East Axis Research Articles

Analysis of the waters uses of Paraiba River basin with the integration project of Rio São Francisco, east axis, by the multiobjective optimization

This work evaluates superficial water uses in the Paraíba River considering the São Francisco River Integration Project – PISF. Four system´s operation scenarios were considered: C1- considering the current form of the PISF flow transportation (through the river bed), C2- considering part of the flow being transported by pipelines to the water treatment plant of Gravatá, C3 and C4- considering the aforementioned scenarios with and without the water use restrictions established by the 87-th Joint Resolution of the Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA and Agência Executiva de Gestão de Águas da Paraíba- AESA. A multiobjective optimization model, based on sucessive linear programming, was used when considering the period of time from 2012 to 2017, which was marked by severe drought in the region. The system performance was evaluated through the use of indicators related to the meeting water demands and the efficiency of reservoirs. The water losses in river bed and by evaporation in the reservoirs along the Paraíba River were calculate as well as to estimated the financial cost of these losses. The results show that the scenarios considering pipelines would be more efficient, either regarding to the water demand supply or in minimizing water losses. The limits established by the 87-th Joint Resolution limit the efficiency of water uses of the system, so that the use of water without the limits established by the Resolution does not affect priority water use neither the reservoirs performance.

Water allocation scenarios for public supply and irrigated agriculture in the São Francisco River integration project

To mitigate the problems derived from the water shortage in the semi-arid northeastern region, the São Francisco River Integration Project (PISF) is being developed, transferring waters from the São Francisco River to other watersheds in the states of Pernambuco, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. The sustainable management of these flows will be vital to guarantee their uses. This research aimed to evaluate scenarios of water allocation for public supply and irrigated agriculture, in order to assist in the management of water resources and the maintenance of these uses in the upper course of the Paraíba River (PB), East Axis of the PISF. The evaluation of multiple uses was carried out through the analysis of the permits issued for the Poções and Epitácio Pessoa reservoirs in 2019. Water allocation scenarios were undertaken considering the presence and absence of the PISF waters, based on the application of the AcquaNet model. The most significant water demands identified were, in Poções reservoir, public supply (1), and in Epitácio Pessoa reservoir, public supply (1) and irrigation (583). The water allocation scenarios showed deficits in meeting public supply and for irrigation in the simulations with and without PISF waters; however, in the scenarios involving PISF or when it provided a greater flow, these deficits were reduced. The results of this research provide information that contributes to decision-making for sustainable water management and to ensure the multiple uses of water, contributing to the improvement of the quality of life of the beneficiary population.

Systematic Measurement of Temperature Errors of Positive and Negative FOG Scale Factors Using a Low-Precision Turntable

Measurement of temperature errors of fiber optic gyro (FOG) scale factor is important in FOG technology. In traditional methods, the measurement errors of FOG scale factors are greatly affected by the turntable’s orientation control errors. This article proposes a systematic method to measure the positive and negative FOG scale factor errors using a low-precision turntable. The relationship between the inertial navigation errors and the complete inertial measurement unit errors is revealed. A simplified tracking algorithm is devised to obtain the change rates of the velocity errors with lower computation. A measurement procedure is designed, with three groups of π and -π rotations around the east axis of the turntable at each temperature. Observation equations are derived to estimate the positive and negative FOG scale factor errors. Simulation and experimental results show that a low-precision turntable can accurately measure the FOG scale factor errors at each temperature. Furthermore, temperature errors of accelerometer biases, scale factors, and nonlinear scale factors can also be measured at the same time using the rotation sequences and formulas in this article without additional rotations.

Ictiofauna dos reservatórios do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco

Abstract Artificial impoundments are frequently built to mitigate the water scarcity in the drylands such as the Caatinga region in Brazil. The São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer (SF-IWT) megaproject implemented many artificial reservoirs for that purpose. A checklist of fish species from the SF-IWT reservoirs is provided based on samples from eight years of monitoring. The collections were conducted semiannually at 28 reservoirs divided into three groups: the East Axis, North Axis, and Agreste Branch. The SF-IWT reservoirs presented a total of 47 species, 46 were recorded in the North Axis, 27 in the East Axis, and only seven in the Agreste Branch. Characids and cichlids represented most of the species. The three analyzed groups of reservoirs presented distinct communities and the reservoirs’ age, richness and abundance were relevant variables responsible for fish composition. The SF-IWT reservoirs present a diverse and heterogeneous ichthyofauna, typical of lentic environments. The main colonizers of the SF-IWT reservoirs were fish from the São Francisco donor basin, invasive species anthropically released in those sites, and eventual species from the surrounding receiving basins. As the accumulation curves suggested, a continuous effort could reveal additional species, patterns in long-term colonization, and contribute to data on the reservoirs’ future stabilization phase. Since invasive species were present in most reservoirs, along with donor-basin native species with potential to disperse to the receiving basins, a continuous and detailed monitoring is key for management planning and possible impacts assessment.

A Synoptic- and Remote Sensing-based Analysis of a Severe Dust Storm Event over Central Asia

A severe dust storm blanketing Central Asia on 3–4 November 2021 was investigated employing satellite remote-sensing, synoptic meteorological observations, reanalysis and HYSPLIT back-trajectories. The prevailing meteorological conditions showed an intensification of air subsidence over eastern Kazakhstan, featured in a typical omega-blocking system over the region and two troughs to its west and east axis, one day before the dust storm. The prevailing high-pressure system and temperature gradients over Kazakhstan modulated the dominant anticyclonic wind pattern generated from the south Balkhash basin toward the Caspian Sea, causing a huge dust storm that covered the southern half of Kazakhstan and large parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The dust storm originated in the steppes of southern Kazakhstan by violent downdraft winds. Initially it swept over eastern parts and then the whole of Uzbekistan, reaching the Caspian Sea in the west. Meteorological measurements and HYSPLIT back-trajectories at selected sites in Central Asia (Turkmenabat, Khujand and Tashkent) showed a remarkable dust impact that reduced temperature (by 2–4°C) and visibility to below 1 km at different periods, as the thick dust plume expanded in various directions. The extremely high PM concentrations (PM10 > 10,000 µg m–3 in Tashkent) could endanger both human health and the environment, especially in a region suffering from high susceptibility to wind erosion and significant land degradation and desertification. Effective and immediate stabilising measures to control wind erosion in vulnerable areas of Central Asia are warranted.

Ichthyofauna on the move: fish colonization and spread through the São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer Project

Abstract Projects on river basin integration are keen social-economical drivers in dry regions like the Brazilian semiarid, however, there are concerning ecological impacts implied in those projects. In a long-term analysis, ichthyofauna colonization and spread through the East Axis of the São Francisco River Integration Project (SFIP) was monitored to assess possible impacts on the receiving Paraíba River basin. The fish were collected semiannually (2012 to 2021) from 19 sites in the São Francisco (SF) and Paraíba (PB) basins. A total of 69 fish species were recorded, with distinct fish assemblages between SF (n = 50), PB (n = 35), and the SFIP artificial reservoirs (n = 25). The SFIP reservoirs were colonized by species from the donor basin (SF). In a pioneer finding, Anchoviella vaillanti was recorded for the first time in the receiving basin and it is in the process of establishment. The two SF species that reached PB through the SFIP canals (A. vaillanti and Moenkhausia costae) may be using their year-round reproduction and wide diet to successful spread and colonize the new environment. Since we detected species with potential to reach the receiving basin and became invasives, the implementation of barriers to contain their spread are recommended.

APPLICATION OF CONCRETE LOZENGES CHANNELS IN SLOPE EROSION PROTECTION

Water erosion is a phenomenon that threatens not only agricultural land but also road and rail infrastructure. This article investigates the slope stability against water erosion for five embankments situated on the north axis and east axes of the Moroccan linear railroad infrastructure and proposes the use of concrete lozenges channels for slope erosion protection. Using RUSLE erosion model, the assessment of the sensitivity of these infrastructures to water erosion has enabled us to deduct the essential role of water, the type of soil and the slope inclination in triggering instabilities. The new concrete lozenges channel technique proposed by this paper makes it possible to improve a percentage decrease of the soil loss rate by more than 35%. Indeed, the soil loss rate reduction depends on the concrete lozenges channel number. An increase in this number decreases the soil loss rate. For a study case, the concrete lozenges channels were sized to define the number of lozenges necessary in the vertical and horizontal directions of the slope. Important parameters must be defined for this new technique design, namely, the inclined channel section and the ditch section. In fact, the concrete lozenges channel numbers decrease if the number of ditches and inclined channel sections increases. However, the stability of these drainage structures and the project budget must be studied to find an optimal design that considers the quality-price ratio.

On the Annunciation church in Snovitsy

The study of the Church of the Annunciation in Snovitsy was conducted in order to clarify the dating of the monument, to clarify its structural and decorative features, as well as to determine the place and significance of this building for the church architecture of the Vladimir region in the XVII century. For this purpose, a study of available sources, including archival ones, was undertaken. The most valuable source is the materials of the monument survey conducted by specialists of the Vladimir Restoration Workshop before the start of its restoration. In addition to the work carried out by the workshop staff, plans of the temple and its sections were drawn up, which are published for the first time in this work. In addition to studying the sources, a detailed analysis of the structural and decorative features of the monument was carried out for the first time, during which the fact of participation in the construction of a mixed artel of masters – metropolitan and from the Volga region. The features of the Volga architecture were reflected mainly in the decoration of the building, became obvious. However, in general, Moscow features prevail. Some architectural features are extremely rare, for example, the orientation of the main volume along the west – east axis. Unique features were also used in the decoration of the monument, such as decorative inserts in the tops of the window frames, exact analogies to the combination of which have not been revealed at the moment. After the analysis, it became possible to clarify the dating of the temple. The most appropriate date should be considered the 1670s-1680s. The paper also raises the question of the original appearance and the customer of the building. It is necessary to agree with the opinion of the restorers about the reconstruction of the bell tower, the northern gallery, as well as the initial absence of the stone southern gallery. Regarding the identity of the customer, it should be noted that the village of Snovitsy has long been a metropolitan, and in the XVII century it was part of the patriarchal region, which suggests the likely participation of the patriarch in the construction of a stone monastery church. A possible customer could be Patriarch Pitirim (1672-1673), but the main period of construction fell on the time of his successor – Patriarch Joachim (1674-1690), which was reflected not only in the nature of the decor of the temple and its construction, but also in a considerable amount of church utensils of this period. The article also notes the importance of the Annunciation Church for the architecture of the Vladimir region, which is due to the presence of unique features of the monument, the mixed nature of the artel of masters, as well as the assumption of a possible patriarchal order.

Transposição do Rio São Francisco: avaliação da influência do Rio Pajeú na qualidade da água da captação do eixo leste

The Sao Francisco River is a main river that flows through seven states. In Pernambuco, the Pajeu River is the largest tributary and it flows into the Itaparica reservoir. The Brazilian semi-arid region suffers from a great shortage of water and the federal government has implemented two water transposition axes of the Sao Francisco Rivers to minimize this problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Pajeu River on the water quality of the Itaparica reservoir, where the catchment point of the East Transposition axis is located. The water quality data refer to the period from January / 2011 to September / 2014, totaling four collections in the dry period and four in the rainy period. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was developed between the monitored points, where the first two main components explained 52.6% of the total variability. For the most significant parameters, bloxplot graphs were elaborated and the data analyzed. Although the flow of the Pajeu River is not high, with its characteristics of greater electrical conductivity, BOD, COD and nitrate, the contribution of its waters to the Itaparica reservoir tends to contribute negatively to the water quality of the East axis.

Sustainability Ranking of the Iranian Major Ports by Using MCDM Methods

The maritime industry is moving towards a sustainable supply chain (SSC), intending to increase the quality of logistics and make more profit. The sustainability of the maritime supply chain (MSC) in Iran is one of the topics that has not been widely studied. Ports play a crucial role in promoting Iran’s position in the international transit of products, strengthening economic, social, and environmental connections with neighboring eastern and northeastern countries, improving GDP, and promoting the role of the free zone in the national development of the country. Port development is one of the essential elements in the government’s strategic planning in developing and activating the East axis. It has a special priority in line with government policies based on deprivation elimination and improving people’s living standards. This paper considers five significant ports of Iran that are part of special economic zones and studies the sustainability of those ports. In this research, different multi-criteria decision-making methods were applied to solve a sustainability-ranking problem of major Iranian ports. First of all, by using the SWARA method, sub-criteria of loading and unloading oil, pier length, and population obtained the highest scores in economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability, respectively, which shows that they had the greatest impact on the sustainability assessment of Iranian ports. Finally, the MARCOS and CoCoSo techniques were the most similar in all three dimensions of sustainability, and both seemed to be suitable methods for evaluating the sustainability of ports. Furthermore, the implementation of sensitivity analysis and definition of different scenarios for port evaluation and the high efficiency of the MARCOS method were determined in solving the port-ranking problem. According to the MARCOS method results, economic, environmental, and social criteria were all effective criteria in the sustainable development of major Iranian ports and have been largely applied in Astara, Bushehr, and Imam Khomeini ports. Based on the analysis of the results, several managerial insights to make better industry decisions are also revealed.

LANDSCAPE CHANGE WITH THE TRANSPOSITION OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER, IN THE DOMAIN CAATINGA, PERNAMBUCO

Landscape change with the transposition of the São Francisco River, in the Domain Caatinga, Pernambuco.The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of land use and cover and the landscape structure, as well as the landscape structure, of the Directly Affected Area by Integration Project of the São Francisco River with the Northeastern Hydrographic Basins, from the East Axis portion located in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. For this purpose, TM / Landsat 5 and OLI / Landsat 8 images were used, referring to the years 1998, 2008 and 2018, periods before, during and after the transposition, respectively. The land use and land cover classes used in this analysis were savanna-steppe, savanna-steppe, anthropized and / or uncovered area, water resources and agricultural area. Image processing and classification were performed using the QGIS software. Also, studies related to the landscape structure were carried out, using different types of metrics, processed in the Patch Analyst tool, an extension of ArcGIS 10.5. As a result of the analysis of the 20 years, it was obtained that the savanna-steppe vegetation cover showed a 13.86% reduction. However, there were additions in the areas of ciliary savanna, water resources, agricultural area and anthropized area in 1.93%, 0.11%, 0.31% and 11.51%, respectively. Furthermore, there was an increase in forest fragmentation, which corroborated with the results regarding for the core area metrics, which show that there has been a reduction in the size of the fragments and a trend towards the loss of the core areas, due to the edge effect.

Fine-scale population structure in five rural populations from the Spanish Eastern Pyrenees using high-coverage whole-genome sequence data

The area of the Spanish Pyrenees is particularly interesting for studying the demographic dynamics of European rural areas given its orography, the main traditional rural condition of its population and the reported higher patterns of consanguinity of the region. Previous genetic studies suggest a gradient of genetic continuity of the area in the West to East axis. However, it has been shown that micro-population substructure can be detected when considering high-quality NGS data and using spatial explicit methods. In this work, we have analyzed the genome of 30 individuals sequenced at 40× from five different valleys in the Spanish Eastern Pyrenees (SEP) separated by less than 140 km along a west to east axis. Using haplotype-based methods and spatial analyses, we have been able to detect micro-population substructure within SEP not seen in previous studies. Linkage disequilibrium and autozygosity analyses suggest that the SEP populations show diverse demographic histories. In agreement with these results, demographic modeling by means of ABC-DL identify heterogeneity in their effective population sizes despite of their close geographic proximity, and suggests that the population substructure within SEP could have appeared around 2500 years ago. Overall, these results suggest that each rural population of the Pyrenees could represent a unique entity.

DETECÇÃO TEMPORAL DE IMPACTOS EM ÁREAS CONFLITANTES E USO DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS NO SEMIÁRIDO DA PARAÍBA

O semiárido nordestino apresenta irregularidades climáticas e geomorfológicas além da baixa pluviometria, indicando baixos volumes em seus mananciais. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar um diagnóstico de caráter qualitativo dos conflitos ambientas e do uso dos recursos hídricos precisamente no município de Monteiro, localizado na microrregião do Cariri Ocidental da Paraíba, na região do alto curso do rio Paraíba. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os anos de 2014 e 2016 sendo destacados os aspectos físicos e socioambientais para identificação das atividades agrícolas, agropastoris e da contaminação das águas do rio por meio de agrotóxicos e resíduos domésticos. As atividades agropastoris e agrícolas nos anos destacados contribuíram de certa forma para observar o uso de materiais poluentes, levando à contaminação das reservas hídricas existentes na região. Os conflitos mais impactantes, das atividades antrópicas, estenderam-se mais entre o eixo leste onde os níveis de poluentes totalizaram uma área de 16,1 km em relação ao eixo sul do Rio Paraíba, em 2014. Em 2016 a área conflitante teve um aumento de 22,5 km, próximos ao açude Poções, manancial da região, o qual está incluído no Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco, elevando, portanto, o nível de contaminações e perda de vegetação.

Enormous Mass Movements, and Gravitational Tectonics Model of the North Serayu Mountains, Karangkobar Area, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

North Serayu Mountains in the Central Java province, Indonesia, stretches with west - east axis, bordered by Slamet volcano to the Bogor Mountains in the west, and delimited by Ungaran volcano to the Kendeng Mountains in the east. In the north of these mountains there is coastal alluvial plain of Java, and in the south there is a depression zone of River Serayu. Overall geomorphostructures of the North Serayu Mountains form a faulted anticlinorium, which one of its flank relatively dipping to the south. In the bottom part of this ranges are such plastic, clastic, clayey sedimentary rocks, Eocene to Miocene aged. While at the upper portion there is a group of elastic, brittle, massive volcanic rocks, andesitic to basaltic composition, Pliocene to Pleistocene aged. A volcano, called Rogo Jembangan stands over the top of the North Serayu anticlinorium, with two of its eccentric cones, namely Mount Telagalele and Mount Pawinihan, situated in the Karangkobar District. North Serayu anticlinorium with a plastic bedrock, which is overlain by elastic, hard, and heavy rock has created such a tectonic model influenced by gravity. Parts of volcano’s body and volcanic rocks blocks in the Banjarnegara Regency area generally move slowly but surely southward over a giant slip plane in the form of orographic fields. Locally, this gravitational tectonic is manifested as mass slides, glides, and creeps, occur any time in the study area. Orogenetics of the North Serayu Mountains is still on going in line with the active tectonism of the Java island, caused by subduction of Indian-Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate. As long as that is the case, gravitational tectonic will continue to run, and mass movements in the research area will regenerate to happen.

South East Common Sky Initiative Free Route Airspace - implementation aftermath

In a short period since South-East Axis Free Route Airspace (SEAFRA) and Slovenian Austrian Cross-Border Free Route Airspace (SAXFRA) were established, during 2018 these two Free Route Airspace (FRA) areas operationally merged into South East Common Sky Initiative Free Route Airspace (SECSI FRA). Nowadays, SECSI FRA represents a joint venture with the aim of sustainable future development of European Air Traffic Management (ATM). It’s a good example of regional cooperation since it includes stakeholders from six adjacent states and four Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs). Also, successful deployment of SECSI FRA have led to the creation of one of the largest areas with applicable FRA concept. Therefore, that represent a major step towards achieving a 2022 plan - implementation of FRA concept across whole Europe. This research aims to assess deployment effects of SEAFRA, SAXFRA and SECSI FRA and based on quantitative research it provides information on hypothetical question how did implementation of South East Common Sky Initiative Free Route Airspace (SECSI FRA), and its earlier versions - SEAFRA and SAXFRA, reflected on the performances at South East Axis in terms of airspace complexity. In addition, this research is based on the computation of real data obtained from Performance Review Unit (PRU) and it covers period from 2014 till end of 2018. Lastly, deployment impacts have been analysed and compared in relation to other European ATM network’s performances and presented throughout this research paper.

Iraq's future status within the Middle East Axis Strategy

The broader middle east has great importance in the American politics, it lays out future strategies for several considerations, the most important economic geography and enormous wealth, and to Iraq within that region , the lion 's share in the future roles of the agenda, and had a new pivotal role by virtue of its strategic position , Iraq is an international centre of gravity and attraction for many strategic, geographic, cultural and religious considerations, the history of Iraq 's witness a lot of variables, that were the result of overlap and complexity of regional and international interests . It is an important figure in the domination and influence of international accounts , and who dominates this country, controlled by international means, and navigational passages transmitted through the great powers funds to paint a picture of the future of their economies . The American vision towards Iraq took a new direction, especially after the events of September 11 , 2001 . The US strategic interests in the broader middle east has not changed much in decades , despite it different methods , adopted a policy depending on the circumstances volatile , it did not need direct domination of the region , but it also wanted no one else to do so . The best way to achieve American goals was to follow the policy of balancing political forces by dividing the region into divided states with close security ties and interests with the United States of America . The US strategy toward the middle east is based on the two pillars , the first : making the most realistic decision and approaching the highest American interests , and second : out of constants whose main purpose is to serve US interests regardless of the interests of the countries of the region . Iraq is the key driver of American strategy in the region in times of peace and war , even in times of negotiation with neighboring countries such as Iran , Iraq's future status is still drawing and planning within the scenes of the world political theater .

Variation in lineage 2 strain of Lassa fever virus in Nigeria

Background: Nigeria is one of four countries endemic for Lassa fever (LF) in West Africa and harbours three of the four established lineages (strains) of LF. Lineages 2 and 3 occur dominantly in the southern and Northern regions of the country respectively. In the southern region, the South central (S.C) and South east (S.E) axes are most endemic for LF in the southern region. The disparity in complications, morbidity and subsequent mortality (CFR of 30% of S.C cases versus 48% of S.E cases) raised the question; Are there any variations in the LF strains in the SC and SE axes? Methods & Materials: Following the 2014 epidemic with fifteen positive cases in the SE axes, genomic studies elucidating their nucleic acid sequences were conducted in NUITM. A ten year study of nucleic acid sequences of lineage two strains of LF from Nigeria covering the period 2004-2014 gleaned from the GENBANK pool was conducted. To this was added the fifteen positive samples of 2014, totalling 79 LF glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene sequences. Using MEGA 6 software, phylogenetic and BLAST analysis of the homologous identity of all the 79 strains were conducted. Results: Fifty of the 79 LF lineage two strains were of SC origin while 29 were of SE. Three distinct clades of the SE strain were observed and clustered around Nig 05-SE40, Nig 08-04 and Nig 11-186 strains. Diversity among the clades of the SE strains ranged between 18 – 21%. Perhaps there is a new clade developed every three years in the SE axis. The SC strains were essentially of one clade and exhibited good homologous identity of 97-100%. This suggests less diversity of the SC strains than the SE strains. The SC and SE strains strains exhibited diversity of up to 20%. Conclusion: The Lineage 2 strain has four clades, with 3 of the clades belonging to the strain from the SE axis. This may explain the worse CFR of LF cases in SE axes. The SC strains are essentially of one clade. There is need to evaluate for Ribavirin resistance and/or mutation among clades of SE origin

São Francisco river Integration Project, Eastern Axis: losses analysis and performance indicators

ABSTRACT Water scarcity is an old problem in the brazilian Northeast semiarid region and limits the economic and social development of the region. To mitigate negative impacts of this situation, the National Integration Ministry elaborated the São Francisco River Integration Project (PISF). The State of Paraíba will benefit from this project through the East Axis and West Axis water transposition systems’ from the São Francisco river. The Paraíba riverbasin will receive the waters of the São Francisco river through the Eastern Axis, since the project foresees that, from the city of Monteiro-PB, the water will be transported through the bed of the Paraíba river. This type of transport will cause high water losses. The present work analyzes water distribution scenarios in terms of water losses, which were simulated with the Acquanet model. The first scenario simulates the current situation, without water transposition of PISF, and the other ones evaluate different ways of distributing the waters of the East Axis among the Paraíba river bed and different pipelines construction scenarios. The results have shown that the construction of pipelines will reduce water losses and increase social gain, through the increase of the benefited population.

DEMANDA DE ÁGUA PARA IRRIGAÇÃO DAS COMUNIDADES RURAIS ASSOCIADAS AO PROJETO DE INTEGRAÇÃO DO RIO SÃO FRANCISCO

No Semiárido Brasileiro, o Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco, além de suas finalidades principais, fornecerá água para atendimento de pequenos projetos de irrigação que serão instalados em comunidades rurais tradicionais localizadas nas proximidades dos canais adutores. Nesse contexto, o planejamento da irrigação, com estimativas adequadas dos requerimentos de água dos cultivos, é fundamental para o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos aduzidos por esses canais. Assim, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estimar e avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal das demandas de irrigação em 34 comunidades rurais, tanto do ponto de vista dos usuários, quanto do operador dos sistemas de canais, fornecendo, dessa forma, uma ideia da demanda de água necessária às irrigações. As demandas de água variaram conforme a duração do ciclo da cultura e localidade. As maiores demandas de água para irrigação foram verificadas nas comunidades ao sul do estado de Pernambuco, sendo o mês de novembro o de maior demanda. O volume bruto anual para irrigação das comunidades foi estimado em 16,8 milhões de m3, sendo 12 milhões de m3 para as comunidades localizadas ao longo dos canais do Eixo Norte e 4,8 milhões de m3 para os canais do Eixo Leste do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco.

方位にもとづく町名からみた横浜の方位観の生成

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the generation of Yokohama's aspect of direction through studying the relation of between the town name based on Yokohama's direction and the components related to natural, social-cultural or historical elements through analyzing generation pattern of relative and absolute direction. The following is the approach taken to study this matter: (1)Collecting data on the current town names of Yokohama and Extract/sort them according to direction. (2)To grasp how town names are made accordingly to direction, that is, the generation pattern in time. (3)To examine the generation pattern in space which are the relation of town names and urban space's components by visualizing the town name's spatial distribution and relations. (4)To consider the awaking generation pattern of Yokohama's aspect of direction on basis of the above. As a result, the following has been able to be made clear of: (1) There are 1370 town names in Yokohama. Of them, 194 are based on direction, 33 on UP-DOWN of relative direction, 99 on NORTHSOUTH EAST and WEST of absolute direction, 11 on CENTER/CENTRAL, 7 on MIXTURE, 44 on NO DIRECTION. Particularly there were 31 town names including EAST, and the number of combination names were 69. (2) Most of the town names based on absolute direction have rapidly increased since 1969. (3) We have visualized spatial distribution and relations as an arrow using Geographical Information System. As a result, 106 arrows/double arrows were able to be drawn, mostly along the Sakaigawa basin and the former path of Tokaido with most of them having small angular difference. Also, the lag difference between double arrows and the actual axis of four cardinal points of formerly Tachibana county, Kuraki county, Kamakura county are lagged counter clockwise while only formerly Tsuzuki county is lagged clockwise. (4) By combining generation pattern in time and space, we were able to make clear of the following 4 points. 1, The UP-DOWN axis along the Sakaigawa basin and the former main roads most notably the former Tokaido were assembled before the organization awakening of the city of Yokohama, which impact could still be seen as of now. 2, After the enforcement of the municipalism of Yokohama the reorganization of Yokohama as an city urban space that is conscious of NORTH SOUTH EAST and WEST axis is formed at formerly south Tachibana, county, north Kuraki county. 3, From 1939 and later NORTH SOUTH EAST and WEST axis is recognized at formerly south Kuraki county, Kamakura county, Tsuzuki county. 4, East, which is the direction the harbor is at from the areas where town names are named according to direction, can be seen to be particularly focused on.