Early Formative Period Research Articles

Historia de Puerto Rico ed. by Luis E. González Vales and María Dolores Luque and Consuelo Naranjo Orovio (review)

Luiois E. Gonzalez Vales and Maria Dolores Luque, eds., and Consuelo Naranjo Orovio, chief ed. Historia de Puerto Rico. Madrid: Ediciones Doce Calles, 2012. 928 pp.This is the fourth of the five-volume collection of Historia de las Antillas being put together by Consuelo Naranjo Orovio. Preceding it were Historia de Cuba (2009), Historia de la Republica Dominicana (2010), and Historia de las Antillas no hispanas (2011). A fifth volume on Historia comparada de las Antillas is to come out later this year. Never before has there been such an ambitious, comprehensive, broad-based, and-especially-comparative project on the history of the Caribbean or Antilles Islands. As Naranjo Orovio points out in her preface, this is a geography often neglected in the general histories of the Americas in spite of the profound influence the region has exercised over the entire continent and beyond. She and her team envision the Antilles as a cradle of the Atlantic World, a platform of modernity and a precursor of today's globalized world. They make no apology for a fragmented Caribbean as they set out to bridge the knowledge gap upon which such tragic visions are predicated.Put together by Luis E. Gonzalez Vales and Maria Dolores Luque, this volume, Historia de Puerto Rico, contains fourteen single-author essays and five collaborative ones divided into six parts that closely follow the contours of the first two works in the collection: population, economy, society, politics, culture and science, and contemporary Puerto Rico. The volume editors managed to secure contributions from the most diverse group of authors in terms of geographic, disciplinary, and institutional provenance. Indeed, they should be commended for bringing together for the first time in a single volume the most celebrated representatives of different and often competing historiographic schools spanning three generations and covering at least five different countries.The book opens with an article on population form the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries by Francisco Moscoso, a top authority on the preColumbian and early formative periods of colonial society. Jorge Duany traces the progress of the population explosion from 1815 to the present. Duany, who is of Cuban origin, has a most significant contribution at the end of the work in which he tries to explain the nature of the formidable political mutation known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico-disconcerting as it has been for many foreign observers and nationals alike-as a postcolonial colony. Moscoso is also the author, together with Gonzalez Vales, of the chapter on economic history from 1492 to 1816. The challenge of carrying that narrative from there to the present falls upon a team composed of the Spanish historian Antonio Santamaria Garcia and the long-standing collaborators Cesar Ayala and Rafael Bernabe. The section on social history is divided along a similar chronological tandem and graced by an equally productive engagement between generations of local historians, in this case the young Josue Caamano-Dones and the celebrated Fernando Pico.Gonzalez Vales is at his best describing the strategic military importance of the colonial enclave as a most determinant factor in the country's history, a controversial thesis that is buttressed by the editor's choice of the subsequent chapter, otherwise a sound institutional history of the presidio of San Juan to the end of the Mexican situado by Jose Cruz de Arrigoitia. …

MULTI-INSTRUMENTAL IDENTIFICATION OF ORPIMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MORTUARY CONTEXTS

ABSTRACT This paper reports on an unknown yellowish mineral compound found in an archaeological context from Chorrillos cemetery (Calama, Chile) dating to the Early Formative period (800 - 200 B.C.). We used optic microscopy, SEM, EDX, 1 H- RMN, 13 C-RMN, and infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy to tease out the chemical and molecular composition of the sample. The microscopic images show amorphous yellowish granulates with heterogeneous chemical surfaces. 1 H- RMN and 13 C-RMN negative results show that the sample is free of organic matter. The SEM and EDX indicate the presence of arsenic and sulfur in the sample. The IR and Raman analyses suggest the presence of orpiment which is a toxic yellow arsenic sulfide mineral. Keywords: Pigments, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, Chorrillos, Northern Chile. e-mail: jpabloogalde@yahoo.es INTRODUCTION Instrumental analyses of pigment usage have a significant value to play in many disciplines, such as natural resources, prehistoric artistic expression, archaeology and art history. It is a useful tool to identify and characterize pigments, elemental chemical composition, toxicity, usage, etc. Microsampling and non-destructive techniques are also important variables to consider when dealing with cultural patrimony and unique objects while pursuing chemical characterization and analyses of ancient samples

Fluorite Phase Transformations under Vacuum

Complex crystal aggregates from fluorspar vapor phase were grown at specific low-pressure/high-temperature conditions. The quasi-equilibrium of initiated crystal-chemical reactions at the proceeding vapour-crystal phase transformation was strongly dependent on the mass-transport inside an originally designed multicameral crucible, loaded by several portions of natural fluorite. By changing the temperature pressure over the already molten fluorspar portions as well as the gas-permeability of the channels connecting different sections in crucible interior to vacuum ambient, one may control the rate of gaseous-vapour diffusion and the degree of supper-saturation inside the peripheral crucible compartment wherein nucleation and crystal growing occurred. In this way, grown aggregates revealed a complicated habit formed during three-stage growing process provided by relevant thermodynamic and phase. Residual stresses were not observed in the aggregates whereas those in simultaneously grown boules from the non-vaporized melts in crucible cameras were clearly distinguished. The optical transmittance spectra of the boules were obtained considerably better, especially in the UV, comparing to those for crystal aggregates, both showing several peaks of specific light-absorption due to enhanced presence of rare-earth (RE) impurities. The aggregates manifest nearly full reflectivity from Vis to near IR region. The vapor phase growth mechanisms, when natural fluorite with some RE contents has been used, were explained on thermodynamic grounds that shown the manner of reliable control on the phenomenon. The results were anticipated to help for developing new perspective techniques for growth from vapor of several fluoride compounds with complex structure and composition and wide application. It was speculated that similar growth mechanisms of CaF2 crystals were possible on the moon in its very early period of formation.

A provenance study of archaeological obsidian from the Andahuaylas region of southern Peru

A provenance study of archaeological obsidian from the Andahuaylas region of southern Peru

Piecework and the Sovietization of the East German Workplace

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the significance of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and all that it purported to stand for has been largely cast aside. Other than as a cautionary tale, the GDR has been widely seen as offering little to contemporary political discourse. By contrast, in recent years, its experience, especially in its early formative period, has attracted a lot of attention from historians. In part this burst of activity can be attributed to the opening of closed archives in eastern Europe, but it is also related to the desire to understand better how a flawed system could maintain such seeming stability for so long, and then, how all that could collapse so suddenly and ignobly in 1989. Was its demise inevitable, rooted, as it were, in the DNA of the system, or were there alternative paths that could have been taken? Much of the recent research is founded on the premise that insights and answers to such questions can be uncovered by going back to the origins of the system. This article is written in the same vein. Its aim is to shed light on how aspects of the East German workplace evolved in the period between the beginnings of Soviet occupation and the establishment of a Soviet-style planned economy by 1949–50.

QUENCHED COLD ACCRETION OF A LARGE-SCALE METAL-POOR FILAMENT DUE TO VIRIAL SHOCKING IN THE HALO OF A MASSIVEz= 0.7 GALAXY

Using HST/COS/STIS and HIRES/Keck high-resolution spectra, we have studied a remarkable HI absorbing complex at z=0.672 toward the quasar Q1317+277. The HI absorption has a velocity spread of 1600 km/s, comprises 21 Voigt profile components, and resides at an impact parameter of D=58 kpc from a bright, high mass [log(M_vir/M_sun) ~ 13.7] elliptical galaxy that is deduced to have a 6 Gyr old, solar metallicity stellar population. Ionization models suggest the majority of the structure is cold gas surrounding a shock heated cloud that is kinematically adjacent to a multi-phase group of clouds with detected CIII, CIV and OVI absorption, suggestive of a conductive interface near the shock. The deduced metallicities are consistent with the moderate in situ enrichment relative to the levels observed in the z ~ 3 Ly-alpha forest. We interpret the HI complex as a metal-poor filamentary structure being shock heated as it accretes into the halo of the galaxy. The data support the scenario of an early formation period (z > 4) in which the galaxy was presumably fed by cold-mode gas accretion that was later quenched via virial shocking by the hot halo such that, by intermediate redshift, the cold filamentary accreting gas is continuing to be disrupted by shock heating. Thus, continued filamentary accretion is being mixed into the hot halo, indicating that the star formation of the galaxy will likely remain quenched. To date, the galaxy and the HI absorption complex provide some of the most compelling observational data supporting the theoretical picture in which accretion is virial shocked in the hot coronal halos of high mass galaxies.

A Study on Criticism of Korean Social Welfare Studies in the Early Formative Period -focused on the First Generation's Introductory Texts and the Perspective of Historicism-

이 연구는 “초기 한국 사회복지학은 어떤 영향을 받아 무슨 내용으로 형성되었는가?”라는 연구주제 를 역사주의(historicism) 관점에서 파악하여 한국 사회복지학의 출발점을 살피는 데 목적이 있다. 1 세대 연구자가 저술한 개론서 세권을 기본 자료 삼아, 1) 원본의 역사적 개요, 2) 연구자의 개인사적 성향, 3) 주요 용어의 역사적 적용, 4) 사회복지학 내용의 역사적 맥락과 같은 틀을 만들어 분석하였 다. 연구결과를 토대로 한국 사회복지학 형성과 관련하여, 1) 개론서 내용을 만회하기 위해 생존하고 있 는 1세대 연구자로부터의 자료수집, 2) 기독교의 영향에 관한 연구, 3) 외국 원조 기관의 영향에 관한 연구, 4) 미국과 일본 사회복지학의 영향에 관한 연구, 5) 초기 이후 어떻게 변화했는지를 규명하는 연구 들이 필요함을 제언하였다. 아울러 각 저술과 연구자 개인사에 관한 연구를 더욱 상세하고 충실 히 진행하지 못한 점을 이 연구의 한계로 꼽았다.

Reconsidering Olmec visual culture: the unborn, women, and creation

Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Rediscovering Women and Gestation in Olmec Visual Culture A Cradle of Civilization Mesoamerica and Its Visual Culture Early Interpretations of the First Known Olmec Sculptures New Questions in Olmec Studies Is Gender or Gestation the Compelling Issue? How the Book Develops: Content and Methodologies Chapter 2. The Tale of the Were-Jaguar The Birth of the Were-Jaguar One Were-Jaguar or Many Deities? The First Attempt to Slay the Were-Jaguar The Were-Jaguar as a Shamanic Alter Ego Monstrous Congenital Anomalies Pantheons of Deities or Symbols of Vital Forces? Shamanism in an Ecological Context The Rebirth of the Maize Deity Signs of Life Chapter 3. The Sowing and Dawning of the Human-Maize Seed Images of the Unborn The Formative Mesoamerican Embryo and Its Matrix of Associations Ethnographic Analogies Hollow Babies A Contemporary Baby in a Boat: Ninopa Conclusions about Embryos, Fetuses, and Babies Chapter 4. Tracking Gender, Gestation, and Narrativity Through the Early Formative The Archaic Period, 10,000 to 2000 BC: The Beginning of Visual Symbols The Initial Formative, circa 1900 to 1400 BC Maize Technology I: Fermentation Maize Technology II: Nixtamalization The Early Formative, 1400-900 BC Fluctuations in Visual Culture During the Initial and Early Formative Periods Chapter 5. La Venta's Buried Offerings: Women and Other Revelations Topography and Sources of Stone Discovery, Excavation, and Chronology of La Venta Surveying La Venta's Visual Culture Through Time Women and the Unborn Return to Prominence Chapter 6. Female Water and Supernaturals: The Massive Offerings, Mosaic Pavements, and Mixe Work of the Earth Why Construct Massive Offerings? Mixe Beliefs in Earth, Water, and Thunder Supernormal Entities La Venta's Mosaic Pavements Offerings Inseminating the Flowering Massive Offerings: Contained Water Mixe Healers, Midwives, and Rituals, and Their Olmec Antecedents Female Shamans The Mosaic Pavements as Conventionalized Symbols Politics, Protection, and Healing Chapter 7. A Processional Visual Narrative at La Venta Previous Investigations of Olmec Creation Narratives Patterns for the Distribution of Monumental Sculptures A Processional Visual Narrative Chapter 8. La Venta's Creation and Origins Narrative An Approach to Visual Narratives from Preliterate Societies The Narrative Stations Station One: A Womb with Three Fetuses Station Two: A Quincunx of Thrones Station Three: The Dawning of Human-Maize Station Four: The Female Sources of Life: and Water Station Five: The Bodiless Heads Station Six: The Phallic Column Inserting Politics into the Creation and Origins Narrative Alternative Reading Orders Conclusions and Questions Chapter 9. A Scattering of Seeds Assessing Arguments for Some Major Points Modes of Communication Where Did Olmec Ideas Go? Asking and Answering the Fundamental Questions Appendix 1. La Venta Monuments by Format Appendix 2. Comparison of Mesoamerican Creation and Origins Narratives Appendix 3. Shape-Shifters and Werewolves to Were-Jaguars: A Brief Chronology Notes Bibliography Index

Hydrocarbon origin and reservoir forming model of the Lower Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

Hydrocarbon origin and reservoir forming model of the Lower Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

Early Formative Pottery Production, Mobility, and Exchange on the Pacific Coast of Southern Mexico

ABSTRACT In this article we report ceramic stylistic and compositional (Instrumental Neutron Activation-INAA) data from two Early Formative Period (3,400–2,800 cal yrs. BP) coastal sites from the Acapetahua region of southern Mexico, datasets potentially sensitive to the study of the exchange of ideas and materials. Gourd-shaped vessels (tecomates) with red slips dominate the earliest ceramic assemblages at the two sites. The compositional comparison of these early ceramics with reference clay samples indicates that this pottery was manufactured locally. Grey, black, and white wares appear in the assemblage ∼3,000 cal yrs. BP and the number of serving bowls substantially increases. Most of these ceramics were also manufactured locally, but imported wares from farther south and the north from the Gulf Coast lowlands were also identified suggesting some connectivity within an emerging long-distance exchange network. Given the position of these settlements we hypothesize that the movement of people, goods and ideas was facilitated by water travel along the southern Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica.

Proteomics, Ultrastructure, and Physiology of Hippocampal Synapses in a Fragile X Syndrome Mouse Model Reveal Presynaptic Phenotype

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of hereditary mental retardation, is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the Fmr1 gene, which encodes fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP affects dendritic protein synthesis, thereby causing synaptic abnormalities. Here, we used a quantitative proteomics approach in an FXS mouse model to reveal changes in levels of hippocampal synapse proteins. Sixteen independent pools of Fmr1 knock-out mice and wild type mice were analyzed using two sets of 8-plex iTRAQ experiments. Of 205 proteins quantified with at least three distinct peptides in both iTRAQ series, the abundance of 23 proteins differed between Fmr1 knock-out and wild type synapses with a false discovery rate (q-value) <5%. Significant differences were confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. A group of proteins that are known to be involved in cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth was regulated; they included Basp1 and Gap43, known PKC substrates, and Cend1. Basp1 and Gap43 are predominantly expressed in growth cones and presynaptic terminals. In line with this, ultrastructural analysis in developing hippocampal FXS synapses revealed smaller active zones with corresponding postsynaptic densities and smaller pools of clustered vesicles, indicative of immature presynaptic maturation. A second group of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle release was up-regulated in the FXS mouse model. In accordance, paired-pulse and short-term facilitation were significantly affected in these hippocampal synapses. Together, the altered regulation of presynaptically expressed proteins, immature synaptic ultrastructure, and compromised short-term plasticity points to presynaptic changes underlying glutamatergic transmission in FXS at this stage of development.

Development of motor fusion in patients with a history of strabismic amblyopia who are treated part-time with Bangerter foils

Development of motor fusion in patients with a history of strabismic amblyopia who are treated part-time with Bangerter foils

Reforming Japan: The Women's Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period (review)

Reviewed by: Reforming Japan: The Women's Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period Yosuke Nirei Reforming Japan: The Women's Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period. By Elizabeth Dorn Lublin. 264264 pages. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2010 (hardcover $85.00). University of Hawai'i Press, 2011 (softcover $32.95). The Meiji period brought the Japanese archipelago and people to the forefront of world history and modernity, and the Japanese converts to Protestantism who emerged during this time were more than just religionists; indeed, though few in number they played a central role in Japan's intellectual and social modernization. Elizabeth Dorn Lublin has written an important and admirable book that helps us to understand the vicissitudes of the Meiji Protestant movement. Reforming Japan examines the establishment and evolution of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)—one of the country's most important reformist and oldest women's associations—and its central programs over the last two decades of the Meiji period. The book, moreover, not only tells the story of the WCTU as a "case study" of Meiji civic activism, but also contains many insights that can be applied to other modernist intellectuals and reformist activities of the period. Reforming Japan is divided into two parts. Part 1, "The WCTU in Meiji Japan: An Organizational History," chronicles the two decades of the WCTU's development in three chapters. The first chapter explains the connections between the expansion of the American temperance movement overseas and the rise of Protestantism in Meiji Japan, placing special emphasis on the work of American activist Mary Clement Leavitt. Leavitt, Lublin claims, worked as a "catalyst" (p. 32) for the formation of a WCTU branch in Tokyo by gaining the recognition of prominent male enlightenment intellectuals (also Protestants) and the support of Japanese Protestant women. Leavitt's arrival and the establishment of the Tokyo branch of the WCTU in 1886 occurred almost simultaneously with the WCTU's broad overseas outreach and with Meiji Japan's rapid Westernization and fever for "social reform." The WCTU added more branches throughout the country and managed to establish a national umbrella organization in 1892, but from the end of the 1880s to the early 1890s, the Japan WCTU as a whole, as well as the Protestant movement in Japan, experienced a severe setback, as outlined in the remainder of part 1. Lublin cites the general political, educational, and legal changes (such as the procedural debacle in the government's revision of its Unequal Treaties with the West as well as the promulgations of the Imperial Constitution, the Civil Code, and the Educational Rescript) that formed the backdrop to these difficulties, but what really stands out in her account of this period is the internal struggle between conservative leader Yajima Kajiko and radical member Sasaki Toyoju for leadership of the organization. This was a defining moment for the future of WCTU activism and a key to understanding the ideological assumptions behind the movement's reformist program. [End Page 355] Also notable is Lublin's stress on the importance, both symbolic and substantive, of American missionaries such as Leavitt, Mary Allen West, and Clara Parrish (photographs of all three are included in the book) in developing the Japanese WCTU as a whole and bringing together discordant and sometimes disorganized Japanese groups at critical moments in the union's historical evolution. Lublin vividly describes the distinctive passion of these American women for spreading reform, as well as their methodical and diligent efforts (West, incidentally, died during her missionary tour in Japan), and she draws an interesting contrast with the personal rivalry and ideological conflict that existed among Japanese Christian women of the time. Perhaps intentionally, Lublin did not include the word "Japanese" in the book's subtitle; certainly, the early organization could not be described without mention of the significant input provided by American missionary women. Indeed, as Lublin says, it was the "convergence" of historical developments in both countries (p. 14) that came into historical play. Part 2, "Under the Guise of National Strengthening and 'Good' Citizenship: Pillars of the WCTU's Reform Program," brings the reader back to the early formative period of the movement and to the...

MOGOLLON, HOHOKAM, AND O’OTAM: RETHINKING THE EARLY FORMATIVE PERIOD IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA

An important issue in the prehistory of the Early Formative period is cultural affiliation. It is crucial to understanding the origin and development of ceramic period cultures and the relationships between these and Archaic period peoples. In the past, Early Formative period cultures of southern Arizona were identified variously as Hohokam, Mogollon, and O’otam. Recent evidence has demonstrated an Early Formative period culture that was widespread across much of the southern Southwest and characterized uniformly by diagnostic horizon markers. The earliest horizon is marked by a strong Mogollon character in material traits. Our previous notions of cultural affiliation do not explain this cultural pattern well. Two alternative explanations for the phenomenon are the existence of a generalized, widely shared cultural pattern that gave rise to later groups recognized as Hohokam and Mogollon, and the coresidence of different groups on community and regional levels. These models and their implications for cultural development in the Southwest are discussed.

Sequel to Kitzmiller's Anopheline Names: Their Derivations and Histories

The derivations of the names of 74 Anopheles species and one subgenus are explained together with accounts of the life and scientific work of people who have been honored by having a mosquito named after them. Descriptive accounts are given of geographical locations, whether towns, regions or counties, that have had anopheline species named after them.

Pre-pottery farmers on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico

Pre-pottery farmers on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico

Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22 000 years

Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22 000 years

THE EARLY FORMATIVE PERIOD IN THE SOUTHERN ISTHMUS: EXCAVATIONS AT BARRIO TEPALCATE, IXTEPEC, OAXACA

AbstractBarrio Tepalcate, on the Los Perros River just outside Ciudad Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 18 km upriver from Laguna Zope, is one of the few Early and Middle Formative period sites known in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec region. Our salvage excavation in 2005 showed that the village covered no more than four hectares. It was probably one of several villages along the river in a two-tiered settlement hierarchy centered on Laguna Zope. The presence of Early Formative period ceramics suggests that the inhabitants of Barrio Tepalcate participated in the Early Olmec style horizon, although the design motifs on their pottery are simpler than those from San Lorenzo 150 km to the north. We found little evidence of imported ceramics from San Lorenzo, which may be due to the small size of the sample and the site, or to differences in how San Lorenzo interacted with highland sites, such as Etlatongo and San José Mogote, and Isthmian sites, such as Barrio Tepalcate. The Early Formative inhabitants of the southern Isthmus were members of the Mixe-Zoque language family, and specifically Mixe speakers by the Late Formative.

A SAN LORENZO PHASE HOUSEHOLD ASSEMBLAGE FROM EL REMOLINO, VERACRUZ

AbstractWhile scholars actively search for material and symbolic indications of Olmec influence outside the Gulf Coast, few have taken a close look at the variation and intricacies of Early Formative period material culture within the Gulf Coast region. The increasing body of data on houses in the Olmec heartland is beginning to allow comparisons and new kinds of analyses not previously possible in Olmec studies. Excavated materials from San Lorenzo phase (1200–900b.c., radiocarbon years; 1400–1000b.c.) households at El Remolino in the San Lorenzo region are analyzed in a preliminary attempt to evaluate the particulars of a San Lorenzo Olmec domestic assemblage in order to provide a baseline for future research. I compare quantities of different artifact classes, vessel forms, vessel orifice diameters, and pottery decoration to arrive at an understanding of a modest Olmec household inventory. Through this analysis, I argue that several of the San Lorenzo horizon markers cited as evidence of Olmec influence or migration elsewhere in Mesoamerica are quite rare in the Olmec heartland itself. Both Calzadas Carved and Limón Carved-Incised pottery decorations1occur only in minute quantities (&lt;1%) in the Remolino (and San Lorenzo) assemblage, and hollow white-ware figurines are entirely absent at this nonelite context. Except for its location 5 km from San Lorenzo, El Remolino would not qualify as an Olmec site based on the lack of artifact markers emphasized by archaeologists working outside of the Gulf Coast. I argue that we need a better idea of the range of Gulf Coast Olmec variation before we delve too far into discussions of Gulf Coast influence.

Infection of Potato Tubers with the Common Scab Pathogen Streptomyces scabiei in a Soil-less System

A novel soil-less method was developed to define susceptibility of developing potato tubers accurately to infection with Streptomyces scabiei the causal agent of common scab disease. Hydroponic production enabled precise identification of individual tuber development. Direct inoculation of tubers with a spore suspension of S. scabiei resulted in disease development, demonstrating that infection could be initiated in a soil-less media. Tubers were most susceptible to infection between 3 and 20 days after tuber initiation, confirming that this early period of tuber formation is critical to disease development