Early Intervention System Research Articles

Examining the Risk of Recurring Use of Force Incidents Among Newly Hired Police Officers

Police force, though rare, has profound implications for citizens and officers involved and the community-at-large. It is vital for police agencies to review officer use of force, identify potential misconduct, and reduce repeated officer misconduct. Yet, little is known about what predicts subsequent uses of force and temporal distance between uses of force. The current study employs use of force data from a large, metropolitan police agency in the southwestern United States to examine the likelihood and timing between repeated uses of force. Results indicate officers may be affected by police-citizen encounters, as the likelihood of a subsequent use of force was reduced when their initial use of force occurred in neighborhoods with higher minority composition and the time to a subsequent use of force increased when their initial use of force resulted in citizen injury. For officers with a subsequent use of force, more than half had their next use of force within 3 months of their initial use of force, and 93% did so within a year of their initial use of force. Policy implications include enhanced supervision for new officers and accountability tools such as internal affairs and early intervention (EI) systems.

Investigating caregiver coaching in an early intervention model for children with hearing loss

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between early intervention providers’ backgrounds and their perceptions of caregiver coaching and auditory skill development. An explanatory sequential design was used with participants of varying backgrounds. In the first phase of the study, participants responded to a survey regarding their educational background, and their comfort with caregiver coaching and auditory skill development. Survey results were analysed using Spearman’s Ranked Correlational Coefficient (Spearman’s r s) to form groups of participants from extreme cases. The second phase of the study consisted of participant interviews from each of the groups. Interviews were coded to identify themes present within and between groups. The information from both phases was analysed to generate how professional preparation influences service delivery. Results were subsequently analysed to determine potential improvements in the Early Intervention system, professional development, and policy.

Early Intervention in the Structure of Children’s Rehabilitation (on the Example of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The early intervention system is currently considered as an independent activity which has a clear conceptual model. The generalmechanisms of the early intervention system facilitate the child’s social adaptation and its integration into the educational environment. This creates the conditions for the child development and the formation of the child’s skills necessary in daily life situations. At the same time, it remains unclear how the routing of a child in need of rehabilitation is carried out, taking into account the need toreceive early intervention services for the target group of patients. Aim. To determine the place of early intervention in the structure of the rehabilitation service of the Republic of Tatarstan. Results and Discussion. The early intervention system contains functional, personality-oriented and environmental approaches,which are implemented using the domains of activity and participation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disabilitiesand Health. The use of this classification implies the need for joint work of the number of specialists who make up a multidisciplinaryteam, forms a unified methodology for constructing rehabilitation plans and early assistance programs, and offers a conceptual basisfor analyzing the effectiveness of their implementation. In addition, the application of the International Classification of Functioning,Disabilities and Health makes it possible to determine the role of early intervention when planning a child’s rehabilitation route. The articlepresents a model of routing a child in need of rehabilitation measures, implemented in the Republic of Tatarstan, which providesfor early identification of children with indications and their referral accordingly to these indications to early intervention, medical orsocial rehabilitation. Conclusion. Identifying children of the target group in need of the early intervention and their timely referral to organizations that areproviders of relevant services is one of the stages in solving urgent problems of rehabilitation. Currently, the departments of early interventionsystem are opened on the basis of medical, social and educational organizations in the Republic of Tatarstan, and includedin the rehabilitation structure playing an important integrating role in the formation of interagency cooperation.

Adaptations to Early Intervention Service Delivery During COVID-19

Background: Early Intervention (EI) systems made a rapid shift to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the limited preparation of EI providers in the telehealth service delivery model, it is unclear how providers implemented adaptations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Service Delivery Adaptations Questionnaire and examine the influence of provider type, years of EI experience, and willingness to return to in-person services on the questionnaire’s subscales.

Experiences of Community-based Case Management for Early Psychosis: Focusing on Social Treatment for Early Psychosis (STEP) Program

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of case management for early psychosis and identify factors influencing care management. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 10 mental health professionals who implemented the Social Treatment for Early Psychosis (STEP) program. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The findings consisted of 4 categories and 15 subcategories. Case management should develop expertise considering the desires of young adults, and grew as experts by promoting family cooperation and coping with mental crises. Administrator's support and peer support programs had a positive impact, while the absence of collaborative systems with psychiatric institution were identified as limitations in the operating system of the basic center. Consulting and monitoring of the metropolitan center provided a foundation for case management at the basic center, while the government's support policy is needed to improve of working environment and set up the youth-friendly early intervention system. Conclusion The results suggest that case management for early psychosis requires multilateral and cooperative efforts by strengthening the capabilities of case managers, establishing an integrated case management network of basic and metropolitan centers, and expanding the government's human and physical infrastructure. Key words: Case management; Community mental health services; Early psychosis; Qualitative research 주요어: ì¡°ê¸°ì •ì‹ ì¦, 사례관리, ì§€ì—­ì‚¬íšŒì •ì‹ ê±´ê°•ì„œë¹„ìŠ¤, ì§ˆì ì—°êµ¬

The Role of Early Care Providers in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education Systems

The Role of Early Care Providers in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education Systems

Using Peer Coaches as Community-Based Competency Drivers in Part C Early Intervention

Using an implementation science framework, this study examines the impact of a multicomponent professional development (PD) approach implemented by internal peer coaches on early intervention providers’ use of Family Guided Routines-Based Intervention. The experimental study used a single-case multiple baseline design across participants, replicated in three sites with early interventionist (EI) providers ( n = 9) and families with infants and toddlers ( n = 18) in U.S. community-based Part C programs. Data indicate a functional relation between the multicomponent PD approach and EIs’ use of the intervention. A between-case standardized mean difference effect size was used to confirm the results of the visual analysis. The implications for the use of implementation science frameworks to build competency drivers within early intervention systems are discussed.

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions.

BackgroundSuicide is a recognized public health issue, with approximately 800,000 people dying by suicide each year. Among the different technologies used in suicide research, closed-circuit television (CCTV) and video have been used for a wide array of applications, including assessing crisis behaviors at metro stations, and using computer vision to identify a suicide attempt in progress. However, there has been no review of suicide research and interventions using CCTV and video.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to review the literature to understand how CCTV and video data have been used in understanding and preventing suicide. Furthermore, to more fully capture progress in the field, we report on an ongoing study to respond to an identified gap in the narrative review, by using a computer vision–based system to identify behaviors prior to a suicide attempt.MethodsWe conducted a search using the keywords “suicide,” “cctv,” and “video” on PubMed, Inspec, and Web of Science. We included any studies which used CCTV or video footage to understand or prevent suicide. If a study fell into our area of interest, we included it regardless of the quality as our goal was to understand the scope of how CCTV and video had been used rather than quantify any specific effect size, but we noted the shortcomings in their design and analyses when discussing the studies.ResultsThe review found that CCTV and video have primarily been used in 3 ways: (1) to identify risk factors for suicide (eg, inferring depression from facial expressions), (2) understanding suicide after an attempt (eg, forensic applications), and (3) as part of an intervention (eg, using computer vision and automated systems to identify if a suicide attempt is in progress). Furthermore, work in progress demonstrates how we can identify behaviors prior to an attempt at a hotspot, an important gap identified by papers in the literature.ConclusionsThus far, CCTV and video have been used in a wide array of applications, most notably in designing automated detection systems, with the field heading toward an automated detection system for early intervention. Despite many challenges, we show promising progress in developing an automated detection system for preattempt behaviors, which may allow for early intervention.

Who Is At-Risk? An Examination of the Likelihood and Time Variation in the Predictors of Repeated Police Misconduct

Increasing transparency and accountability in policing is a top priority for police administrators, community groups, academics, and many others. The internal affairs process is an accountability tool designed to hold officers and agencies accountable to the citizens they serve, yet very little is known about the effect of internal investigative units on such outcomes as subsequent complaints and temporal distances between complaints. This current study examines two critical aspects of the internal affairs process, the likelihood of subsequent complaints and temporal distance between the first and a subsequent complaint of misconduct. Officers’ complaint data were collected from the internal affairs unit of a large, metropolitan police agency in the southwestern United States. Results indicate that a longer time to initial complaint and regional patrol assignment were related to a reduced likelihood of receiving future complaints. Moreover, of those officers who received a subsequent complaint after their initial complaint, more than half did so within the first year, and 94% did so within the first three years of receiving their initial complaint. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings on policy and training opportunities, supervision, mentoring, accountability, and Early Intervention (EI) systems.

Technology of early intervention in a preventionof chilfren disability in perm region

This article is devoted to the development of early intervention in the Perm region as a measure for the prevention of child disability in the system of complex rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people (disabled children). The article presents the level of disability among the child population in modern Russia; the theoretical and methodological foundations of the provision of early comprehensive intervention to children with special needs and their families are considered; the relevance of the development of early intervention at the federal and regional levels as a strategically significant area of modern social policy in the country, the creation of a unified system of early intervention, taking into account the characteristics of the regions of the country. The authors presented results of the study reflect the experience of organizing an early intervention service in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people (disabled children) in the Perm region over the past few years. The early intervention system in the Perm region is constructed at three levels. At the macro level, the activity of the region is analyzed within the framework of the implementation of the Pilot Project to develop approaches to the formation of a system of comprehensive rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people; the specifics and content of the created mechanisms of interdepartmental interaction are disclosed; the problems and prospects of their implementation are identified, the experience of organizing early intervention as a public service is studied. At the meso-level, the structure of early intervention services created at institutions of various departmental affiliations is presented; disclosed the activities of the early intervention service, created at the departments of social service institutions of the Perm region; describes the procedure for providing early intervention services to children and their families. The provision of early intervention services to a child and his family is presented as a micro level; disclosed the content of early intervention technology in the early intervention service; describes the stages of providing early intervention services, forms and methods of work used. The prospects for the development of early assistance in social service institutions, new forms of providing early intervention services in modern conditions are determined.

Confronting Racism and Bias Within Early Intervention: The Responsibility of Systems and Individuals to Influence Change and Advance Equity

Many early intervention systems are focused on “fixing” children to support development and inclusion. However, we need to acknowledge systemic racism and bias to focus on early settings, schools, and practitioners who are ready for all children. Furthermore, knowledge about the existence of bias and its possible harmful effects support a need for thoughtful, systems-level decisions. We propose a conceptual model for acknowledging the impact of social stratification mechanisms like systemic racism on the development of young children of color in early intervention to ensure equitable access and outcomes. Through this acknowledgment, we can consider systems-level change to build equity-empowered settings and classrooms that support optimal development for all children, especially children of color and with disabilities.

Acute and Long-Term Services for Elementary and Middle School Children With Early Childhood Brain Injury.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the rates of referral to and receipt of acute and long-term services and identify factors that could impact these rates for children who experienced an acquired brain injury (ABI) during early childhood who are now in elementary and middle school. Method This was a retrospective chart review and prospective phone survey of 29 caregivers of children with ABIs. Results Acutely, two thirds of this sample received hospital-based rehabilitation services, but only 44.8% of families reported receiving ABI-specific education or a referral to educational or rehabilitation services at the time of discharge. At an average of 8.5 years postinjury, children in this sample were largely reported to be performing positively in school. While special education rates did not change significantly over time, 20.7% of the sample reported having unmet educational needs. Additionally, service receipt decreased over time. Various injury and educational factors influenced rates of long-term special education and service receipt. Conclusions This study contributes to the emerging literature focusing on long-term outcomes of children with ABI. The results reinforce that children who experience an ABI in early childhood are unlikely to receive ABI-specific education or referrals to educational and rehabilitation services during their acute-care stay and, in the chronic stages of recovery, present with educational and therapy needs that can go unmet. To improve long-term service access for children who experience an early ABI, pathways need to be established within the acute-care setting for education and referrals that connect the child and family to treatment within early intervention and educational systems. Maintaining these pathways long term, particularly for potential social-behavioral and cognitive-communication concerns, could increase access to appropriate services and, thus, decrease unmet needs for children with ABI.

Diagnosis of Opioid Use Disorder by Youths Assessed in Acute Care Settings in British Columbia, Canada

To describe trends in the number of youths diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD) and to identify factors associated with OUD diagnosis in acute care settings. Data from a population-based retrospective cohort study with linkage of 6 health administrative databases for 13 009 youth age 12-24years identified with OUD between 2001 and 2018 in British Columbia, Canada were used to describe annual diagnoses. Using a multiple logistic regression model, we estimated the association between past-year health care utilization and OUD diagnosis in acute settings, controlling for sociodemographic and OUD-related comorbid conditions. Annual OUD diagnoses quadrupled between 2003 and 2017 (from 326 to 1473). Among the 6579 youth diagnosed with OUD between April 1, 2013 and September 30, 2018, 88.1% had past-year health system contacts. Youth age 12-18 had higher odds of OUD diagnosis in acute care (aOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.78, 2.34). Compared with no health care contact, youth receiving outpatient care only were less likely to be diagnosed with OUD in acute care (aOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.56, 0.84) and those with >1 urgent hospitalization were more likely to be diagnosed with OUD in acute care (aOR 1.87; 95% CI 1.40,2.49). More than 88% of youth had past-year health system contacts prior to diagnosis. Those age 12-18years and with urgent hospitalizations in the year prior to diagnosis were more likely to have OUD diagnosed in acute care settings. Establishing an effective evidence-based system for early detection and intervention among youth with OUD must be a priority.

Balancing Fidelity and Flexibility: Usual Care for Young Children With an Increased Likelihood of Having Autism Spectrum Disorder Within an Early Intervention System.

Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) are evidence-based interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. There has been growing interest in implementing manualized NDBIs within the early intervention (EI) system without a clear understanding of how these programs and the broader strategies encompassed within them are already used by EI providers. This study examined the use of manualized NDBI programs and broader NDBI strategies within an EI system and factors that impacted their use. Eighty-eight EI providers completed a measure of NDBI program and strategy use. Thirty-three providers participated in a supplemental focus group or interview. Overall, providers described using broader NDBI strategies and the need to adapt manualized NDBI programs. Provider-, intervention-, and organization-level factors impacted their use of NDBI programs and strategies.

Clinical decision support system for early diagnosis and intervention in multiple sclerosis

Clinical decision support system for early diagnosis and intervention in multiple sclerosis

Policy and Practice Barriers to Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the California Early Intervention System

Autism spectrum disorder can be reliably diagnosed prior to age 2, and early, intensive intervention has been found to improve long-term outcomes. Nonetheless, most children with ASD do not receive a diagnosis until after age 3, with even later diagnoses for children from non-white ethnic groups. This study conducted telephone surveys with California Part C early intervention managers regarding policies and practices for early identification and intervention for ASD. Findings indicated that 85% of agencies conduct screening for ASD, but only 39% conduct ASD diagnostic assessments prior to age 3. Recommendations for policy changes to align Part C practices with best practice guidelines are provided.

Подготовка профессионалов для системы ранней помощи детям и семьям в Российской Федерации

In accordance with the Concept for the Development of Early Care in the Russian Federation (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2016, December 17, No. 2723-r), the creation of an early intervention system for children from birth to three years old and their families is an integral part of the formation of comprehensive assistance to children with health disabilities. One of the priority tasks of the Concept implementation is the management of the quality of services, including through the creation of a system for training professionals in the field of early intervention. The article analyzes the need for professionals specializing in providing early intervention in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the directions and content of their training. In addition, information is provided on domestic and foreign experience of professional training of such experts. The results of the analysis indicate the need to create a variable system for training professionals in the field of early intervention in the Russian Federation. Training offers include activities in the field of higher and further professional education, including retraining and advanced training. The authors emphasize the need to combine professional training in selected areas of early care — with the training of transdisciplinary professionals.

Impact of Health Literacy on Early Intervention (EI) Access and Utilization: A Scoping Review

Abstract Date Presented 03/26/20 This scoping review found 27 articles relating health literacy to EI. Analysis resulted in multiple themes, including a need for training to improve communication skills of EI providers, revision of written EI materials needed to increase effectiveness, and recommendations for making the EI system more accessible. Use of health-literacy principles by OT practitioners working in EI programs could improve access, utilization, and child outcomes for families. Primary Author and Speaker: Catherine Leslie Additional Authors and Speakers: Jillian Crehan

Measuring Accessibility of Materials Provided to Families for Accessing, Utilizing and Transitioning Out of Early Intervention (EI)

Abstract Date Presented 03/28/20 Nationally, only 10% of children eligible for EI receive services. Parents with low health literacy have difficulty accessing the EI system. Accessible written information is needed to reduce this difficulty. This study evaluated EI materials provided by one state’s Department of Public Health. Four assessment tools measured accessibility, including the CDC Clear Communication Index. None of 26 materials had adequate scores. Materials need to be revised to be effective. Primary Author and Speaker: Catherine Leslie Additional Authors and Speakers: Taylor Delosh Contributing Authors: Jillian Crehan

Future Directions for Infant Identification and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Transdiagnostic Perspective

By the time they are typically detected, neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are already challenging to treat. Preventive and early intervention strategies in infancy are critical for improving outcomes over the lifespan with significant cost savings. However, the impact of prevention and early intervention efforts is dependent upon our ability to identify infants most appropriate for such interventions. Because there may be significant overlap between prodromal symptoms across neurodevelopmental disorders and child psychopathology more broadly which may wax and wane across development, we contend that the impact of prevention and early intervention efforts will be heightened by identifying early indicators that may overlap across ASD and other commonly co-occurring disorders. This paper summarizes the existing literature on infant symptoms and identification of ASD to demonstrate the ways in which a transdiagnostic perspective could expand the impact of early identification and intervention research and clinical efforts, and to outline suggestions for future empirical research programs addressing current gaps in the identification-to-treatment pipeline. We propose four recommendations for future research that are both grounded in developmental and clinical science and that are scalable for early intervention systems: (1) development of fine-grained, norm-referenced measures of ASD-relevant transdiagnostic behavioral domains; (2) identification of shared and distinct mechanisms influencing the transition from risk to disorder; (3) determination of key cross-cutting treatment strategies (both novel and extracted from existing approaches) effective in targeting specific domains across disorders; and (4) integration of identified measures and treatments into existing service systems.