Early Twentieth Century Research Articles

FROM OBSERVERS TO PARTICIPANTS: SINO-MUSLIM INTELLECTUAL’S ENGAGEMENT WITH THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

This paper aims to shed light on the evolving perception of the Sino-Muslim intellectuals on Pan Islamism as they engaged with the Islamic world. Scholarly literature examining the relationship between Sino-Muslim intellectuals and the Islamic world often discusses the role of Chinese Azharites in the 1930s. However, the engagement of Sino-Muslim intellectuals with the Islamic world prior to the emergence of Chinese Azharites is rarely explored. This paper aims to address this gap by examining the process of Sino-Muslim intellectuals’ engagement with the Islamic world in the early twentieth century, using magazines, books and travelogues published by Sino-Muslim intellectuals and official archives as primary sources. It argues that their level of engagement with the Islamic world depends on their acceptance of Pan-Islamism, an idea that emerged in the late nineteenth century advocating for the political unity of the Islamic world. Notably, the engagement of Sino-Muslim intellectuals with the Islamic world was not always as harmonious. Prior to the end of World War I, most Sino-Muslim intellectuals were sceptical of the idea of Pan-Islamism, which hindered the relationship between Sino Muslim communities and governments. Nevertheless, after World War I, thanks to the efforts of certain Sino-Muslim intellectuals, they not only embraced this idea but also actively participated in various issues in the Islamic world.

Дореволюционные историографические источники об административно-правовой интегра-ции Северного Кавказа к России во второй половине XIX – начале XX вв.

The article examines the legality of using pre-revolutionary authors’ works not only as historical but also as historiographical sources, drawing on materials from Russia’s administrative and legal policy in the North Caucasus in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This approach opens up new avenues for extracting information from previously known scientific works, because, in addition to data on the topic under study, the historiographer considers the au-thor’s personality, level of education, intelligence, literary quality of the text, the goals of the arti-cle or book, the concepts defended, the ideological positions of the publication/publisher’s edito-rial board, and so on. This approach expands the informative significance of the publications un-der study, helps to comprehend their place among other works on the research topic. The article assesses the study’s core concept – “historiographical source” – in regional and all-Russian historiography. The analysis of the potential of the materials presented in pre-revolutionary historiography allows the entire corpus of historiographical sources to be divided into several hierarchical groups: monographs (books), collections of documents, articles summa-rizing works, reviews, obituaries, reference materials, documents of local lore organizations, and so on. This article employs certain categories of historiographical sources. The viewpoint on dividing the pre-revolutionary periodical press into two major trends: of-ficially protected and liberal democratic. The contribution of the most prominent scientists and local historians to the development of a historiographical tradition on the investigated topic is evaluated. Materials from the pre-revolutionary periodical press are revealed, containing infor-mation about the evolution of views and scientific concepts of a number of authors, which deter-mine the sound of the problem under discussion, bear the imprint of time, and allow a closer look at the flavor of the era under study.

Chains of Currency: Manilla Money Bracelets, Early Modern Africa and the Ties That Bind

Manilla money bracelets emerged during the early modern period (ca. fifteenth century AD) as a form of currency between western Europe and West Africa, and continued to circulate until the early twentieth century. While there has been little formal scholarship on manillas, narratives abound: some histories cast the bracelets as the blood money of the transatlantic slave trade; others highlight them as the copper source used to make the Benin Bronzes; and still others uphold the manilla as a symbolically important West African cultural object in and of itself. This study begins with a history of the manilla, from its rapid proliferation to its eventual obsolescence. The term “metastasizing symbol” is proposed to describe objects like the manilla, whose propagation is underwritten by unsustainable systems of cultural difference, and thereby contains within itself the seeds for the object’s transition to disuse. The authors also describe a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis of nine manilla bracelets from the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG). When compared to manilla composition data from previous studies and projected into PCA space, the nine YUAG manillas appear most similar to specimens produced in England during the mid-nineteenth century and traded extensively in British West Africa throughout the colonial period. KEYWORDS: Manilla Money Bracelets; pXRF; Transatlantic Slave Trade; Europe; West Africa; Early Modern Period; European Imperialism; Provenance

TURAGUL KUNANBAYEV’S STRATEGY OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

One of the figures of Alash, recognized not only as a poet, but also as an outstanding translator, is Turagul Abayevich. The article delves into the multifaceted creative legacy of Turagul Kunanbayev, with a special emphasis on his endeavors in literary translation. Kunanbayev, a prominent figure in Alash-Orda, is examined in terms of his stance within literary translation and the stylistic nuances he employed. The analysis primarily revolves around translation transformations, using specific works such as “The Story of Keesh” by Jack London, “Chelkash” by Maxim Gorky, and pieces by Alexander Neverov like “Marya the Bolshevik” and “I Want to Live”. The approach considers the time period and contemporary demands placed on translation. Various aspects of the translator’s craft— psychological, literary, linguistic, and societal—are taken into consideration. It is argued that Kunanbayev’s translations were in line with the requirements of their era. Through methods of comparison and contrast, typological patterns are identified, shedding light on the translator’s epistemological and cognitive approaches. Furthermore, Kunanbayev’s translations are scrutinized through the lens of national interests, revealing his distinctive artistic identity. The comparative analysis concludes that literary translations during the early twentieth century predominantly favored a free approach, as opposed to strict literal translation methods.

The prominent role of Charcot and the French neurological tradition in Latin America

ABSTRACT The establishment of neurology schools in Latin America during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries profoundly influenced the French neurology school. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the neurology department at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris held a preeminent position as the global hub of neurology. Professor Jean-Martin Charcot, widely acclaimed as the father of modern neurology, was the most revered neurology professor of the nineteenth century. Many physicians from diverse countries across South America (notably Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia), the Caribbean (Cuba), and Mexico pursued specialized training in neurology under Charcot’s tutelage, and even after his passing in 1893, they continued their training with his numerous disciples. As a result, nearly two centuries after the birth of Charcot, his enduring contributions to the field of neurology remain vibrantly influential, particularly in Latin America.

Searching for ancient pits and voids at the Ouels Mine (Castel-Minier, France) by using geophysical methods

A map from the early twentieth century shows the relative positions of several entrances to the Ouels mining area, but it is not fully georeferenced. Some mines have been reported in the south-western part of the map and the archaeological team would like to confirm these locations. To this end, a geophysical prospection campaign was organised, which included electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and microgravimetric profiling over the area of interest. Several anomalies were identified. Two of them, in the north, are very likely to be related to voids (robbed area), since gravimetric and electrical anomalies are superimposed. Conversely, in the southern part, where microgravimetric anomalies occur, there are no electrical anomalies, but cavities could be electrically shielded by the overburden. An additional deeper ERT shows a new but small resistivity anomaly in the upper slope, outside the area preliminarily surveyed. Although not all of the gravimetric anomalies are confirmed by the ERT, the geophysics ultimately proved very effective in supporting at least some archaeological targets in the northern part of the prospect.

Евразийство до евразийцев

The article examines the genesis of the Eurasian ideology of the 1920–1930s from the point of view of discourse analysis. Discourse is defi ned as a set of statements refl ecting different points of view on the same issue. In accordance with this defi nition, the author isolates the Eurasian discourse from two adjacent ones - the pre-revolutionary imperial and religious-philosophical. The problematics of pre-revolutionary imperial discourse were focused on justifying the right of Russian tsars to own lands and peoples within the existing borders of the empire, as well as the right to expand these borders. The religious and philosophical discourse about Russia was built around the question of its divine purpose in the history of mankind. In contrast, Eurasian discourse focuses on ethnocultural synthesis within the boundaries of a special geographical area, most of which is located within the Russian state. But before the revolution of 1917, this problem was not considered at all in this formulation. The predecessors of Eurasianism include only a few authors who recognized and positively assessed the Turkic-Mongol infl uence on the Russian mentality and statehood. However, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the prevailing tendency was to downplay or deny this infl uence altogether. The turn to the Eurasian issues is associated with the work of symbolist poets A. Blok and A. Bely. Being infl uenced by the religious and mystical prophecy of the philosopher V. Solovyov, they accepted the revolutionary upheavals of the early twentieth century, as the awakening of the “inner East” in the Russian people. Together with other representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, they were the creators of the Eurasian myth, born in the elements of revolution and civil war. The founders of the Eurasian movement rationalized this myth, reducing it to political ideology. This was a version of the new imperial ideology, which explained and justifi ed the preservation of a united and indivisible Russia within its former borders.

The Gliadin Analysis by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Traditional Fermented “Hamoum” Wheat in West Algeria

Our ancestors had always used food fermentation without having a scientific explanation. Their natural phenomena with therapeutic potential became interesting only in the early twentieth century. A comparative study between the electrophoretic profiles of wheat proteins of fermented wheat type Hamoum (FWH) and regular unfermented wheat (NUW) was performed to identify the effect of fermentation realized by the traditional technique using underground storage (locally named Matmora) for 12 months. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed after the sequential extraction of different proteins (albumins/globulins, gliadins and glutenins). The results showed a total degradation of the regular wheat proteins after fermentation. Fermented wheat type Hamoum (FWH) could be a good alternative for people with disorders related to gluten ingestion as compared to regular unfermented wheat (NUW).

Sexing the history of Indian anti‐colonial internationalism: White women, Indian men and the politics of the personal

AbstractIn contrast to the wealth of literature on the gendered and sexual politics of Indian nationalism, studies on the internationalisation of Indian anti‐colonial nationalism are rarely informed by the twin themes of gender and sexuality. As Indian activists traversed international political spaces in the early twentieth century, they frequently entered into sexual relations with white women. This article explores the possible political consequences of such sexual contact through a study of the personal lives of Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar and Manabendra Nath Roy and their relationships with the largely unknown German‐born sisters, Eva and Lu Geissler.

Forgotten names: Kashshaf Patii

The article studies Kashshaf Patii’s work, identifying the development features of his poetry in the context of literary and aesthetic thought of the early twentieth century. As research shows, the educational paradigm contributes to the formation of a poetic concept of the world, the concept of a lyrical hero and motifs in his works. Tracing the main trends in the development of Kashshaf Patii’s poetry and the main periods of his work, we identify the features of the development of national literature of the early twentieth century as a whole and determine general and specific aspects in the patterns of the national literary art development. This determines the relevance of our work. It is for the first time that the work of Kashshaf Patii has become the object of a systematic study and literary analysis. It is the first study about the life and creative biography of the poet. As a result of the study, we conclude that Patii’s first works put forward the idea of developing Tatar society on the basis of education, knowledge and culture; their dominant motif is Tatar society’s call for social transformation. At the same time, romantic techniques predominate in the artistic and aesthetic aspects. This indicates that the poet’s work belongs to educational romanticism. At the second stage of his work, the author reflects on the mission of the poet and poetry in the context of classical romanticism - on the highest values in the world, while serving the nation is interpreted as divine predestination. The alienated lyrical hero, experiencing loneliness, comes to the fore in his philosophical lyrical poetry.

The Leafy Tree: The Lindsay Family and Siblinghood in Australia

ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, social, cultural and political change were mediated through sibling networks. During this period in Australia, no middle-class family was more culturally influential than the Lindsay family, many of whom became internationally renowned artists and writers. This paper examines the Lindsays’ sibling bonds from childhood into adulthood and explores how the social relationships and networks created between the siblings acted as cultural incubators. The Australian settler-colonial context provides a unique lens through which to understand the importance of sibling relationships throughout the life cycle, and speaks to broader patterns around the intense character of sibling relations during this period.

Selling schools: U.S. educational publicity in the early twentieth century

Selling schools: U.S. educational publicity in the early twentieth century

The Incredible Story of India's Revolutionary Feminist: Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy (1886-1968).

The term 'trailblazer' is often used casually nowadays, but in the early twentieth century, there was a woman who epitomized it by shattering barriers at every turn. Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy who holds many firsts to her name was an outstanding Indian woman of her time. She was an eminent medical practitioner who wore multiple hats throughout her life as an educator, a lawmaker, and a social reformer. She sacrificed her lifetime for women's upliftment and children especially the underprivileged. She played a pivotal role in establishing one of India's largest cancer institutes as a 'mission' to provide treatment amongall sections of people regardless of their socio-economic background. The main purpose of this article is to highlight the indisputable contribution of Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy in the fields of medicine, education, law, and much more.

The Myth of Kauṇḍinya in Southeast Asia

The myth of Kauṇḍinya has had a profound impact on the writing of Southeast Asian history, being used by historians in the early twentieth century to explain how the earliest kingdoms in the region were formed. However, the myth as we know it today has been constructed from fragments of information found in Sanskrit epigraphy and Chinese textual sources from three distinct time periods. Using a form of textual analysis first described by Michel Foucault under the heading of ‘archaeology’, this article attempts to isolate and examine the nature of the myth within each time period, as if uncovering distinct layers of an archaeological excavation. I have tried to show how each version of the myth is indelibly a product of its own time, drawing its significance from the religious, social and literary context in which it was recorded. In particular, while revealing elements of continuity and discontinuity in the transition of the myth, it also highlights important events in the transmission and reception of religious ideas and practice that may be connected to the wider themes of dynamics and stability in religious studies.

The idea of ‘United Turkestan’ in the Turkic speaking states media: influence on the Western media

ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, amid the transformation of political systems, the idea of independence and autonomy of Turkic-speaking states gained new impetus due to the active work of Kazakh intelligentsia; in the twentieth century, a similar situation emerged – with new challenges and threats. The study aims to analyse the specifics of the formation and development of the idea of ‘united Turkestan’ in the media of Turkic-speaking countries and several European states through the consideration of the problem of protecting the interests of national minorities during the Soviet rule in the Central Asian region. The main methods were the historical method, which was used to examine the peculiarities of the activity of national liberation movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century, and the method of system analysis, which was used to study the factors influencing the creation of the information image of ‘united Turkestan’ in the press. It was found that the role and influence of mass media, mainly printed publications published in some European countries and talking about the real situation in Turkestan, were decisive for the subsequent development of the concept of the community of Turkic-speaking peoples.

CHECKLIST OF ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) FROM MEXICO

The Checklist of Oribatida from Mexico includes all known records to date, resulting in 768 species included in 378 genera from 117 families and 43 superfamilies. Records of nine fossil species from Lower Miocene amber (23 Ma) from Chiapas are included. Records are given for 12 of the biogeographic provinces proposed for the country, covering most of the Mexican states (except Sonora, Sinaloa and Tlaxcala), and therefore Mexico ranges among regions with a high species diversity, like Japan (833), India (789), Italy (721), Russian Far East (599), Canada (580) and Brazil (576). Many national and foreign people have contributed to the knowledge about the Mexican Oribatid mite fauna since the early twentieth century.

Religious Movements in Some Southeast Asian Countries at The Beginning of the 20th Century

Southeast Asia is an economic and culturally rich hub, one of the cradles of human history where diverse and vibrant cultures converge. Particularly, the religious landscape in Southeast Asian countries at the beginning of the 20th century vividly manifested in the movements against colonialism and imperialistic invasions by various nations. Class conflicts within society, coupled with unresolved contradictions, and the hardships of life in a tumultuous social context, led people to turn to religion. The study analyzes the characteristics of religious movements in some Southeast Asian countries in the early 20th century, thereby drawing some conclusions about religious movements in Southeast Asian countries in the early 20th century. In the process of approaching the problem, the author uses research methods such as text analysis, logic-history, unity between synchronic and diachronic perspectives, and analysis-synthesis... These research methods are applied by the author in a consistent dialectical manner to provide a comprehensive and specific research approach suitable to the current task. Developing humanistic values in religion will play an important role in preventing all personality corruption and helping people adjust their behavior and social relationships, contributing to stabilizing social order and safety. Religious movements in Southeast Asian countries in the early twentieth century contributed to spreading noble humanistic values in religion.

‘The song factories have closed!’: songwriting camps as spaces of collaborative creativity in the post-industrial age

This article explores ‘songwriting camps’, a contemporary form of collaborative music creation initiated primarily by record labels and music publishers but also by producers and enthusiasts. In such camps, musicians produce songs for various purposes, from commercial exploitation to self-actualization. This research explores the origins of industrialized songwriting, collaborative songwriting practices, and current thinking on creativity and copyright with a view to interrogating how songwriting camps relate to commercial songwriting practices in popular music since the early twentieth century. We find that camps have a proven track record of producing commercially successful pop songs and are deemed beneficial by songwriters for developing their careers and skills, networking, gaining industry contacts, and generating royalty income. We argue that while camps have adapted to the post-industrial age, characterized by digital music creation tools aiding musicians, they owe more to the past than is perhaps acknowledged. Songwriting camps are a microcosm in which many of the same tensions, strategies, goals, and relationships can be observed as in past structures from the Brill Building era, or organizations like Motown. Camps draw on features from these historical examples, such as: strategic, time-limited collaboration, clearly delineated roles, friendly competition among writers, and group evaluation.

Historical study and strategies for the revitalization of the former Ginling College buildings in Nanjing, China —Architectural Heritage of the Church School in the Early Twentieth Century

ABSTRACT Ginling College is the first women’s university founded by the British and American Christian Churches in China at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its school building is not only the earliest and largest concrete school building group in Nanjing in near modern times, but also a masterpiece of the church's implementation of the ‘Chinese native architectural style’. This ‘combination of Chinese and Western’ creative method initiated by the churches is called the ‘Renaissance of Chinese Traditional Architecture’, which has a profound impact on later generations and has important historical significance and research value. At present, the school’s historical buildings are in urgent need of conservation and refurbishment. The conservation project strives to maintain the original appearance of the building, optimize the space design, and achieve the coordinated development of culture heritage conservation and the overall campus area. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation and research on this school building heritage from the different perspectives of architectural history and regeneration. Given the significance of this historic building group in modern China, this research will fill a gap in relevant historical study, offering a typical case study of modern school buildings and their utilization in China.

The Gamewatcher’s Cottage in Birkham Wood: Rediscovering a Lost History

In 2023 an investigation was carried out to try and establish the origins of an enigmatic stone ruin in Birkham Wood, near Knaresborough, which had, in the early twentieth century, been converted into a cottage for a Harewood estate gamekeeper and his family. Although the structure is not formally recognised as being of historic interest, its extant west end corner buttresses, each adorned with an inscribed Latin cross, suggested otherwise. Locally, the ruin has been regarded as having medieval monastic associations. However, research and excavation now suggest that the building probably represents an example of John Carr’s Gothic revival work, as part of his work on the nearby Plompton Hall estate in c.1760. As well as providing a new perspective on the likely origin of the building, the project has provided some insights into a rarely documented subsistence lifestyle in the first half of the twentieth century.