly greater (P = 0.05) among the White women. Weight reductions were significantly predicted by changes in body satisfaction and emotional eating (R2 = 0.12–0.20, P < 0.01). When racial group was entered into the analyses, the explained variance in weight change over 6 and 12 months significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions and ImplicationsFindings suggest addressing body satisfaction, emotional eating, and racial differences by adjusting obesity treatment targets could improve outcomes. Research-to-practice needs include a control group and further identification/elucidation of other psychosocial and economic factors that might affect outcomes.

Intuitive Eating and Eating Disorders Among Adults: A Relationship Analysis

Aim: We aimed to investigate the relationship between eating disorders (EDs) and intuitive eating (IE) in adults. &#x0D; Material and Method: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 200 adults aged 25-55 years were randomly selected. The Eating Attitude Test 40 (EAT 40) and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) were used to evaluate eating attitudes and IE, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics were also recorded. &#x0D; Results: We found 38 participants with EDs and 162 participants without EDs. The IES-2 and its sub-dimensions scores did not differ significantly between participants with and without EDs. No significant correlation was observed between EAT-40 and IES-2 scores or IES-2 sub-dimensions scores. However, a significant negative correlation was found between Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE) scores and age (r=-0.170, p

Eating Disorders in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Background Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease commonly associated with eating disorders especially in adolescents. Objectives to assess occurrence of eating disorders, and its nature, associated risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences in a cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 138 patients were recruited to complete 3 questionnaires;Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) and Eat Behavior questionnaire (ORTO-15) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire version 6 (EDE-Q6) for assessment of any eating disorder (ED). Results Patients were categorized as having an ED according to predetermined cutoff value for each questionnaire. Of the 138 patients, 24 (17.4%) had risk for eating disorders by EAT-26 score, 53 (38.4%) have got Orthorexia nervosa by ORTO-15 and 45 (32.6%) were having a disordered eating behavior by EDE-Q6. Patients with risk of eating disorders had lower mean ORTO-15 score as compared to those without (p = 0.01), and higher mean Global EDE-Q6 (p &amp;lt; 0.001). A significant correlation was found between EAT-26 scores and both ORTO-15 and EDE-Q6 scores, (p &amp;lt; 0.05). As for risk factors, a positive correlation was found between EAT-26 scores and both age (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and BMI (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Also, ORTO-15 score correlated with duration of diabetes (p = 0.0418). Diabetic ketoacidosis, peripheral neuropathy and microalbuminuria occurred frequently in patients with any high score of the 3 questionnaires. Hypoglycemic episodes were reported more in those with high EAT-26 or global EDE-Q6 scores. Conclusion Subclinical eating disorders and abnormal eating behaviors are common in Egyptian adolescents with type I diabetes.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Eating Disorders Among Female Students at Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Survey Study.

Concerns about the incidence of eating disorders (EDs) among university students are spreading throughout the world. In Saudi Arabia, little is known about the prevalence and associated factors of EDs among female university students. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence, common types, and potential associated factors of EDs among female students of Jazan University. Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August 31, 2020, and November 2, 2020. The snowball technique was used to recruit female students via anelectronic surveydistributed in Arabic. The survey collected information about demographic characteristics, and SCOFF (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) scales. Cronbach's alpha for the SCOFF and EAT-26 scales was calculated to be 0.78 and 0.58, respectively, in this study. A total of 566 female students participated in the survey, with a mean age of 22.12 ± 2.93 years. The results showed that 47.9% of participants were at risk for EDs based onSCOFF scores, while 26.5% were at risk based on EAT-26 scores. The most common types of EDs werebulimia nervosaand binge eating disorder. Furthermore, the study identified severalsociodemographic characteristics, including year of study (p = 0.042),college type (p = 0.004), body weight (p = 0.001), and BMI (p = 0.001), that are significantly associated with EDs. However, no significant relationships were observed betweenmarital status (p = 0.103), age (p = 0.147), and height (p = 0.509) with SCOFF scores. Some students reported frequent binge eating, purging, or laxative/diet pill misuse. The study revealed a moderate to high prevalence of risk for EDs amongfemale university studentsinJazan, Saudi Arabia, associated with higher study years, college majors, and body weight and BMI. Dangerous ED behaviors reported by some students signal an urgent need for resources to identify and support those suffering from these disorders. Targeted interventions and services may help address this critical issue on campuses and support vulnerable students in need. Continued research and public health action are needed to curb the spread of these disorders.

Decision tree scoring system to guide selection for consumer preference in sweetpotato breeding trials.

Previously, a lexicon and protocol for quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was established for the Uganda sweetpotato breeding program. The implication of QDA scores for priority sensory attributes on consumer preference should be determined to interpret results efficiently and make decisions effectively. The present study aimed to develop a gender-responsive decision tree to obtain an overall sweetpotato eating quality score to facilitate demand-led targeted breeding selection. It focused on Kamuli and Hoima districts (Uganda) and uses pre-lease advanced clones ('NKB3', 'NKB105', 'NKB135', 'D11' and 'D20'), released varieties ('NASPOT 8' and 'NAROSPOT 1') and landraces ('Muwulu-Aduduma', 'Umbrella'). Including boiled sweetpotato sensory characteristics, namely mealy, sweet taste, sweetpotato smell, firm and not fibrous, in breeding design would benefit end-users, especially women given their role in varietal selection, food preparation and marketing. 'D20', 'NASPOT 8' and 'NAROSPOT 1' were most liked in both districts. 'NKB3' and 'D11' were the least liked in Hoima, whereas 'Muwulu-Aduduma' was the least liked in Kamuli. There was a positive correlation between color and overall liking (r2 = 0.8) and consumers liked the color (average rating ≥ 6 on a nine-point hedonic scale) of all genotypes. Threshold values (average rating on 11-point scales) for consumer acceptability were identified (sweet taste = 6, sweetpotato aroma and flavor = 6, firmness = 3, and mealiness = 4). A regression decision tree tool was created to calculate an eating quality selection index when screening lines in breeding programs using the values. Decision trees that include consumer needs and gender considerations would facilitate demand-led breeding and make varietal selection in sweetpotato breeding programs more effective. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Is restrained eating behaviour associated with pre-pregnancy weight and weight-gain in gestational diabetes?

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between eating behaviors and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and body weight gain in individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 34 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and 50 nondiabetic women above the 28th week of pregnancy. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire was used to assess eating habits. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess food consumption.&#x0D; Results: Individuals with gestational diabetes had significantly higher levels of restrained eating behavior scores (27.11±5.98 vs 20.32±6.84) compared to nondiabetic women (p

Testing replicability of the relationship between weight suppression and binge eating in three non-clinical samples varying in lifetime weight history

ObjectiveIncreased weight suppression, the difference between an individual's highest and current weight at present height, predicts binge eating among eating disorder samples. Less is known about this relationship in non-clinical samples of individuals with a history of higher weight. MethodsLifetime highest BMI was tested as a moderator of the relationship between weight suppression and binge eating in three independent samples (N = 1740). ResultsAt the bivariate level, weight suppression was not associated with binge eating in any sample (p's ≥ 0.20). Lifetime highest BMI moderated the relationship between weight suppression and binge eating in Sample 1 (p = .04), such that greater weight suppression was associated with lower binge eating among those with a history of higher weight (i.e., BMI = 40 kg/m2). In Samples 2 and 3, the lifetime highest BMI by weight suppression interaction term was not significant and dropped from the model (p's = 0.10–0.12). Accounting for age, gender, and lifetime highest BMI, greater weight suppression was associated with lower binge eating scores (p's < 0.04). A meta-analysis combining results revealed a small but significant interaction effect (r = 0.07, p = .02). ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of investigating the generalizability of eating disorder risk and maintenance theories across the weight spectrum. Weight loss may not increase risk for binge eating among those with a history of higher weight. Future work should replicate and extend this finding using longitudinal designs. More research is needed to elucidate which weight loss motivations and/or behaviors are most closely linked to binge eating.

Comparison of salivary cortisol levels between women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and healthy women: a pilot study.

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) has been associated with excessive-chronic stress, eating disorders, and weight loss. A common feature is the increased serum cortisol, but its measurement has many limitations. Currently, salivary cortisol (SC) has been proposed as a more sensitive and adequate index. To investigate the SC alterations through a 24-h period and the possible correlation with the severity of stress in women with FHA. Between July 2019 and March 2021, 12 FHA women and 12 healthy controls of comparable age were included. Psychological, eating, and physical abnormalities were evaluated by applying equivalent validated self-questionnaires. No significant differences were found between FHA women and healthy individuals with respect to morning (8:00 am) serum cortisol and ACTH (522.5 ± 162.2 vs 442 ± 138.5 nmol/l; p = 0.204 and 37 ± 44.8 vs 17.4 ± 10.8 pg/ml; p = 0.186, respectively). Women with FHA had statistically significant higher morning SC compared to control subjects (21.8 ± 5.9 nmol/l vs 12.8 ± 3.8 nmol/l; p < 0.001), while no significant differences were found regarding the afternoon (4:00 pm) and midnight (12:00 am) SC. A significant positive correlation was found between morning SC and morning serum cortisol (rho = 0.532; p = 0.007), EAT-26 (rho = 0.527; p = 0.008) and HADS-Anxiety score (rho = 0.471; p = 0.02). Additionally, a significant negative correlation between morning SC and BMI was observed (rho = -0.53; p = 0.009). Compared to serum cortisol, SC seems to express better the hypercortisolemic state of women with FHA and correlates well with the underlying contributing factors. Larger studies are needed in order to confirm these results and validate the optimal SC cut-off value associated with the development of FHA.

Eating disorders in weight-related therapy (EDIT): Protocol for a systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis of eating disorder risk in behavioural weight management.

The Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration brings together data from randomised controlled trials of behavioural weight management interventions to identify individual participant risk factors and intervention strategies that contribute to eating disorder risk. We present a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis which aims to identify participants at risk of developing eating disorders, or related symptoms, during or after weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. We systematically searched four databases up to March 2022 and clinical trials registries to May 2022 to identify randomised controlled trials of weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity that measured eating disorder risk at pre- and post-intervention or follow-up. Authors from eligible trials have been invited to share their deidentified IPD. Two IPD meta-analyses will be conducted. The first IPD meta-analysis aims to examine participant level factors associated with a change in eating disorder scores during and following a weight management intervention. To do this we will examine baseline variables that predict change in eating disorder risk within intervention arms. The second IPD meta-analysis aims to assess whether there are participant level factors that predict whether participation in an intervention is more or less likely than no intervention to lead to a change in eating disorder risk. To do this, we will examine if there are differences in predictors of eating disorder risk between intervention and no-treatment control arms. The primary outcome will be a standardised mean difference in global eating disorder score from baseline to immediately post-intervention and at 6- and 12- months follow-up. Identifying participant level risk factors predicting eating disorder risk will inform screening and monitoring protocols to allow early identification and intervention for those at risk.

Determination of distress, emotional eating and internalized weight bias levels of Turkish pregnant women

This study was conducted to determine the stress, emotional eating and weight bias levels of Turkish pregnant women. The study sample was composed of 210 pregnant women, who met the research inclusion criteria and admitted to the obstetrics and gynaecology outpatient clinics of Bingol Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Research data were collected between December 2018 and June 2019, using face-to-face interview technique. Personal Information Form, Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale (TPDS), Internalised Weight Bias Scale (IWBS), and Emotional Eating sub-scale items of the Netherlands Eating Behaviour Questionnaire used to collect data. In our study, 47.9% of pregnant women were found to be overweight or obese according to the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) average. Pregnant women experience a moderate level of stress, emotional eating and weight bias. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the weight bias score averages and the emotional eating and stress score averages of the pregnant women (p < .05). In our study, stress, emotional eating and weight bias score averages of pregnant women in the 3rd trimester were found to be higher than that of the pregnant women in the 2nd trimester (p < .05). It has been determined that nearly 1in 2 pregnant women was overweight or obese, when BMI level of the women increased, weight stigma and emotional eating of them also increased. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? To be overweight or obese pre-pregnancy is risk for pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. What do the results of this study add? It is important to inform nurses about the relationship between stress, weight bias, eating disorders, and obesity; moreover, care should be providing with the awareness that pregnant women with obesity are at greater risk in terms of these factors. It is of great importance to provide the necessary training and counselling by nurses to ensure the psychological adaptation of pregnant women to childbirth and the postpartum period. Besides, any disadvantage or disparity between overweight and obese pregnant women in the care process should be eliminated, and all pregnant women, regardless of their body size, should have equal access to supportive prenatal and postnatal care. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It is of great importance to providing training and consultation by nurses on coping with stress and stigma and eating during pregnancy in order to ensure psychological adjustment of the pregnant women to childbirth and the postpartum period, which are at risk in terms of stress, emotional eating and weight bias factors.

The Relationship Between Eating Behaviors and Functional Status in Female Patients Diagnosed with Fibromyalgia

Aim. To evaluate whether eating behaviors of female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome differ from those of the healthy population, what factors affect these behaviors, and whether eating behaviors are effective on patients’ life quality and functional status.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional and observational study included 55 female fibromyalgia patients and 55 healthy female volunteers. All participants were assessed using demographic data, body mass index (BMI), and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Uncontrolled Eating, Cognitive Restraint, Emotional Eating, and Hunger Susceptibility). Fibromyalgia patients were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ).&#x0D; Results. BMI, Uncontrolled Eating, and Hunger Susceptibility scores differed significantly between fibromyalgia patients and healthy volunteers (p &lt; 0.05). In fibromyalgia patients, the TFEQ subscores were not correlated with the FIQ (p &gt; 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the Cognitive Restraint score and age, rest and night pain scores in fibromyalgia patients (p&lt; 0.05). Increasing age was an independent predictor of Cognitive Restraint in fibromyalgia patients (p=0.003).&#x0D; Conclusions. The proportion of overweight/obese patients, BMI, Uncontrolled Eating, and Hunger Susceptibility were significantly higher among fibromyalgia patients. Fibromyalgia patients’ eating behaviors were not associated with their quality of life and functional status. Increasing age appeared to be a predictor of Cognitive Restraint degree.

The Association of Eating Behaviour with Physical Activity and Screen Time among Adolescents in the Klang Valley, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Over the last few decades, the time adolescents spend using electronic devices has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of screen time and physical activity on eating behaviour in adolescents. This study used the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Malay version and the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) Malay version methods with secondary students around the Klang Valley. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. With parents' consent, an online survey was conducted among adolescent school children aged between 13 and 17 years during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. There were 372 respondents participating in this study. The results showed that 99.4% of them had more than 4 h screen time a day, and that 38.5% have more than three devices at home. Moreover, there was a significant mean difference in screen time for console games without a handheld device between male and female adolescents (p < 0.05). There was also a significant mean difference in the emotional, restricted and external eating behaviour scores between male and female adolescents (p < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between physical activity and the time duration spent on a television, telephone and laptop during weekends (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between eating behaviour and time spent watching television and using laptops during weekends (p < 0.05). Based on the moderation model, gender as a moderator variable indicated that there was a significant relationship between screen time and interaction screen time and gender with emotional eating (p < 0.001). Female adolescents had a stronger relationship between screen time and emotional eating compared to male adolescents (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, for physical activity level as a moderator variable, the results showed that there was a significant interaction between screen time and physical activity for emotional eating behaviour (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that screen time was higher among female adolescents and significantly related to emotional eating behaviour. Therefore, the educational sector should emphasise the motivation of adolescents to engage in physical activity, reduce their screen time and eat healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables.

The clinical characteristics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea with hyperandrogenism

Objective: To explore the clinical and biochemical discriminants of hyperandrogenism in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA). Methods: From January to September 2022, a total of 56 patients with FHA group in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University outpatient clinic were included in this retrospective cross-sectional analysis. According to the clinical or biochemical features of hyperandrogenism, FHA patients can be divided into two subgroups, namely hyperandrogenic FHA and non-hyperandrogenic FHA. Explore the differences and its significances between hyperandrogenic FHA and non-hyperandrogenic FHA by comparing anthropometry, reproductive hormones, AMH, ultrasonic manifestation, the scores of eating attitude test, depression questionnaire and anxiety scale respectively and analyzing their correlations. Results: The age of 56 FHA patients was 15-32(23.36±4.90) years, and body mass index(BMI) was (18.91±2.49) kg/m2. The age of hyperandrogenic FHA and non-hyperandrogenic FHA was (21.76±4.40) and (24.05±5.00) (P=0.109) years old respectively, and BMI was (19.14±3.15 )and (18.81±2.18) kg/m2 (P=0.702). Compared to the non-hyperandrogenic FHA, the AMH (6.46 and 3.63 ng/ml, P=0.025) and PRL (278.78 and 149.46 mU/ml, P=0.002) levels were higher in hyperandrogenic FHA group. There was no significant difference between the hyperandrogenic and non-hyperandrogenic FHA group in body composition.GAD-7 (r=0.455, P=0.005) and PHQ-9 (r=0.664, P<0.001) were correlated with EAT-26 scores in non-hyperandrogenic FHA group, but no significant correlation was shown between PHQ-9 (r=0.091, P=0.766)、GAD-7 (r=0.304, P=0.313) and EAT-26 in hyperandrogenic FHA group. Conclusions: Some patients with FHA had clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism and mildly elevated AMH and PRL, with underlying PCOS endocrine characteristics.

Dietary quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes

Objective: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in parallel with maternal obesity. The main components of treatment are monitoring blood glucose levels with medical nutrition therapy and lifestyle modification in order to prevent short- and long-term materno-fetal complications. This study aimed to compare the diet quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without GDM. Methods: This case-control study included 68 pregnant women. Each participant was face-to-face interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, general health information, nutritional habits, and registered three days of food record. Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) were applied in order to assess mindful eating and diet quality, respectively. Results: Mean pre-pregnancy body mass index of women was 27.42+5.44 kg/m2, 66.7% of the gestational diabetes group and 29.4% of the control group was obese. Differences in HEI adequacy subgroup scores between the groups were significant. Mean MEQ scores were 2.85±0.34 and 3.13±0.44 in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and control cases, respectively (r=0.61, p=0003, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that pregnant women with gestational diabetes had lower mindful eating and diet quality scores.

Orthorexia and Eating Attitudes in Health Sciences Students

ABSTRACT Background: The prevalence of eating disorders and orthorexia nervosa has steadily increased and this situation may lead to severe physical, psychological, and social disorders. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and orthorexia tendencies among university students studying in various Health Sciences departments in Turkey. Subjects and Methods: The study subjects were selected from Health Sciences Faculty students. Among the students who accepted the study, 639 people were reached by simple random sampling method. The EAT-40 and ORTO-15 which are validated instruments for the screening of abnormal eating behaviors and orthorexia nervosa respectively, were used as measurement tools. Results: The majority of the students who participated in the study were found to exhibit orthorexic tendencies, and male students had a higher orthorexic tendency in comparison to female students (p = 0.022). More specifically, the students studying in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics had lower orthorexic tendencies compared with the students from other departments. There was no significant relationship between BMI values and the mean ORTO-15 scores, whereas the mean EAT-40 score was found to increase statistically significantly with increased BMI (p = 0.038). There was a statistically significant difference between the departments and classes in terms of mean EAT-40 scores, whereas no difference was found regarding gender. Conclusion: Orthorexia nervosa is a common problem for university students studying in health-related departments. Interestingly, the orthorexic tendencies of girls and students studying in the Nutrition and Dietetics department were found to be lower in this study. It was determined that all students except the Nutrition and Dietetics department had orthorexia tendencies. More comprehensive studies are needed to better understand orthorexia nervosa and healthy lifestyle interaction.