Earlier Interpretations Research Articles

Keats’s ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’ and romantic (in)visibility

ABSTRACT The Romantic period redefined translation in a way that is epochal; that is, its reconfiguration of translation betokened a shift from the early modern period to a fully experienced modernity. In British Romanticism, in particular, this redefinition paradoxically combines a marginalisation and a celebration of translation. This article examines this paradox and shows that even as many British Romantic writers rhetorically carved out a space for their literary authority by arguing for the fundamental untranslatability of literature, there is also a discursive strand that embraces translation. Through a reading of ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’, an 1816 sonnet by John Keats, which this article proposes to read as a poetical piece of translation history which fuses early modern translatio and modern translation, we show that these strands combine to create a poetically and historiographically potent way of imagining the reliance on international traffic and mediation which characterise modern literature.

Frequency of language brokering experience as a source of difference in bilinguals’ emotion judgments across languages

Aims and Objectives: Bilinguals often perceive one language as more emotionally resonant than the other. Our study examined whether the emotional resonance of their heritage language is enhanced in bilingual immigrants who engage in a high degree of language brokering (early informal translation on behalf of family members) as compared to those who do not engage in frequent brokering. Method: One hundred ten US-based Latine Spanish-English proficient bilingual adults rated brief vignettes depicting neutral, positive or negative emotion-laden situations in each language on valence and intensity. Participants were categorized into high ( n = 46) or low brokering groups ( n = 64) based on differences in their self-reported frequency of brokering on a modified Language Brokering Scale (LBS). Analysis: For each of the three vignette types—positive, negative, and neutral, a 2 (Group) × 2 (Presentation Language) mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the valence and intensity of emotion ratings. Findings: For vignettes depicting positive emotion, individuals with high brokering experience gave higher pleasantness ratings when the vignettes were presented in Spanish than in English, and gave lower pleasantness ratings in English as compared to low-frequency brokers. Experience: No group or language differences were found for valence judgments for negative or neutral vignettes. There were no group or language differences in intensity ratings. Originality: Language brokering experience as a source of variability in emotional experience among bilinguals is not well documented; specifically, how these bilinguals experience emotional vignettes has not been previously studied. Significance: The findings contribute to the literature on the experience of emotions across languages among bilinguals who engaged in more frequent informal translation. This supports a first-language emotional resonance effect associated with early translation (or brokering) experience.

Not a Temple but a Tomb: The Architectural Drawings on Pap. Berlin P 15781 and 15782A + B

Summary Based on a reassessment of the papyri Pap. Berlin P 15871 and 1582A+B with the correction of several readings, particularly one of the three determinatives of (i) “shrine”, the key word for their earlier interpretations, it is suggested that the architectural drawings do not show a rock cut temple or a hemi-speos but KV 5, the so-called tomb of the sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings. Differences in the handwriting, in the depiction of the bedrock pattern surrounding the rectangular rooms, and other observations suggest that more than one person was involved in the creation of the architectural drawings. As suggested in the past, they belonged to at least two different papyri. Terms referring to work in progress indicate that the papyri are related to work in progress, as opposed to other architectural drawings which represent the beginning or final stages of tomb construction projects.

Data retention in the light of copyright infringements: Protecting the status quo or seeking a third way? (Case C-470/21 La Quadrature du Net II)

In La Quadrature du Net II, the EU Court of Justice addressed – once again – the issue of the application of national retention legislation providing for the generalized retention of telecommunications data. This time, unlike in the previous cases, the problem was examined not in relation to measures used in the areas of combating serious crime or pursuing national security objectives, but in relation to counteracting online copyright infringements. Hence the case, decided by the CJEU sitting as the Full Court, concerned an important and topical issue, namely the possibility of countering mass copyright infringements in a situation where, according to a strict reading of the previous case law, the permissibility of imposing an obligation on telecommunications operators to collect information on users’ IP addresses was questioned. The LQDN II judgment – commented on by some as diverging from previous case law – is an important and necessary complement to the Court's earlier interpretation and, at the same time, a guideline on how to design retention laws to be applied not only in the area of countering copyright infringements, but also in other important areas, such as the fight against hate speech.

The Translating Subject: Self-Assertion and Edges of Mediation in Ali Ufkî’s Bilingual Dialogues

Abstract Why did translation matter for early modern translators themselves? Approaching Ottoman court translator and religious convert to Islam, Ali Ufkî’s (né Wojciech Bobowski, ca. 1610–1677) intellectual endeavors, this article explores the multilayered relationship among translation, commensurability, and transmission of cultural knowledge by focusing on the translating subject. It argues that translation was an epistemic posture taken on by translators operating in complex cultural landscapes to navigate their self-assertion within the contours of cultural mediation in late seventeenth-century Istanbul. In so doing, it suggests reading translations beyond imperial logics and their concomitant historiographical terms.

The Qur’an in Malayalam: Contextualising Early iṣlāḥī Translations

This article is an exploration of the texts and historical contexts of the early translations of the Qur'an into the South Indian language of Malayalam. Attempts at Malayalam translations of the Qur'an started in the 1930s. The present study deals with the translation projects that emerged between the 1930s and 1965. It showcases the situatedness of these translations in the colonial experiences of the region, as well as in the discursiveness of global Islamic trends. It also looks at the theological controversies these translations evoked within the Muslim community.

Intents-Based (Maqasidi) Interpretation of the Gracious Qur’an: The early history and the terms that it went through

This study aims to uncover the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, its initial beginnings as a new form of interpretation, and to outline its stages, touching upon the milestones and turns that contributed to its formation, development, and advancement. Each stage represented a fundamental axis and a distinct direction within a knowledge system that reflects the realism of the text in accordance with the realism of time and place. The researchers followed the inductive method to achieve this by tracking and organizing the sayings of early and later interpreters. They also used the analytical method, which involves studying and analyzing the components of the scientific material and collecting similar phenomena to clarify the features of the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation and its organizational evolution. The study, based on evidence and proofs, reached numerous conclusions, including: the structure and development of the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation were not homogeneous in method, content, and perspectives; the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, throughout its stages, lacked foundational construction, with exegetes' efforts in all eras and stages being directed towards the practical level; and the influence of schools, ideas, and notable figures in nourishing Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, such as the Meccan school and its figures, as well as other schools and their figures.

Early use of professional interpreters improves trauma outcomes: Results of a single-center retrospective study

Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) experience reduced pain assessment and treatment, less comprehensive physical exams, and fewer explanations of the next steps in care. These disparities persist in hospitals with staffed professional interpreters, raising questions about interpreter access and the impact on outcomes. A retrospective review of 1133 trauma activations at a single center Level 1 Trauma Center in 2021–2022 was conducted. Demographic, injury, and outcome data were drawn from the institutional trauma registry, and patient-preferred language was pulled from EMR data. Early interpreter use was defined as documentation of professional interpreter use within 24 h of arrival. LOS and ICU LOS were compared between language groups using Cox regression, and mortality was compared using Fischer's exact test. 1114 patients had data available on initial injury severity and preferred language. Of the 70 LEP patients, 62 (88.6 %) required an interpreter, and 41 of those (66.1 %) had evidence of professional interpreter use within 24 h of arrival. LEP patients who lacked early interpreter use had longer hospital stays than both English proficient (EP) patients (HR 0.59, p < 0.05) and LEP patients with early interpreter use (HR 0.51, p < 0.05) when stratified by ISS and controlling for GCS and patient age. There is no difference in LOS between LEP trauma patients who used an interpreter and EP patients, suggesting that early use of an interpreter may improve the length of stay in LEP trauma patients.

The Māori and Ancient near Eastern Pantheons in the Context of Genesis 1 in te reo Māori

The recent test translation of Te Paipera Tapu (the Bible in the Māori language) has aroused considerable debate for its use in Genesis 1 of the names of atua Māori (Māori divine beings). These names of atua have been used instead of names of features of the natural world, which stands in contrast to the use of other kupu Māori (Māori words) in the earlier translation and its revisions. In this paper, I outline relevant members of the Māori pantheon and of some ancient Near Eastern pantheons, which are not identical. I then discuss the Hebrew text of Genesis 1 in its ancient literary context, making proposals about the use of the names of atua Māori in translations.

The case against “alt-right”: A review and typology of scholarly approaches

ABSTRACT Scholars and journalists frequently use the term “Alt-right” to encapsulate a broad collection of identities and ideologies within the political right. Although early interpretations of the “Alt-right” provide a valuable foundation for understanding the range of (far)-right ideologies that have grown in recent decades, current characterizations remain fraught in the wider literature. To sharpen understandings of the “Alt-right” in academic discourse, I offer a typology outlining five common approaches scholars use to portray it, showing how scholarship routinely lacks definitional clarity. Consequently, I argue that the continued use of the term in academic literature is ill-advised. Specifically, the term normalizes and perpetuates the white supremacist ideologies entrenched within the broader history of academia; it hinders historically and theoretically grounded examinations of (far)-right variations and their situatedness within spectrum of far-right ideologies worldwide; and it blurs crucial distinctions between them that precludes the meaningful evaluation of their extremist tendencies and material threats.

Spontaneous Hemothorax from Pulmonary Intralobar Sequestration: A Case Report.

Pulmonary sequestration is a rarely reported phenomenon where aberrant lung tissue exists independently from the rest of the tracheobronchial network. Complications may include hemothorax; however, there is a paucity of descriptions of this condition in the literature. We describe a case of a pulmonary intralobar sequestration resulting in atraumatic tension hemothorax. A 73-year-old woman presented to our facility in extremis and with complaints of acute-onset flank pain. Her evaluation was notable for a large pulmonary sequestration with a presumed, moderate-sized effusion; however, initial review did not reveal an obvious underlying cause for her symptoms. Shortly after her arrival to the emergency department (ED) she experienced a cardiac arrest. On secondary review of her computed tomographic angiography, it was determined that what was previously thought to be a pleural effusion was a large hemothorax. Following this finding, a finger thoracostomy was performed, which resulted in the immediate evacuation of hemothorax. The thoracostomy was then converted into an ED thoracotomy to assess for active hemorrhage with brief return of spontaneous circulation. Prior to proceeding with emergent operative intervention, the patient's spouse requested that all further resuscitative efforts cease, and the patient was allowed to expire. In a review of the case, it was determined that the patient suffered from cardiac arrest due to a spontaneous hemothorax secondary to a large intralobar pulmonary sequestration. Pulmonary intralobar sequestration can result in spontaneous hemorrhage with fatal results. Early and correct interpretation of imaging and surgical intervention are crucial in ED management.

Reconstruction of Knowledge and Medical Images in the Convergence of Chinese and Western Medicine ——Taking “Sweet Meat” as an Example

Abstract: The pancreas is neither part of the five Zang organs (五脏) nor the six Fu organs (六腑). Thus, it has received little attention in Chinese medical literature. In the late 19th century, medical missionaries in China started translating and introducing anatomical and physiological knowledge about the pancreas. As for the word pancreas, an early and influential translation was “sweet meat” (甜肉), proposed by Benjamin Hobson (合信). The translation “sweet meat” is not faithful to the original meaning of “pancreas”, but is a term coined by Hobson based on his personal habits, and the word “sweet” appeared by chance. However, in the decades since the term “sweet meat” became popular, Chinese medicine practitioners, such as Tang Zonghai (唐宗海), reinterpreted it by drawing new medical illustrations for “sweet meat” and giving new connotations to the word “sweet”. This discussion and interpretation of “sweet meat” in modern China, particularly among Chinese medicine professionals, is not only a dissemination and interpretation of the knowledge of “pancreas”, but also a construction of knowledge around the term “sweet meat”.

A novel splicing mutation DNAH5 c.13,338 + 5G > C is involved in the pathogenesis of primary ciliary dyskinesia in a family with primary familial brain calcification

BackgroundPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease characterized by recurrent respiratory infections. In clinical manifestations, DNAH5 (NM_001361.3) is one of the recessive pathogenic genes. Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia and other brain regions. PFBC can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. A family with PCD caused by a DNAH5 compound heterozygous variant and PFBC caused by a MYORG homozygous variant was analyzed.MethodsIn this study, we recruited three generations of Han families with primary ciliary dyskinesia combined with primary familial brain calcification. Their clinical phenotype data were collected, next-generation sequencing was performed to screen suspected pathogenic mutations in the proband and segregation analysis of families was carried out by Sanger sequencing. The mutant and wild-type plasmids were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells instantaneously, and splicing patterns were detected by Minigene splicing assay. The structure and function of mutations were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis.ResultsThe clinical phenotypes of the proband (II10) and his sister (II8) were bronchiectasis, recurrent pulmonary infection, multiple symmetric calcifications of bilateral globus pallidus and cerebellar dentate nucleus, paranasal sinusitis in the whole group, and electron microscopy of bronchial mucosa showed that the ciliary axoneme was defective. There was also total visceral inversion in II10 but not in II8. A novel splice variant C.13,338 + 5G > C and a frameshift variant C.4314delT (p. Asn1438lysfs *10) were found in the DNAH5 gene in proband (II10) and II8. c.347_348dupCTGGCCTTCCGC homozygous insertion variation was found in the MYORG of the proband. The two pathogenic genes were co-segregated in the family. Minigene showed that DNAH5 c.13,338 + 5G > C has two abnormal splicing modes: One is that part of the intron bases where the mutation site located is translated, resulting in early translation termination of DNAH5; The other is the mutation resulting in the deletion of exon76.ConclusionsThe newly identified DNAH5 splicing mutation c.13,338 + 5G > C is involved in the pathogenesis of PCD in the family, and forms a compound heterozygote with the pathogenic variant DNAH5 c.4314delT lead to the pathogenesis of PCD.

‘The Stamp of Their Own Iniquity’: Ottobah Cugoano on the Mark of Cain, Noah’s Curse, and Enslavers

ABSTRACT Recently, Nyasha Junior has argued that interpretations of Cain by Black interpreters should not be understood as merely a reaction or corrective to anti-Black aetiological theories about the mark of Cain (Gen. 4:15). Surveying a range of 19th- and early 20th-century Black interpreters, Junior showed how they used the story of Cain to account for the violence that they believed is inherent in white people. In this article, I provide further evidence for this reading of Cain’s violence as an aetiological explanation for white violence. I analyse Ottobah Cugoano’s discussion of Cain in his Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery: and Commerce of the Human Species (1787) as a further example of this type of interpretation within African diasporic writings. In unmooring the mark from racial origins and linking it closely to racial violence, in part through a connection that Cugoano makes with Noah’s curse of his grandson Canaan in Genesis 9, elements of Cugoano’s argument anticipate the 19th- and early 20th-century Black interpreters who, as Junior discussed, argue that white people resemble Cain in their inherently violent tendencies.

Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in perspective of early diagnosis and translation of neurotrophic therapies.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine neurons and aberrant deposits of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. The symptomatic treatment is started after the onset of motor manifestations in a late stage of the disease. Preclinical studies with neurotrophic factors (NTFs) show promising results of disease-modifying neuroprotective or even neurorestorative effects. Four NTFs have entered phase I-II clinical trials with inconclusive outcomes. This is not surprising because the preclinical evidence is from acute early-stage disease models, but the clinical trials included advanced PD patients. To conclude the value of NTF therapies, clinical studies should be performed in early-stage patients with prodromal symptoms, that is, before motor manifestations. In this review, we summarize currently available diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that could help identify at-risk patients benefiting from NTF therapies. Focus is on biochemical and imaging biomarkers, but also other modalities are discussed. Neuroimaging is the most important diagnostic tool today, but α-syn imaging is not yet viable. Modern techniques allow measuring various forms of α-syn in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and skin. Digital biomarkers and artificial intelligence offer new means for early diagnosis and longitudinal follow-up of degenerative brain diseases.

P-232 EIF4E1B Contributes to Early Translation Burst for Embryogenesis Whose Deficiency Causes Embryo Development Arrest at Four-Cell Stage during Oocyte to Embryo Transition in Women

Abstract Study question What are the effects and corresponding mechanisms of the early burst of translation inhibited during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET), which is essential for human embryogenesis? Summary answer EIF4E1B contributes to the early burst of translation for embryogenesis whose deficiency causes embryo development arrest at four-cell stage during OET in women. What is known already The first records of human zygotic genes are observed in late one-cell zygotes, and translation in mammals happens before the activation of zygotic genes. Recently, we identified an oocyte specific role of eIF4E1b in selecting and regulating the translation initiation of individual mRNAs that are involved in cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cell fate determination during OET. The genetic ablation of Eif4e1b in mice resulted in a developmental arrest in the 2-cell phase of embryogenesis. How is the early burst of translation regulated in human embryogenesis remains unknown. Study design, size, duration A total of 236 female Chinese participants who underwent assisted reproductive technology (ART) and experienced at least one cycle of OET defects were recruited from our university-affiliated center from January 2017 to May 2023. 60 frozen human 3 pronuclei (3PN) embryos have been used for this work. The use of human embryos donated for research was allowed by the the Ethics Committee of the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC–Xiangya (reference LL-SC-2018-009). Participants/materials, setting, methods All recruited individuals underwent whole-exome sequencing. In vitro transcription and micro-injection were employed to validate the embryo development pattern under different translation inhibition as well as potential effects of the EIF4E1B variant in mouse oocytes. Immunoprecipitation was conducted to investigate the causes of OET failure and identify the ability of eIF4E1B bind with PABPC1L. Additionally, a knock-in (KI) mouse model carrying homozygous Eif4e1bA192T was generated to evaluate female fertility and a more comprehensive mechanism. Main results and the role of chance Translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and knockdown of different translation initiation factors eIF4Es were administered to human 3 pronuclei (3PN) embryos, starting from the 1C stage. The absence of eIF4E1B was identified as a specific phenotype, leading to developmental arrest at the 1-4C stage, which is consistent with the effects of Translation inhibitor CHX. Additionally, a novel homozygous mutation (c.565G&amp;gt;A; p. Ala189Thr) in EIF4E1B was found within a consanguineous family. This mutation was associated with recurrent four-cell arrests, suggesting a translational regulation role for eIF4E1B from the 1C to 4C stage during OET. The mutated eIF4E1B disrupted the expression and condensate distribution of eIF4E1B. We also confirmed the interaction between eIF4E1B and PABPC1L, with the c.565G&amp;gt;A variant in EIF4E1B impairing their binding ability. Furthermore, KI mice carrying homozygous Eif4e1bA192T partially recapitulated the phenotype resulting from EIF4E1B deficiency. Limitations, reasons for caution More cases are required to demonstrate the association between EIF4E1B variants and phenotypes. Wider implications of the findings By delving deeper into the intricate interactions between basic physiology and clinical characteristics, this research elucidates the crucial role of maternal EIF4E1B in ensuring the early burst of translation for embryogenesis and provide a diagnostic genetic marker for women with OET defects. Trial registration number Not applicable

Histoire de la description du « signe du miroir » dans les Annales Médico-Psychologiques (1927–1930). Aperçus sur sa postérité et sa valeur sémiologique

Described as an early sign of schizophrenia (or dementia praecox) between the years 1927 and 1930 by two French psychiatrists, Paul Abély and Achille Delmas, the “mirror sign” was subsequently the object of in-depth studies by eminent specialists outside of France who discussed its semiotic value and its early interpretations. In this regard, we will underscore the key role played by psychoanalytical ideas, specifically the concept of narcissism. We will also note the relative neglect of results of the mirror test for other categories of patients, particularly those with intellectual deficiencies due to aging (a now well-studied group).

Going the distance: benefits and challenges of a long-term study of working-class, first-in-family university students

ABSTRACT This paper draws on experiences gained in a 16-year qualitative study of the experiences of working-class students who were the first in their family to attend university. Although the study suffered from attrition and analysis was complicated because it became increasingly difficult to understand the data through any one theoretical or conceptual framework, this complexity also offered the opportunity for a more nuanced approach, to become reassured in earlier interpretations, and to correct past misinterpretations. Their long-term commitment to the research project led many of the participants to articulate benefits they gained from being in the study for 16 years. The opportunity to tell their stories and have their experiences as first-in-family students validated was something they identified as especially important and valuable to them. QLR thus offers unique benefits that are not possible in cross-sectional research.

예수 부활과 초대교회의 해석

This paper examines the issue of the historicity of Jesus' resurrection and discusses the early church's interpretation of the resurrection. The core controversy surrounding the historicity of Jesus' resurrection is whether Jesus was truly resurrected in the flesh. While in Galilee the disciples experienced an apparition of Jesus, in Jerusalem women discovered an empty tomb and experienced an apparition. When the disciples returned to Jerusalem and heard about the empty tomb, the apparitions and the empty tomb complemented each other and solidified the belief in resurrection. However, as Paul said (1 Cor 15,16), without the Jewish faith in the resurrection, Jesus would not have been resurrected. Since Jesus himself shared the Jewish faith in the resurrection, his death did not end in vain and he could predict God's victory. The issue of bodily resurrection raises questions about the steps prior to resurrection. Jesus taught that people live in spirit form even after death (Q 12,4-5). Jesus taught that humans are always before God, whether alive in body or alive in spirit after death (cf. Mk 12,27). The Jesus' proclamation of the Kingdom of God being both future and present is based on his conviction that everything is alive before God. Therefore everything is already in a continuous process toward the eschatological goal. The intermediate state between individual death and resurrection is seen as a continuous process toward eschatological resurrection. Jesus and the early Christians believed in an intermediate state of survival of the spirit after death. The reason the early church was able to solve the problem of delaying the Second Coming (Mk 13,32; 2Peter 3,4) was also due to the belief in the intermediate stage of being with Christ even after individual death (cf. Lk 23:43; Phil 1:23). The early Christians understood the period before the Second Coming as a time for the church to prepare for eschatological restoration (Acts 3:20-21) and actively carried out missionary activities to participate in the process of salvation history (Acts 1:8). Luke gives a narrative of birth of the church through the resurrection, ascension, and sending of the Holy Spirit. Mark and Matthew, who do not mention the ascension, emphasize that the crucified Jesus was resurrected and is still with his disciples. The early Christians who have experienced the resurrection and apparitions of Jesus as a force for leading history proclaimed the gospel of resurrection. Therefore, they were able to further commit themselves to the historical process toward the new creation for the final restoration of the whole world.

Visualizing lipid nanoparticle trafficking for mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates.

mRNA delivered using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has become an important subunit vaccine modality, but mechanisms of action for mRNA vaccines remain incompletely understood. Here, we synthesized a metal chelator-lipid conjugate enabling positron emission tomography (PET) tracer labeling of LNP/mRNA vaccines for quantitative visualization of vaccine trafficking in live non-human primates (NHPs). Following i.m. injection, we observed LNPs distributing through injected muscle tissue, simultaneous with rapid trafficking to draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Deltoid injection of LNPs mimicking human vaccine administration led to stochastic LNP delivery to 3 different sets of dLNs. LNP uptake in dLNs was confirmed by histology, and cellular analysis of tissues via flow cytometry identified antigen-presenting cells as the primary cell type responsible for early LNP uptake and mRNA translation. These results provide insights into the biodistribution of mRNA vaccines administered at clinically relevant doses, injection volumes, and injection sites in an important large animal model for vaccine development.