Eastand West Research Articles

Phenomena of Acculturation: Kinds of Acculturation Between Middle East And West As Seen In The Aladdin Movie (2019) By Guy Ritchie

The objective of this research was to analyze kinds of acculturation between Middle Eastand West cultures can be seen in the 'Aladdin' Movie (2019) by Guy Ritchie as reflected bythe main characters. This research is classified as a qualitative research type using adescriptive approach. The data from this study comes from 'Aladdin' Movie (2019) by GuyRitchie movie and dialogue. Then, in collecting data the researcher used documentation bywatching the movie and reading the script. In analyzing data, the researcher used interactivedata analysis by Miles and Huberman. To find the research's validity, triangulation data andtriangulation source were used to check validation for the data. The result of this researchhas demonstrated that there were three kinds of acculturation such as Syncretism, Addition,and Deculturation which were all depicted in the movie entitled 'Aladdin'.Keywords: Acculturation, Cultures, Descriptive Qualitative

Gender and Domestic Violence in Divided Germany

This article examines the varied responses to domestic violence across East andWest Germany in the final two decades of German division. Specifically, it explores two case studies that were central to addressing violence against women in the home: divorce cases and women’s shelters. Divorce hearings and women’s shelters were both hubs for the discussion of domestic abuse in the two Germanies and provide a glimpse not only into the lives of women experiencing violence, but also into the various stakeholders involved in addressing it. In doing so, it shows how in East andWest Germany, the idealization of marriage was pressed into the service of maintaining families in ways that limited the protection for women experiencing familial violence.

Understanding the summertime warming in canyon and non-canyon surfaces

Urban landscapes, made of unique buildings, pavements, and vegetation, create complex influences on the atmosphere. These influences induce increased nighttime warming and daytime cooling, especially in arid regions. This study compared three types of surfaces, including rooftop, turfgrass, and canyons, in terms of surface temperature and surface energy fluxes. A 68 sq.km parcel in Phoenix, AZ was considered for comparison. The study found that the canyons' land surface temperatures (LST) were 5 °C lower than the rooftop surfaces. The turfgrass surfaces were 4 °C cooler than the canyon surfaces. Moreover, north and south (N-S) oriented canyons were 2 °C cooler than east and west (E-W) oriented canyons. No significant changes were observed in net radiation for rooftop, turfgrass, or canyon surfaces. However, conductive fluxes, warranting nighttime warming, showed higher absorption of 45 W/m2 on the rooftop surfaces, than in the canyons. The turfgrass showed nighttime cooling, as the heat absorption was 210 W/m2 lower than the rooftop surfaces and 165 W/m2 lower than the canyons. Additionally, a 50 W/m2 difference of heat absorption was observed between N-S oriented canyons and E-W oriented canyons. The study concludes that canyons are major causes of daytime cooling and nighttime warming.

Surface and subsurface Labrador Shelf water mass conditions during the last 6000 years

Abstract. The Labrador Sea is important for the modern global thermohaline circulation system through the formation of intermediate Labrador Sea Water (LSW) that has been hypothesized to stabilize the modern mode of North Atlantic deep-water circulation. The rate of LSW formation is controlled by the amount of winter heat loss to the atmosphere, the expanse of freshwater in the convection region and the inflow of saline waters from the Atlantic. The Labrador Sea, today, receives freshwater through the East and West Greenland currents (EGC, WGC) and the Labrador Current (LC). Several studies have suggested the WGC to be the main supplier of freshwater to the Labrador Sea, but the role of the southward flowing LC in Labrador Sea convection is still debated. At the same time, many paleoceanographic reconstructions from the Labrador Shelf focussed on late deglacial to early Holocene meltwater run-off from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), whereas little information exists about LC variability since the final melting of the LIS about 7000 years ago. In order to enable better assessment of the role of the LC in deep-water formation and its importance for Holocene climate variability in Atlantic Canada, this study presents high-resolution middle to late Holocene records of sea surface and bottom water temperatures, freshening, and sea ice cover on the Labrador Shelf during the last 6000 years. Our records reveal that the LC underwent three major oceanographic phases from the mid- to late Holocene. From 6.2 to 5.6 ka, the LC experienced a cold episode that was followed by warmer conditions between 5.6 and 2.1 ka, possibly associated with the late Holocene thermal maximum. While surface waters on the Labrador Shelf cooled gradually after 3 ka in response to the neoglaciation, Labrador Shelf subsurface or bottom waters show a shift to warmer temperatures after 2.1 ka. Although such an inverse stratification by cooling of surface and warming of subsurface waters on the Labrador Shelf would suggest a diminished convection during the last 2 millennia compared to the mid-Holocene, it remains difficult to assess whether hydrographic conditions in the LC have had a significant impact on Labrador Sea deep-water formation.

Historic migration to South Asia in the last two millennia: A case of Jewish and Parsi populations

The South Asian populations have a mosaic of ancestries likely due to the interactions of long-term populations of the landmass and those of East andWest Eurasia. Apart from prehistoric dispersals, there are some known population movements to India. In this study,we focussed on the migration of Jewish and Parsi populations on temporal and spatial scales. The existence of Jewish and Parsi communities in India are recorded since ancient times. However, due to the lack of high-resolution genetic data, their origin and affiliation with other Indian and non-Indian populations remains shrouded in legends. Earlier genetic studies on populations of Indian Jews have found evidence for a minor shared ancestry of Indian Jews with Middle Eastern (Jews) populations, whereas for Parsis, the Iranian link was proposed. Recently, in our high-resolution study, we were able to quantify the admixture dynamics of these groups, which has suggested a male-biased admixture. Here, we added the newly available ancient samples and revisited the interplay of genes and cultures. Thus, in this study we reconstructed a broad genetic profile of Indian Jews and Parsis to paint a fine-grained picture of these ethnic groups.

History of the Silk Road

It is often mentioned that the "Silk Road" was a trade route between theEast and the West. Conceptually, it represents the history of communicationbetween China and the West: goods and merchants frequently travelledalong this route. The meaning of the Silk Road and its formation processand scope of influence has been documented in different records, and hadan impact on academic research in several countries: in the field of researchon the history of China, the study of the Silk Road is a subject that manyresearchers have tackled and discussed. Early historical chronicles have beenanalyzed and discussed as well as documents and unearthed artefacts foundalong the Silk Road; these studies involve political, cultural, and economicaspects. Research has not been limited to China, but has also interested thecountries which were along the Silk Road and those which were affected bythe Silk Road culture. The Silk Road acted as a cultural bridge between Eastand West: it did not only promote commerce but also cultural exchanges.For example, Buddhism, as one of the religions of the Kushan kingdom,reached China thanks to this route.

Radiative effects of ozone waves on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex and its modulation by the QBO

Abstract. The radiative effects induced by the zonally asymmetric part of the ozone field have been shown to significantly change the temperature of the NH winter polar cap, and correspondingly the strength of the polar vortex. In this paper, we aim to understand the physical processes behind these effects using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, run with 1960s ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases. We find a mid-winter polar vortex influence only when considering the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) phases separately, since ozone waves affect the vortex in an opposite manner. Specifically, the emergence of a midlatitude QBO signal is delayed by 1–2 months when radiative ozone-wave effects are removed. The influence of ozone waves on the winter polar vortex, via their modulation of shortwave heating, is not obvious, given that shortwave heating is largest during fall, when planetary stratospheric waves are weakest. Using a novel diagnostic of wave 1 temperature amplitude tendencies and a synoptic analysis of upward planetary wave pulses, we are able to show the chain of events that lead from a direct radiative effect on weak early fall upward-propagating planetary waves to a winter polar vortex modulation. We show that an important stage of this amplification is the modulation of individual wave life cycles, which accumulate during fall and early winter, before being amplified by wave–mean flow feedbacks. We find that the evolution of these early winter upward planetary wave pulses and their induced stratospheric zonal mean flow deceleration is qualitatively different between QBO phases, providing a new mechanistic view of the extratropical QBO signal. We further show how these differences result in opposite radiative ozone-wave effects between east and west QBOs.

The role of the pharmacist in dispensing medication in Adult Psychosocial Care Centers in the city of São Paulo, Capital of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the pharmacist in dispensing medication by conducting cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive research in eight Adult Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) in São Paulo. The pharmacists responsible for each of the dispensing units studied filled out a semi-structured questionnaire about the service provided. Two Adult CAPS units were selected from each of the North, South, Eastand West regions of São Paulo. The central region has no Adult CAPS, and was therefore not included in the study. Most of the respondents were aged between 35 and 40 years and were predominantly female. It was found that half of the respondents performed only 25% of dispensations and few conducted an analysis of all prescriptions before dispensing medication. All respondents contacted the prescriber if any medication-related problems a rose. However, few pharmaceutical interventions were commonly performed. Furthermore, one respondent indicated that all his/her functions in the pharmacy could be delegated to another professional. These findings reveal the pressing need for actions that ensure the ongoing training of pharmacists to enable them to be clinically prepared to deal with patients with mental disorders.

XVII Century Ottoman Chronic “Tarih-I Naima” in Corpus Comparison

An Ottoman prose work (Naima's Histor y) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. Yet at the same time differs from other t exts in some obscure, inexpressive form which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten aswas the chronicle Seyahatname of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi. Corpus approach enables an exact idiolect analysis due to its broad comparison with other texts in synchronistic and diachronic perspective. The comparison is usually based on the data of texts frequency vocabularies and syntax. At the same time, the correlation analysis between frequency vocabularies rank parameters can be used for the sample validation while compiling electronic documents collection (Prohorov, 2002). Such collection (corpus) in total of 21Ottoman prose texts was created for our research on idiostyle of the 18th century Turkish chronicle Tarihi Naima (Naima's History), or in the full name:The Garden of Husayn in the Summary of the Chronicles of Eastand West (Ravḍatu'l�Ḥuseynfi ḫulāsati aḫbāri'l�ḫāfiqa yn), written by the first vakanuvis (state chronicler) of Ottoman Empire Mustafa (1655�1716).While researching his idiostyle, we proceeded from the linguistic view of this phenomenon as deviation from language norm and tried to fix it in empirical statistical way. In our case, the calculation of the Pierson correlation coefficient (R) between rank parameters of electronic documents vocabularies verified the sampling adequacy for created corpus. However, the analogical computation between frequency vocabularies of researched text and documents collection demonstrated lexical deviation of Tarihi Naima from other Ottoman chr onicles. Meanwhile lexicon of selected documents in the view of their common frequency dictionary and according to high lexical closeness between them can be considered as hypothetical language norm of Ottoman chronicles. Method

Inhibitory effect of marine algae collected from the Eastand West coast of India against luciferase andluminescence producing Vibrio harveyi

This study explored the development of inhibitors from marine algae against luminescence disease causing Vibrio harveyi. Organic solvents such as ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol:chloroform (CM) were treated to extract compounds from marine algae such as Skeletonema costatum, Ulva fasciata and Kappaphycus alvarezii. Antagonistic effect of algae extracts was determined against marine V. harveyi. EA extract of S. costatum and U. fasciata at 300 µg showed maximum zone of inhibition (12.6 and 12.3 mm) against V. harveyi. Similarly, CM extract of S. costatum also showed maximum zone of inhibition (8.3 mm). When crude EA extract of S. costatumat 300 µg/ml was used for V. harveyi, the level of luciferase was reduced to three to seven counts per second (CPS) as compared to the control for 4 days as read by luminometer. 300 mg/ml of CM extract of U. fasciata, reduced the luciferase to 3 to 6 CPS. When EA extract of S. costatum at (300 µg/ml) was treated against V. harveyi, the luminescence was reduced 10 to 15 CPS. The CM extract from U. fasciatashowed reduction in the luminescence production (7 to 13 CPS). Considering the cumulative effect of anti-luminescence and anti-Vibrio activities, 300 mg of crude extract prepared from S. costatum in both solvents were confirmed as inhibitory to V. harveyi. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the levels of luciferase and luminescence in all the extracts but S. costatum showed less. This study confirms that marine algae extracts can be used to control luminescent disease causing V. harveyi among the shrimp grow-out system and larviculture. Key words: Algae extracts, antagonism, Vibrio harveyi, anti-luciferase, anti-luminescence.

SUSRET PSIHOTERAPIJA ISTOKA I ZAPADA

U radu se diskutuju kreativni izazovi sa kojima se susreće psihoterapija kao novaprofesija u novom milenijumu. Koncept ega i dva tipa svesnosti su ključni u razmatranjurazličitosti psihoterapijskog pristupa Istoka i Zapada u pogledu lekovitosti terapijskogodnosa. Koncept duhovnosti, takođe. Razmatraju se i različiti ciljevi koji se postavljaju upsihoterapijskom tretmanu, a koji nužno vode i do različitih ishoda. Ostaje pitanje: da li jestvarno susret različitih pristupa Istoka i Zapada moguć, i ,ako jeste, kako se najbolje možeostvariti njihova saradnja.

Multilingualism, visual integration and transculturalism

Can we find different means of communicative visual solutions to aid societies in the development of multicultural global communities? This means not revolving only around a particular language or even human language, but rather the concept and structure of communication. This transforms any kind of sign, body gesture or visual element into a method of communication, not simple phenomena. The aim of the research is to use media art and new technology to establish a better (wide) visual communicative language in multicultural societies and provide a solid bridge between east and west, through in-depth visual/technological experimentation, seeking a transcultural visual solution to the problem of visual integration. Can any perceivable phenomenon become a conveyor of meaning? While language is based very much on common agreements, the way each of us responds to a message can be entirely different. Communication therefore creates diversity from uniformity: the idea of mixing setups of humans and machines (robots, computers, etc.) that are somehow able to communicate. The communication would give rise to some sort of choreography of movements that is synchronized because of the communication but diverse because of different responses to the communication.

Women and Transnational Activism in Historical Perspective by Kimberly Jensen and Erika Kuhlman

 OHQ vol. 112, no. 2 contact, American Indians became addicted to gambling,” and that Richard Nixon “initiated ”the Endangered Species Act (pp.354,358, 359). This could pass as funhouse scholarship if the volume was not cast as definitive and exhaustive. There was a time when The World of the American West would have been uncontroversial ,but like it or not,our field has changed.It is not just that white-centric, victimized-Indian, and environmental-declension narratives now seem simplistic,although that certainly applies to some chapters in this volume; rather, the task of synthesizing a field that may be best described as “post West” (Djon Mundine, “Once Upon a Time in the West—How The West Was Lost,” Talking Stick, April-June 2009) is daunting. The distinctions in that hoary debate over process and place can be overstated, for example, but it is true that the trans-Appalachia and trans-Missouri Wests reveal very different historical processes.While slavery structured events before 1860, the state and corporations were central afterwards. No essay in this volume discusses that basic point even though it has shaped scholarship since the early work of Howard Lamar, Earl Pomeroy,and Malcolm Rohrbough.Social and environmental history are also largely ignored. This work has produced a fragmented sense of the past in which human and environmental experience is situated and polyvalent,yet most essayists still treat gender, nature, and race as unproblematic categories. The World of the AmericanWest is out of touch with the scholarship ,and its attempt at synthesis misses a basic point.Perhaps the most emblematic anthology of western scholarship in recent years is not on the West but David Wrobel’s and Michael Steiner’s Many Wests (1997). By claiming to survey this “world,” Bakken’s volume instead illustrates how parochial some Western historians can be in their scholarship. Joseph E. Taylor III Simon Fraser University Women and Transnational Activism in Historical Perspective edited by Kimberly Jensen and Erika Kuhlman Republic of Letters Publishing, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2010. Notes, bibliography, index. 242 pages. $49.00 paper. This wide-ranging collection of essays explores women’s transnational movements, organizations , and activists from the 1880s to the 1960s. In their wonderfully lucid introduction,editors Kimberly Jensen and Erika Kuhlman enhance the authors’ contributions by drawing out the collective implications of the essays and, not least, positioning the collection in the hammock of women’s history.Jensen and Kuhlman call these essays “case studies” in the distinct genre of transnational studies, and they begin by helpfully distinguishing between “international ” organizations, whose members treat their national affiliations and identities as primary ,and“transnational”organizations,which take shared aims as primary over national identity. (I have paraphrased their distinction in a way that I hope accurately represents the writers’ intentions.) In this collection, the “transnational” label becomes important as it functions in tandem with feminism and shared identities as women. At the same time, the editors acknowledge that few organizations or movements have identified or functioned exclusively as either transnational or international. More importantly , while the authors of these articles share the mission to elucidate aspects of women’s history, their subjects are wildly different not just in age and citizenship, but also in wealth, education,influence,and ideology.This disparity ,as well as the authors’skills and doggedness as researchers, make this a fascinating and provocative book for scholars and students of women’s history and women’s studies more broadly. The volume is organized chronologically, but of course, readers may regroup the essays  Reviews according to their interests. Elizabeth Dorn Lublin’s profile of Mary Clement Leavitt gives her essay first position in the volume; her subject was active as aWomen’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) leader proselytizing among Japanese women, who were receptive to her Progressive-era message following the Meiji reforms. Another set of Western women looking to anAsian society as a broadened field for activism comprised theYWCA, the subject of anessaybyElizabethLittell-Lamb.Likeother essayists in this volume, Littell-Lamb complicates our picture of forty years of transnational activism by making the issues more than just a set of head-butting misunderstandings between East andWest,instead painting a complex picture of China...

From Ankara to Bled Marshal Tito’s visit to Greece (june 1954) and the formation of the Balkan alliance

Tito?s visit to Greece contributed to the Balkan Pact?s transformation into a military alliance. Despite the establishment of Soviet-Yugoslav diplomatic relations in 1953, the Soviet Union made no political move towards normalizing bilateral relations. For security reasons Tito visited Athens (June 1954) to promote Yugoslavia?s military cooperation with Greece and Turkey without ruling out Yugoslavia?s accession to NATO. But the Soviet leadership, fearing Yugoslavia?s involvement in western defense mechanisms, sent the message to Belgrade that it was ready to recognize Stalin?s blunders towards Yugoslavia. Thus, Tito applied a policy of equidistance between East and West and refused to link up the Balkan Alliance with NATO.

Shakespeare and the Culture of Paradox by Peter G. Platt

528 Reviews on the food-related fates ofAaron and Tamora in Titus Andronicus (p. 124). More of a starter than a main course, Food in Shakespeare shows how far feeding and feeling, as Duke Orsino well knew, go hand in hand as well as hand tomouth in the diet of earlymodern drama. This is not rich repast, but its small portions are well seasoned. University of Glasgow Willy Maley Shakespeare and the Culture of Paradox. By Peter G. Platt. Farnham and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 2009. ix+25ipp. ?55. ISBN 978-0-7546-6551-9. Ithas long been acknowledged thatparadox is central to Shakespeare's plays, nearly all ofwhich could be called problematic'. Theirmixed ideological messages, refusal to support any single idea, and general open-endedness are, arguably, what make them a source of continued interest and debate. As Norman Rabkin once claimed, polyvalence and polysemy are implicit governing principles inmany of the greatest works of literature.What is less known, however, is that Shakespeare's use of paradox is informed by and representative ofwhat Peter Platt terms 'theRenais sance culture of paradox. Adopting a New Historicist approach, Platt successfully situates Shakespearian paradox within the context of an age thatwas fixated with the unexpected, the uncertain, and the contradictory. The first chapter, '"New, Straunge, Incredible, and Repugnant to the Opinion of the Hearer": The Power of the Paradox in Early Modern Culture', highlights the chief versions of paradox that concerned (and often delighted) Renaissance thinkers: the literary-rhetorical and logical versions?whose roots are primarily classical?and the Christian versions. This chapter also discusses the effectiveness ofparadox as a political tool and itsability to 'transform themind' (p. 12). Claiming that critics of Shakespeare have not sufficiently recognized the power of paradox, Platt is of the opinion that paradox is connected more to activity than passivity (p. 15). He thereby positions himself against scholars, such as Gary Taylor, who consider paradox as ultimately paralysing and ineffectual. After setting the historical scene (Piatt's grasp of history and his extensive use of non-literary material is one of the book's main strengths) and outlining his theoretical standpoint, Platt goes on, in the following three chapters, to look at specific 'sites' of paradox: Venice; equity law and its courts; and the Shakespearian stage. In theVenice chapter Platt examines Renaissance accounts of Venice that establish itas a liminal space between East andWest, land and sea, Protestant and Catholic, before reading TheMerchant of Venice's and Othello's epistemological, ontological, racial, and sexual complexities through Venice's symbolic geography (p. 58). He then focuses attention on the complex issue of equity which led to the paradoxes surrounding legal judgement in Measure forMeasure and TheMerchant. As a law that appreciates the shifting, restless, and paradoxical nature of theworld, equity ends up, ironically, justifying rather thanmitigating the use of strict justice inboth plays. Piatt's last chapter, '"Double Dealing Ambodexters": The Paradoxes of Playing', MLR, 105.2, 2010 529 is almost twice as long as the preceding ones and by far themost ambitious. In it,he takes on themammoth task of examining the paradoxes of performance: the duality of the actor; the paradox of the boy actor; and the paradox of the relationship between audience and player. The Henriad and Hamlet are summoned in an exploration of the paradox of the actor in particular, while TwelfthNight and As You Like It are pivotal to Piatt's discussion of the boy actor and the paradoxes of gender identity.And finally, The Winters Tale and The Tempest are invoked in his analysis of the audience's encounters with the paradoxes of the stage: many antitheatricalists feared, after all, thatviewers could become what they saw, could be both spectator and actor. One suspects that the subject of Piatt's last chapter requires book-length study itself, for it is impossible to do it justice within the scope of sixty-eight pages. Despite this one criticism, this is a stimulating and enjoyable read as well as an important reappraisal of Rosalie L. Colie's Paradoxia Epidemica: The Renaissance Tradition ofParadox (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966) in the light of post-structuralism. Queen's University Belfast Adele Lee The Key of Green...

Women Writing Greece: Essays on Hellenism, Orientalism and Travel by Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Efterpi Mitsi

MLR, 105.2, 2010 509 Women Writing Greece: Essays onHellenism, Orientalism and Travel. Ed. byVassi liki Kolocotroni and Efterpi Mitsi. (Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 118) Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. 2008. 257 pp. 52. ISBN 978-90-420-2481-6. The basic successful claim of the eleven contributions gathered in this volume is thatGreece in themodern period has and has had the potential to complicate our notions of colonial and postcolonial writing patterns and their academic study. The long-drawn-out establishment of the new Greek nation state in the 1820s and 1830s, a process especially rich in complexity when itcomes tonegotiating Greece's position on amovable spectrum between several imperial spheres of influence, East andWest, allowed Greece as a distinct site of travel to offernew commentary on questions of travel, writing, and empire: 'Women travellers in Greece find this ambiguity [of the nation] particularly compelling, and, as this collection of essays illustrates, they observe and respond to the actuality of "new Hellas" in distinct ways' (p. 5). The assumption is that travelwriting, especially when arising from an imperial context, is linked to amasculine gender position of the traveller's superiority that inpractice may well be complicated and engage with 'feminization', of the traveller asmuch as of the other who is encountered, innew and subtle ways?a theoretical nexus that is explored especially in the contributions of EfterpiMitsi and Vassiliki Markidou dealing with Elizabeth Craven and Hester Stanhope respectively, as well as Christina Dokou's piece on theAustralian writer Gillian Bouras. Aside from the traveller's superiority, it is the link between Hellenism and nor mative gendered assumptions about civilization, Europeanness, and itsorigins that makes Greece such a privileged site for the scholars gathered here.While this is an important point (Maria Koundoura's contribution isparticularly fineas it links that theme to specific notions of literary realism), there is also a risk in some contributions of isolating and praising some of thewoman travellers' ambivalent statements about Greece and their 'eccentric writing' as a form of feminist em powerment and critique avant la lettre:the discourse ofHellenism itself in relation tomodern Greece is a complex one, and descriptions ofGreece that seem to defy an assured traveller's stance or focus on the alienation provoked by an encounter with Greece often have just asmuch precedent inmale travelwriters. One of thebenefits of thevolume is certainly itschronological rangewell into the twentieth century, including pieces on travellingwomen scholars of themodernist era (Martha Klironomos), theAmerican reformer Eva Palmer (Artemis Leontis), the contemporary writer Gillian Bouras (Dokou and Helga Ramsey-Kurz), as well as comparison between theAmerican writer and poet Patricia Storace (who is, in a nicely Freudian slip of proof-reading, renamed Penelope Storace in the introduction) and the East German writer Christa Wolf (Asimina Karavanta). At the same time, one of the greatest paradoxes of the book is the gap that remains between, on the one hand, a sophisticated, theoretical appeal to the 'no madic' strategies which many of thewomen presented here explored in order to 510 Reviews face, to sustain, and to articulate otherness, including their own, and, on the other hand, a strict adherence to a by now very well-established set of critical termino logy and arguments on gender, imperialism, and travelwriting, thatmakes many of the contributions seem like a conclusion, rather than an invitation to new work on women writing Greece. Princeton University Constanze Guthenke La Reception de Shakespeare en Allemagne de 1813 d 1850: propagation et assimi lation de la reference etrangere. By Christine Roger. (Theatrica, 24) Bern: Peter Lang. 2008. xxx+488 pp. 80.30. ISBN 978-3-03910-422-2. Christine Roger startsby asking the rhetorical question why anyone should want to concentrate on the critical reception of Shakespeare inGerman-speaking Europe during a period which on the surface looks like a time of dearth after thehighlights of the eighteenth century. The answer lies in thedensity and vitality of the reception during a time of complex transition. The focus of the book is at times extended to take in the years before 1815 (especially in respect of translation) and the second half of the nineteenth century (especially in relation to publication history), but its originality...

Im erinnerungspolitischen Sog. Debatten um die Erinnerung an Flucht, Vertreibung und die Ostgebiete im geteilten Deutschland

Memories of the forced migration of Germans at the end of Second World War and the history of former German territories in Eastern Central Europe have been the subject of lively discussion both among academics and the general public. This study examines the political controversies surrounding the memories of flight and expulsion in the divided Germany of the 1950s and 1960s. How did the balance of forces within the ‘politics of memory’ shift? Which side, at what time, could claim to be winning the battle of opinion? In its analysis, the study takes as its two principal examples the Landsmannschaft Schlesien (Organisation of Expellees from Silesia, LS) and the Helmut-von-Gerlach-Gesellschaft (Helmut von Gerlach Society, HvGG, a society promoting German-Polish rapprochement). In its interpretation of history, the LS emphasised a purely German character of the Eastern territories and the coercive nature of the migration. By contrast, the HvGG’s interpretation stressed the social conflicts (class struggle) in the Eastern territories between a minority: German capitalists, and the majority: Polish workers, and talked of an orderly resettlement of the Germans. From the manifold and complex past, both LS and HvGG deliberately chose suitable examples which could be used as arguments in the dispute over the Oder-Neisse border. There arose an undertow in the politics of memory: those arguments which pointed to the German character of the Eastern territories and to forcible expulsion were used by the LS as arguments against the Oder-Neisse border. By contrast, all those aspects which indicated social conflict in the Eastern territories, were used by the HvGG as an argument for the Oder-Neisse border. In the initial period following 1945 the LS and the other expellee organisations could claim to be winning the battle of historical interpretation. From 1956/57 onwards the expellee organisations were gradually obliged to retreat, as a relaxation in international tension together with the light shone by judicial and academic investigations on Nazi Crimes cast doubt on the expellee organisations’ view of history and their demands for a revision of the border. The HvGG in its influence was, however, unable to gain all the ground from which the LS had retreated. Its interpretation of history was simply to remote from the personal experiences of many refugees and expellees. In addition, more and more Germans, both in East and West (particularly in the rising generation), increasingly displayed indifference to the memory of German history in Eastern Europe.

Reden vom Ende: Studien zur kulturellen Selbstbeschreibung in der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur by Edgar Platen

MLR, 104.1, 2009 283 Clearlythis volumepresents a variety ofviewsonReinhardJirgl, and itraisesas manyquestionsas itanswers. Indoingso,however, it provides uswithnewanden lightening analyses ofJirgl's texts, someof whicharesignificant inpointing towards optimistic elements withintheoft-noted pessimism ofhiswork.Thispublication offers essentialinsight intoJirgl's work,both thematically and structurally, and is highlyrecommended toall thoseinterested in thefield ofcontemporary German literature. BANGORUNIVERSITY ANNA SAUNDERS RedenvomEnde:Studien zurkulturellen Selbstbeschreibung inderdeutschen Gegen wartsliteratur. By EDGAR PLATEN. Munich: iudicium. 2006. 196 pp. ?20. ISBN 978-3-89129-925-8. EdgarPlatenisanexpert on all things liminal, aswellasbeingresponsible for a four volumeseries entitled'Darstellung vonZeitgeschichte indeutschsprachiger Gegen wartsliteratur' (Munich:iudicium, 2000-07). InRedenvom Endehe turns hisatten tiontoaparticular kindof,andqualityin, boundaries. And theexamples headduces arebyReinhard Lettau, Gunter Grass,KatjaLange-Muller, andGerhard Knopf Inhis invaluable'Vorbemerkung' hebrings hisownwise transnational perspec tivetobearon theterminal rhetoric sobelovedofcommentators on contemporary German literature.He is able to show that the rhyme of 'Ende' and 'Wende' is a merelylocalphenomenon, andonemoreoverthatisnot restricted totheevents of 1989and following. Themuch-vaunted'endofhistory'isseen inall itshistorical contingency and reimagined forthe German contextas a leave-taking fromthe generation of theeyewitnesses; a jostling for control overdiscourse;a disaffection withperiodization andwith standard assumptions about therelationship between politicsand culture; and a gradualtransition ofa relatively familiar (anddecidedly anti-apocalyptic) kind.Ina similar vein,the plethora ofaftermaths sooften evoked inour fortuitously millenariancontextiseffectively reducedto twofigures whose long pedigrees areproperly stressed: thesimulacrum and the hybrid. The texts singled outfor specialstudy havebeencarefully chosentoexemplify and amplify thepoints made in theintroduction. Lettau'sZur FragederHimmelsrich tungen, datingsignificantly from 1988,demonstrates theabsurdity ofanyrhetoric predicated on a distinction between East andWest, andwith itthe ColdWar, the Wende, and thatversion of history ofwhich Francis Fukuyama posited the putative end. The laterwork of Gunter Grass is seen as valetudinarian not only in a way appropriate to the generation of fathers and grandfathers, but also in a broader politicalandaesthetic sense. ZungezeigenandTotes Holz areshowntobeprogram maticallyhybrid, enactinga silence which iscompounded of theineffable and the unspeakable. With Grass,moreover, Platenintroduces a form of finality oddlynot theorized inhis introduction: thegradualor threatened destruction byhumanity of itshabitat and its future through pollution or nuclear fallout. Lange-Muller's Die Letzten, setinanEastGermanprintworks, articulates both Norbert Bolz's 'Ende der 284 Reviews Gutenberg-Galaxis' andan 'Abschied vonderDDR', butalso a lossoffixed identities underglobalization and thecontingency of textitself. And finally Knopfs Piranesis Traumfittingly etches outfor us the endofendingsinaworldofimagined simulacra. Platen,though, neverreducesthesetexts tothestatus ofmere examples.Instead he analysesthem on their own terms, evenat therisk ofoccasionallyseemingto losesight ofhisnarrower end.Hence this book canbe recommended notonlyto thoseintrigued by itsculture-historical theme, but also to those with a particular interest inanyor allof theauthors discussed. QUEEN MARY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON ROBERT GILLETT Briickenschlage: DDR-Autorenvorund nachderWiedervereinigung. ByASTRID KOHLER. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht. 2007. 255 PP. ?29.90. ISBN 978-3-525-20853-3. This isa study that has taken Wolfgang Emmerich's plea forthe'Wahrnehmung von DDR-Literatur alsLiteratur'(Kleine Literaturgeschichte derDDR (Leipzig: Kiepen heuer,1996),P. 27) toheart. A volumeexploring prose texts pennedbothbefore and after theWende by seven of theGDR's more 'unbequem[ ]' (p. lo) authors, it rejects a politically situated reading of their work infavour ofone premissed upon theautonomy ofaesthetic endeavour. The resultisa studythatestablishes literary continuities whichKohlerclaimsbridgeanysocio-political changesthatthereader may associate with the demise of theGDR. Be it the questions thather authors ask, or thenarrative strategies they use,Bruickenschlage positions GDR writersas agents inanongoing'Gesamtwerk' (p.17),boththeir ownand that ofGDR literature more broadly. As thetitle of the volumeindicates, theauthors consideredinthisstudy(Christa Wolf,Klaus Schlesinger, UlrichPlenzdorf, Irina Liebmann, Christoph Hein,Angela Krauss,andKerstin Hensel)may havebegun their publishing careersduringthe lifetime of the GDR, but they have,inaddition,foundsuccess withinunified Ger many.Thevolumeisstructured chronologically (accordingtoageofauthor ordate offirst publication), witheachchapter also offering 'Langsschnitte' (p. 16) through thework of each writer. Given the biographies of several of the study's authors, a number ofthechapters have muchgroundtocover.In thecaseof Wolf,for example, almostthirty years of writing published duringthe GDR, together with twelve years ofpost-Wende work,aredealtwith infewer thanthirty pages.Thus,althoughthe volume'sscope is impressive, somepreparatory reading may be necessaryforthe readerlessfamiliar with thetexts orauthors considered. In summarizing thevolume'sfindings, twokeydynamicsemerge:at a chapter level, Kohler identifies what she terms the'wiederkehrend[e] AblaufeundGrund strukturen' (p.213) that bind thepre-andpost-Wende workofherauthors. Texts arepositionedas linked, forexample, by recurring thematic preoccupations(e.g. Hein's 'Zivilisationskritik' (p.214)); bycharacterization (e.g.Plenzdorf...

Comparative assessment of five methods of determining sap flow in peach trees

Five different methods of determining sap flow (SF), three based on heat pulse (compensation heat pulse, New Zealand—cHP–NZ; compensation heat pulse, Greenspan/Australia—cHP–G (South oriented), and cHP–G–EW (East and West oriented, average); non-compensation heat pulse, Ariel/Israel—ncHP), one based on stem heat balance (Dynamax/USA—SHB), and another based on heat dissipation (Granier/France—HD) were compared in an experiment performed on peach trees in Northeast Spain. Two irrigation treatments (drip-irrigated) were applied: a control and a stress treatment, the latter consisting of withholding water from day 190 to 199. Between 1 and 3 different systems were installed in some trees of both, the control and stress treatments. All the techniques reflected the evolution of water stress in the stressed trees with a very similar tendency and in agreement with the evolution of predawn water potential ( Ψp). Ψp correlated well with sap flow (SF) determined with all the systems ( r 2 > 0.65) in the stress treatment, indicating that all the SF techniques detected changes in tree water status. The cHP–NZ system was the first to detect a SF reduction through the outer xylem vessels, as a response to water withholding. In control trees, daily SF rates provided by the three heat pulse and heat balance methods were well correlated with ETo and somewhat less with global radiation; all regressions improved on an hourly basis. Daily pattern and magnitude of mean SF rates monitored by the three heat pulse systems were quite similar in control trees. This was reflected by high regression coefficients when compared with each other. Higher SF rates recorded by ncHP methods in comparison with cHP–G and cHP–NZ might be attributed to technical limitations and to different sensor orientation. In an accompanying experiment, substantial differences between East and West location of the cHP–G sensors were observed, but when taking the mean value of those daily SF rates, differences between ncHP and cHP–G–EW were lower. Mean monthly crop coefficients, calculated by using SF data computed with ncHP method and soil evaporation as determined with microlysimeters, were 0.64 in July and 0.67 in August. SF systems can be used to detect plant water stress related to control, and might be useful for irrigation scheduling based on plant water status. The SF techniques analysed showed potential to better determine actual plant water necessities than other traditional methods, but a preceding calibration is needed.

Nation and Gender in Contemporary Europe by Vera Tolz , Stephanie Booth (review)

192 SEER, 86, I, 2008 Tolz, Vera and Booth, Stephanie (eds). Nation and Gender in Contemporary Europe.Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, 2005. viii + 190 pp. Notes. Appendix. Index. ?55.00. This book consists of an introduction and chapters on 'Political Aspects: East andWest' and on 'ImageManipulation: Media, Advertisements and Cinema', conclusions and a speech delivered by Ch?rie Booth QC on British human rights legislation on immigration, gender and identity.The writers are from theUK, Switzerland, Poland and Russia. The analysed countries are France, theCzech Republic, Switzerland, Romania, Soviet and post-Soviet Societies, Poland and Northern Ireland. Here I focus on the chapters that deal with citizenship and nationality. There are, additionally, three interesting articles on media and cinema in Poland and Northern Ireland. In the introduction Vera Tolz and Stephenie Booth suggest that the significance of connections of nationalism with the formation of democratic states is often ignored. Gender is usually taken for granted, even though it is centrally implicated in political systems.A comparative approach isdeployed in order to demonstrate that democracy and nationalism are linked in gen dered ways. The positions ofwomen and men diverge historically, politically and culturally. Both civic and ethnic visions are encompassed in national communities. The main focuses include ways inwhich gender is incorporated in the creation of nation states and the political processes. SylviaWalby notes that the formation of nations isbased on gender relations.Walby emphasizes that women are active participants in national struggles ? not merely objects. She also notes that gender is implicated in various locations including the global arena. Gender and citizenship have acquired particular inflections in France in the context ofwider debates about the political agenda, as Gill Allwood argues. She discusses the concept of parity that refers to the equal presence of women and men in state institutions. In this context gender is represented as a binary that cannot or should not be overcome. There have been concerns in France that sexual difference is difficult tomaintain in the public sphere, and the entry into that sphere dilutes such differences. This notion of citizen ship eludes gender, and it is considered problematic for this reason. Addition ally, diversity among women is not easy to take into account in this model. For example it isdifficultformigrant women to be integrated into society. Stephanie Booth presents a comparative analysis of Britain and theCzech Republic and examines differentways of including women. Whilst Britain provides an example of state-framed nationalism, the Czech Republic is characterized by a counter-state nation building project. In thiscontext Czech women opted for a strategy that emphasized gender as a tool for emancipa tion. Women were seen as potential saviours of the nation and feminism had littleplace in this formation. British feminists have discussed differences between women and men, but have also considered differences among women, such as social class, ethnicity and sexuality. In the Czech Republic the interests of the state were emphasized, whilst in Britain gender roles were considered to be socially ascribed rather than natural. REVIEWS I93 Swiss patterns are analysed by Regula Ludi, who notes that Switzerland has a strong image as a particularly democratic country whilst at the same time the integration ofwomen into the polity has been thin.Military service is one arena where differences are produced and the protection of women is considered important ? the purpose ofwelfare provision is to protect them rather than to promote their independence. Ludi suggests that events during the Second World War produced a particular kind of trauma, as men had not been able to protect women who suffered from the violence of thewar and were subjected to rape. Although institutionalized gender differences no longer prevail, in the cultural sphere the legacy of themasculine construction of the state is still associated with male citizenship. In Romania the nation has many pasts, as Christina Chiva demonstrates. The tension has been that the idea of a 'Romanian' is linked to nationality and to ethnicity rather than to a more inclusive conceptualization of citizen ship that could facilitate the inclusion ofwomen and minority ethnic groups. Women's campaigning for universal suffrage was not successful and was accomplished by the Communist regime only after the Second World...