Coinciding the features of emerging adulthood with the traits of the second demographic transition: Prominent spatial patterns in developed countries

The incidence of steatotic liver disease (SLD) among younger adults is increasing globally. While poor diet is a recognised risk factor, the impact of specific dietary components is unclear. We investigated associations between dietary patterns and SLD markers in younger adults. Analysis involved 887 members of the Raine Study Generation 2 cohort, assessed at age 27. SLD was defined using a validated MRI volumetric liver fat fraction equation. Dietary intake, assessed by food frequency questionnaires, was summarised using a modified Overall Diet Score (ODS) that classified foods as "healthy" or "unhealthy." Associations between diet and SLD were evaluated by logistic regression, adjusting for waist circumference, sex, alcohol intake and physical activity. SLD was identified in 142 participants (16 %). Higher consumption of vegetables, nuts, fish/seafood, coffee (all P < 0.001), tea (P = 0.003), and legumes (P = 0.024) was associated with reduced odds of SLD. Conversely, higher intake of fruit juice, processed animal products, processed meats (all P < 0.001), and sweets/desserts (P = 0.029) was associated with increased odds. Greater healthy food consumption (overall median [IQR] = 23 [19-27]) was inversely associated with SLD (adjusted OR = 0.949 per unit, 95 % CI 0.909-0.992; P = 0.021). This association remained statistically significant only in males after adjustment (P = 0.007). The ODS and unhealthy food intake were not significantly associated with SLD following adjustment. A higher intake of unprocessed or minimally processed plant-based foods is associated with a lower odds of SLD in younger adults, independent of central adiposity. These findings underscore the protective potential of plant-rich dietary patterns against SLD in early adulthood.

Childhood victimization has lifelong adverse consequences including lower well-being and functional impairments in adulthood. Nonetheless, some victimized individuals appear to fare well, although it remains unclear whether they flourish (i.e., experience overall well-being and optimal functioning). We used data from the nationally representative Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, which followed 2,232 children born in 1994-1995 across England and Wales to 18 years of age (93% retention, N = 2,066). Victimization was prospectively assessed between ages 5-12 years, capturing exposure to severe physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect, physical neglect, peer bullying, and domestic violence. Flourishing was assessed at age 18 across four domains: social well-being, education and cognition, physical health, and mental well-being. Over a third of the 558 victimized children flourished on at least one measure within all four domains at age 18, with the highest flourishing rates found for perceptions of social support, social status, and sleep quality. Experiencing two or more types of victimization was associated with lower flourishing for perceived social status (adjusted odds ratio [adj.OR] = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 0.73, p = .001) and faster biological aging (adj.OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.93, p = .024) compared to single victimization exposure. Victimized girls were more likely to flourish in their educational attainment than boys (adj.OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.55, p = .042). A substantial proportion of victimized children flourished across multiple domains in early adulthood. Identifying enabling factors could inform promotive interventions.

Mental well-being in 15-19-year-old adolescents and poor school connectedness, dropout, and NEET status: a prospective cohort study.

Early-life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with brain development and contribute to long-term cognitive impairments. This study investigated whether hippocampal metabolite alterations at postnatal day 6 (PND6) are associated with behavioral outcomes in early adulthood following perinatal exposure to four EDCs: bisphenol F (BPF), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). Male and female rats were exposed in utero and during lactation, and hippocampal tissue was collected at PND6 for targeted metabolomics and untargeted lipidomics. Behavioral testing in adulthood using the Morris water maze assessed spatial learning (acquisition) and cognitive flexibility (reversal). BBzP exposure impaired acquisition learning, and BPF disrupted reversal performance in males. In females, both DINCH and TPHP led to increased latency during reversal. A multi-layered analytical framework was applied to explore associations between early metabolite and lipid profiles and later behavioral performance, including group-based comparisons, correlation analyses, and evaluation of biologically informed ratios. Results revealed sex- and domain-specific alterations in steroid and thyroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and PUFA-containing lipid classes, as well as changes in functional ratios and metabolite-metabolite coordination. These early metabolic disruptions were associated with increased escape latency in adulthood, suggesting long-term impacts on hippocampal function.

Young people with disability face significant barriers to stable employment. Yet, little is known about how early labor market experiences shape their long-term mental health. This study examines associations between early career insecurity and subsequent mental health trajectories, focusing on disability status as a key axis of inequality. We use nationally representative longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, following 1525 individuals aged 16 to 55 years over the period 2001 to 2022. Early career employment insecurity during the first five years after leaving education is constructed using sequence analysis, capturing the joint occurrence and accumulation of contract insecurity, underemployment, and economic inactivity. Disability status is operationalized using a binary indicator representing a broad category including people with diverse disabilities. Mental health outcomes are measured using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) and modeled across time using random-effects panel models. We find a negative association between early career insecurity and later mental health, net of confounders. This association is significantly more pronounced among individuals with disability. A one-unit change in the insecurity index is associated with an approximately 13-point (about 60% of the standard deviation) lower mental health score among young people with disability. For young people without disability the association amounts to about 5-point (about 30% of the standard deviation) lower mental health scores. For respondents with disability, exposure to trajectories characterized by overlapping periods of insecure employment and underemployment in early adulthood is associated with persistently lower later mental health scores. These results highlight the importance of multidimensional measures of employment precarity for understanding mental health inequalities and demonstrate how disability amplifies the long-term mental health consequences of early labor market instability. The findings underscore the need for more inclusive and secure employment pathways to support young people's mental health.

Progression in X-Linked Retinoschisis: A Longitudinal Study Defining Quantitative Biomarkers and Their Implications for Gene Therapy.

This study investigated the association of BMI, weight change patterns, and absolute weight change with mortality in adults (≥ 50 years) with diabetes or prediabetes. A longitudinal cohort analysis of 11,518 NHANES (2005-2018) participants assessed BMI categories, weight change patterns (stable normal weight, persistent overweight, obesity transitions, persistent obesity), and absolute weight change (loss, stable, gain). Cox models and restricted cubic splines evaluated mortality risks, adjusting for covariates. BMI showed a U-shaped mortality relationship, with obesity increasing all-cause (HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.20-2.13) and diabetes-related mortality (HR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.35-4.75). Persistent obesity from young adulthood raised mortality risks (all-cause: +60%; diabetes-related: +153%), while later-life persistent overweight reduced risk. Weight loss (≥ 2.5kg) increased mortality, whereas moderate gain (2.5-20kg) was protective. Results remained robust in sensitivity analyses. For person with diabetes or prediabetes prevention, maintaining normal weight in early adulthood and modest weight gain with aging is beneficial. Older adults may benefit from mild overweight to lower mortality risk. Age-specific weight management strategies should guide clinical and public health recommendations. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-026-01896-6.

Temporal trends in macrovascular complications in young-onset diabetes in Korea: A nationwide population-based study.

Ranked and at risk: Relative academic position in school and receiving social assistance in adulthood.

Factors associated with mental health among young adults: Cross-country longitudinal evidence from Ethiopia, India, and Peru.

The effect of low muscle mass on neck disorder and cervical movement kinematics in university students: A comparative study.

The offending trajectories of those who begin sexually offending in adulthood are poorly understood. The present study examines offending trajectories between the ages of 18 and 60 of 520 adult-onset men who were assessed at a sexual behavior clinic between 1995 and 2006. Using group-based trajectory modeling, a four-group trajectory model was retained to account for heterogeneity in the sample. The trajectories were compared on criminal career parameters (e.g., individual court contacts), victim number, and indicators of sexual interest in children (e.g., phallometric results). A trajectory with an escalating pattern of offending which onset in early adulthood was found to be associated with all three indicators of sexual interest in children and a high frequency of sexual offending. The findings of this study underscore the heterogeneity of adult-onset sexual offending, reinforcing the improbability that a one-size-fits-all approach for those who sexually offend against children would be effective.

Young adults in Indonesia who identify as men attracted to men face intense pressure to conform to heteronormative expectations, particularly regarding marriage. During quarter-life crisis, this pressure often leads to internal conflict and emotional distress. This study explored how these individuals perceive marriage and how such perceptions impact their mental and emotional well-being during a critical life transition. A qualitative phenomenological approach guided by Colaizzi's method was used. Ten participants aged 22-29 were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Bandung, Indonesia and analysed thematically. Participants reported psychological tension arising from the clash between personal identity and societal expectations. Emotional suppression and spiritual guilt were common. Trust in mental health services was limited due to prior stigma. Findings are context-specific and based on a small, urban sample of Muslim participants. Cross-cultural generalisability is limited. Mental health nurses must address identity-related distress with cultural humility and emotional safety. Nursing education and practice should prioritise inclusive assessment, spiritual care and stigma-free environments. This study provides critical insight into how young men navigating same-sex attraction in Indonesia experience emotional conflict during early adulthood due to cultural and religious pressures to marry. These findings highlight the urgent need for inclusive, identity-affirming and culturally sensitive approaches in mental health nursing. By understanding the unique psychological vulnerabilities of this group, mental health nurses can deliver more compassionate, ethical and effective care, reduce stigma in practice settings and contribute to the development of safe, non-judgemental spaces for all clients regardless of sexual or spiritual identity.

Association between parental depression during offspring adolescence and offspring depression from adolescence to early adulthood: A prospective cohort study in China.

Triage is a critical process for patient prioritisation in emergency departments (EDs) that aims to rapidly allocate patients to the appropriate level of emergency care commensurate with clinical urgency. Triage completion is expected within two to five minutes while ensuring patient safety. The purpose of this review is to identify the facilitators and barriers to triage efficiency in EDs and provide an overview of how these factors impact the triage process. An integrative literature review was conducted with a structured search across six databases, including CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, and PubMed. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria and were narratively synthesised. Factors affecting triage efficiency were grouped under four themes. Process-related factors such as workflow designs, electronic triage support decision tools, "quick look" triage approaches, and system inefficiencies; nurse-related factors like experience, educational attainment, cognitive approach, and fatigue; environmental and system-related pressures such as interruptions, high patient volume, overcrowding, and availability of adequate triage spaces and equipment; and patient factors, including patient complexity, all shaped triage efficiency. Triage efficiency is a dynamic and context-sensitive outcome shaped by multiple factors. Some factors are modifiable, and further studies are needed to explore targeted interventions and their impact on triage efficiency in emergency care.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with arterial stiffness being an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality. This study aimed to examine in the Swedish longitudinal cohort of males and females (SPAF-1958) whether aerobic capacity measured at early- (34years) and mid-adulthood (52years) can predict arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity later in life (63years). Further, we determined whether this association is modified by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, smoking, blood pressure, advanced lipoprotein profiles and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function determined as cholesterol efflux capacity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that a higher aerobic capacity at ages 34 (B = -0.04, P = 0.002) and 52 (B = -0.04, P = 0.005) significantly predicted lower arterial stiffness at age 63, independent of obesity, smoking, blood pressure, HDL, and HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity. In contrast, lipoprotein profiles and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux at age 52 were not associated with arterial stiffness at age 63 (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that maintaining aerobic capacity from early adulthood can reduce arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk in later life, independently of traditional and contemporary cardiovascular factors. This study emphasizes the need for further research on lifestyle modifications to enhance cardiovascular health.

High-fat diet exposure from prenatal life to early adulthood induces sex-specific neuropsychiatric vulnerability in mice.

Lifetime economic burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal analysis of adults in the Wasatch Front Region of Utah, United States.

Vector control remains a key strategy in reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission. Understanding mosquito species distribution, diversity, and breeding habitat ecology is crucial for effective surveillance and to define targeted vector control interventions. We conducted a study to understand the diversity and habitat preferences of mosquito larvae across Cambodia during the rainy season from July to September 2024. Mosquito larvae were collected from a variety of breeding habitats located around households across all 25 provinces. The national sampling was conducted once during the rainy season in urban (city) and rural (village) areas within each province. Collected larvae were reared to adult emergence in the insectarium for morphological identification, further confirmed with molecular techniques. We found 37 mosquito species in the households, of which 12 are vectors of pathogens such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and Plasmodium species, representing 93% of all collected mosquitoes. Larvae were predominantly found in anthropized artificial breeding habitats, accounting for 98% of all larvae collected. Notably, the two primary dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, were recorded from all 52 sampling locations. In addition, our study identified the presence of Aedes vittatus in 12 provinces, a new confirmed vector of dengue in Cambodia. We also recorded eight Japanese encephalitis vectors, with at least one species from all sampling sites. There were no statistically significant differences in larval mosquito biodiversity (relative abundance, number of species, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices) between cities and villages, with 15 species occurring in both environments, representing 41% of the species and 99% of all mosquitoes collected. The widespread and predominant presence of dengue and Japanese encephalitis vectors in every household confirms the endemic circulation of these diseases in Cambodia.