Shifting tides from non-targeted chemotherapy to targeted therapies and small RNA-based bio drugs: A changing paradigm in cancer therapy.

Covering: up to 2025Invertebrates, as the majority of macroscopic species on the Earth, are important resources for natural products. Chemical investigations of animals can date back to the early 20th century and have led to the discovery of thousands of compounds with diverse biological functions. These natural products can be structurally classified as terpenoids, polyketides, and alkaloids. Additionally, many compounds have been isolated from symbionts, leading to the widespread belief that animals lack the capability for secondary metabolism. Recent biochemical studies challenge this notion, revealing great potential for animal biosynthesis research. Animals possess larger genomes and more complex metabolic pathways, suggesting untapped biosynthetic potential. In contrast to microorganisms, studies on the biosynthesis of natural products in animals remain limited. Characterized genes represent only a small fraction of their vast genomes. The discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters suggests that the methods used to mine the biosynthetic genes of microorganisms may also be applicable to animals. The characterization of 4-vinylanisole in locusts demonstrates that the pathways lacking clear core biosynthesis enzymes still require multidisciplinary experimental approaches. In summary, further biosynthesis studies will expand methodological approaches and accelerate the characterization of remaining natural product pathways.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of a mixed economy based on livestock breeding and agriculture in Western Kazakhstan during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The study examines in detail the natural-geographical conditions, socio-economic influences, and political decisions that led the local population to gradually shift from traditional nomadic pastoralism to semi-nomadic and sedentary forms of life. It also analyzes the internal and external factors that contributed to the spread of agriculture in the steppe regions, including land issues, changes in colonial administrative policies, and the exchange of agricultural practices between the local population and settlers. The article demonstrates that the emergence of a mixed economy in Western Kazakhstan not only transformed the region’s economic structure but also had a significant impact on the social profile of the population, everyday livelihood models, labor skills, and traditional economic culture. Through an examination of the evolution of economic relations, the study reveals important aspects such as social stratification during the colonial period, specific features of land use, and the formation of new economic linkages. The findings of the research provide a deeper understanding of the historical transformations in the economic development of Western Kazakhstan, identify regional characteristics of the colonial era, and assess the influence of the mixed economy on subsequent agrarian policies and the formation of rural society.

Research objectives (aims) and problem(s): The aim of this paper is to present the key ideas and proposals for educational work that emerged within the Polish peasant movement in the first half of the 20th century. It examines the principal educational and upbringing concepts advanced during this period by three prominent peasant movement activists: Stanisław Thugutt, Juliusz Poniatowski, and Ignacy Solarz. The basic research problem considered in the article is the question of which pedagogical achievements of these three activists can be considered timeless and valuable today. Research methods: The study mainly makes use of original publications by the selected peasant-movement activists, as well as the methodological assumptions of the social history of education. Process of argumentation: Based on an analysis of the collected source material, an attempt was made to identify the most important educational ideas proposed by each of the three rural educators. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: In total, twelve educational ideas and proposals formulated by Thugutt, Poniatowski, and Solarz are identified, many of which may be regarded as timeless and still relevant today. Conclusions and/or recommendations: The author argues that the pedagogical achievements of Thugutt, Poniatowski, and Solarz should be recognized as an important illustration of Polish contributions to the New Education Movement and considered a valuable and still relevant component of Polish educational heritage.

Introduction . The purpose of the article is a style classification of the architecture of Orthodox churches in the Rostov region of the period of romanticism, eclecticism and Art Nouveau. The object of research was the churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries, the subject of research is the style evolution of their architectural solutions. The relevance of the topic is due to insufficient study and the need to restore a number of churches of the studied period in the Rostov region. Materials and Methods . In the course of art history research, stylistic and comparative analysis, bibliographic method, photofixation, synchronic and diachronic approaches were applied. The materials were historical and modern photographs of facades and interiors, plans, sections, design drawings of the studied objects of cultural heritage, as well as their prototypes and analogues. Results . The article provides a holistic overview of the Don churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries. For a number of churches, architectural and artistic analysis was carried out for the first time, prototypes of compositional and decorative solutions were determined, and a style characteristic was given. It is shown that the style evolution of the Don church building of the period under consideration as a whole coincides with the all-Russian one. Monuments of Russian-Byzantine, Byzantine, Russian and Russian Revival styles are represented in the region. For the middle of the 19 th century, borrowings from the architecture of the 15 th century are characteristic, later the motifs of the “patterns” of the Moscow and Yaroslavl schools prevail, the motifs of Pskov and the Novgorod medieval architecture are less often used, in the Byzantine style — elements of the Middle Byzantine architecture. Discussion and Conclusion . Along with all-Russian trends, there are also regional features due to the geographical, historical and political context and traditionalism of the mentality of the Cossacks. Firstly, there is the abundance of Byzantine-style churches. Secondly, the duration of the eclectic stage which left many characteristic monuments. Thirdly, chronological brevity and restraint in the manifestation of modernity. Churches chronologically related to the non-Russian stage are stylistically close to late eclecticism, the techniques of which remain dominant, only slightly transforming under the influence of Art Nouveau. Orthodox churches of the mid-19 th — early 20 th centuries in the Rostov region can and should become a source of inspiration for modern architects who turn to church building.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the land issue in the Kazakh steppe during the early 20th century and its significant political and historical implications. It focuses on the disruption of the traditional Kazakh land use system by the Russian Empire’s colonial agrarian policy, which led to widespread social discontent. A major part of the study is devoted to the role of Kazakh intellectuals–Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, and Mirzhakyp Dulatov–who actively raised the land issue in the State Duma. The article explores their speeches, legislative proposals, and their efforts to defend the rights of the Kazakh people. It also highlights how this issue gained public resonance through contemporary newspapers and political debates. The article draws from archival materials, Duma records, and memoirs to illustrate how these events contributed to the political awakening of Kazakh society and laid the groundwork for future land policy discussions in independent Kazakhstan.In addition, the article analyzes the consequences of land redistribution policies implemented by the colonial administration, which profoundly affected the social structure of Kazakh villages, led to the collapse of the nomadic economy, and altered the natural landscape. Legal transformations in land relations – particularly the designation of lands as "state property" – are examined as mechanisms that intensified the perception of colonial oppression. The author also highlights the ethno-social implications of these policies, such as the rise of national consciousness and increased political activism among Kazakhs in response to imperial encroachment. Drawing on rare archival sources and publicistic materials, the article sheds light on the root causes and long-term effects of the early 20th-century land crisis, positioning it as a foundational moment in the transformation of Kazakhstan’s agrarian system and collective historical memory.

The formation and development of public education in Northern Kazakhstan during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century held significant socio-cultural importance. During this period, the colonial policies of the Russian Empire led to profound changes in the traditional education system and cultural life of Kazakh society. Key developments included the establishment of schools, the introduction of textbooks and teaching materials, and the creation of teacher training systems. These processes contributed to an increased interest in education and literacy among the population and facilitated the emergence of new social institutions and cultural associations. While the school system began to develop in the late 19th century, it expanded into widespread education by the early 20th century, laying the foundation for the formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia. Public education during this era played a decisive role in the social development of Kazakh society and the shaping of national consciousness. This study draws on archival sources, periodicals, and documentary literature to analyze the peculiarities of the educational process in Northern Kazakhstan, the interaction between state and community initiatives, and the broader social significance of public education.

The objective of this article is to examine the book collection related to the history, geography, and culture of Lithuania, stored in the university library's holdings, categorized by fields of knowledge, content, author groups, chronological boundaries, and printing design. Methods. The research focused on book publications from the 19th to the early 20th centuries, sourced from various departments of the scientific library. The methodology involved studying both world and Ukrainian historical and literary heritage, employing research methods such as analytical-synthetic, system-structural, comparative, and statistical approaches. Results. The findings indicate that this collection serves as a valuable resource for studying the country's history, especially the history of Lithuania and the Lithuanian people from ancient times to the early 20th century. The library's collection revealed significant copies valuable for their content and printing characteristics, and helped identify key aspects of Lithuania's historical, geographical, and cultural development. Particular attention was given to author groups and publisher seals on the publications. Conclusions. In today's context, studying global book heritage remains a relevant and vital aspect of library work. The collection on the history, geography, and culture of Lithuania provides a solid foundation for understanding the origins and evolution of Ukrainian-Lithuanian relations. Rare documents are an essential part of providing a quality educational experience for university students.

The present study examines the development of small-scale fishing as a fundamental economic pillar for coastal communities along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast during the extended period of the Middle Ages and the subsequent post-mediaeval period. The topic goes far beyond the simple study of economic activity, revealing the resilience and adaptability of local populations in the face of dynamic historical change. The key to a full understanding of this tradition lies in the application of a multidisciplinary approach that skillfully combines archaeological, historical and ethnographic data. The article examines the significance of fishing as a vital economic sector for coastal communities. Archaeozoological bone material from mediaeval sites such as Durankulak, Kastritsi, Petrich Kale and Akra, spanning residential levels from the 5th–6th centuries to the early 15th century, provides direct evidence of the types of fish that were caught and consumed. Ancient and mediaeval written historical sources complete the picture, offering context for the trade and regulation of fishing. Post-mediaeval graffiti and wall paintings from Nessebar serve as a visual ethnography, illustrating boats, fishing techniques and the daily lives of fishermen. This rich source material allows the study to analyze the importance of fishing as a key economic sector that provided not only a livelihood but also a basis for trade with the interior of the country and beyond. The study reveals the remarkable continuity and sustainability of traditional methods passed down through generations. Local communities have developed effective strategies for the exploitation of marine resources, which underlines the intensive and constant use of the sea as a source of livelihood. Particular attention is paid to the rational economic chain of the past. Back then, fishermen and their families were directly involved in the entire process – from catching to processing and selling the final product. The results of the study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the daily life and economic activity of the population along the Bulgarian coast during these historical eras. They demonstrated that the identity of the local West Pontic community is closely intertwined with the sea. Based on historical models, a rational economic chain is proposed for reconstruction in the present day. Through more in-depth studies based on archaeological and ethnographic data, the connections between people and the sea can not only be better understood but also serve as a model for the sustainable development of modern small-scale fishing, which is essential for preserving the cultural identity of coastal areas.

The paper establishes the identity of the person who originally owned ‘Platsendar’s collection’ of Shevchenkiana rarities. Until now, nothing was known about him—not even his name. Interest in this figure increased in the 2000s, when the Department of Manuscripts and Textual Studies of Shevchenko Institute of Literature and the private collection of a scholar and museum worker Volodymyr Yatsiuk (1946—2012) acquired photographs of Taras Shevchenko’s friends, bearing Platsendar’s signatures. Among them were portraits of historian Mykola Kostomarov, brothers Olexander and Mykhailo Lazarevskyi, and artist Hryhorii Chestakhivskyi. The history of research on this Shevchenkiana collection is outlined based on the works by V. Miiakovskyi, Ye. Nakhlik, and V. Yatsyuk. The present paper clarifies the date of Platsendar’s inscription on the title page of the 1860 edition of “Kobzar,” containing the poet’s editing notes. It also verifies the dating of memories about Shevchenko left by Kachanivka residents. Special attention is given to Platsendar’s copy of Shevchenko’s poem “Once, long ago, a lily similar to you…,” transcribed from the now-lost manuscript of H. Chestakhivskyi. The collection of Shevchenko rarities, which once belonged to Chestakhivskyi and then passed to a ‘sincere friend,’ was significantly richer than is known today. The archival materials reveal Platsendar’s contacts, particularly his communication with leading figures of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including V. Antonovych, M. Biliashivskyi, O. Konyskyi, O. Lazarevskyi, and members of the Tarnovskyi family. The paper is based on archival documents from the Department of Manuscripts and Textual Studies of Shevchenko Institute of Literature, the Institute of Manuscripts of Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, and Nizhyn branch of the State Archive of Chernihiv Region.

Proposed in the early 20th century, the focal infection theory hypothesizes that teeth with dental caries, endodontic-periapical/periodontal diseases, plus impacted teeth and residual roots, might act as infection foci, inducing pathologies in distant organs including respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and brain, etc. During the prevalence of this theory, tooth extraction was well received as a key adjuvant therapy for systemic diseases, profoundly influencing paradigms of dentistry and clinical medicine. In the mid-20th century, advances in evidence-based medicine and diagnostic/therapeutic techniques led to the demise of focal infection theory. Tooth extraction ceased to be a major systemic disease intervention, while conservative dentistry as represented by root canal therapy progressed substantially. Since the proposal of "periodontal medicine" in the 1990s, the link between oral infectious diseases and systemic diseases has regained attention from dental and medical professionals. Recent progress in oral-systemic comorbidity animal models and high-throughput multi-omics has increasingly elucidated mechanisms by which oral infections exacerbate/induce systemic diseases. This article comprehensively reviews the historical evolution and impacts of focal infection theory on dental medicine (especially endodontics), offering references for future researches.

In this presentation we focus on key aspects that have affected wetland fish species in the past and affect them presently, as well as new challenges they are likely to face in the future. Numerous factors have influenced the fish fauna of the Carpathian Basin over the centuries. The first major changes were caused by river regulation, which began in the early 18th century. This was followed by the introduction of non-native species through both illegal and legal stocking and their natural spread. Finally, increasingly rapid climate change has begun to cause ever greater problems. Due to the combined effects of these three processes, muddy water fish populations are now on the edge of extinction. Here, we demonstrate how current maintenance practices are destroying the remaining populations of weatherfish ( Misgurnus fossilis ) in the lowland stream and channel network systems. Additionally, the co-occurrence of invasive marbled crayfish ( Procambarus virginalis ) and several invasive fish species (e.g. Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii , Jaguar guapote Parachromis managuensis , Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki ) has affected the population of the European mudminnow ( Umbra krameri ) in the western drainage region of Lake Balaton. We emphasise the challenge posed by non-native species, which will require sustained management in the future, as well as changes in water management practices and angling stocking programs. Education programmes targeting all age groups, from children to adults, are also required. All of these measures are urgently needed to ensure the preservation of muddy-water fish species in Hungarian waters.

Thisarticle examinesthesharedanddistinctive characteristics ofneedleworkmen’s belts in the Baltic states, with a focus on research methodologies and historiographical perspectives. Central to this study is the Historically Ethnographic Atlas of the Baltic Peoples. Clothing (1986, Историко-этнографический атлас Прибалтики. Одежда), which includes a dedicated chapter on belts. The analysis of needlework belts from the 19th and early 20th centuries highlights the ideological influences shaping interpretations of traditional clothing. While beadwork and woolwork belts were more prevalent in Latvia and Estonia, only a few examples have been documented in Lithuania, reflecting variations in ethnographic research priorities and the evolution of museum collections. Ethnographic studies conducted during the Soviet period, as part of a broader policy on ethnic histories and lifestyles, were subject to ideological constraints. Despite these limitations and the influence of propaganda, the Atlas provides a valuable comparative framework and a significant reference point for contemporary research. This study assesses the contributions of Latvian ethnographer Mirdza Slava (1924–2001), Estonian ethnographer Eevi Astel (1938–2025), and Lithuanian ethnographers Vida Kulikauskienė (1933–2023) and Marija Miliuvienė (1931–2018) in documenting belts in their respective countries, as well as their collaborative efforts in analysing embroidered men’s belts across the Baltic region.

The article presents a comprehensive study of Yakiv Stepovyi’s vocal miniatures based on the verses of Oleksandr Oles as exemplary manifestations of poetic-musical synthesis in Ukrainian chamber music of the early 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of intonational structure, harmonic language, and piano accompaniment, as well as to the disclosure of the emotional, symbolic, and cultural significance of these works. The article highlights how Stepovyi’s miniatures, through their poetic and musical fusion, form a psychologically nuanced artistic space where melody and harmony serve as vehicles of both aesthetic experience and cultural memory. In addition to musicological and literary analysis, the article explores the civic-educational potential of Stepovyi’s vocal works in the 21st century. It argues that this repertoire can function as an educational resource that fosters historical reflection, cultural empathy, and national self-awareness, thus becoming a tool for civic education and identity formation.

The paper examines the largely unknown epistolary works of Mykola Storozhenko (1836—1906), a late 19th—early 20th century researcher of Shevchenko’s legacy. These letters, preserved in Ukrainian archives and only partially published, were addressed to prominent figures of the time (V. Antonovych, P. Zhytetskyi, O. Konyskyi, F. Lazarevskyi, V. Naumenko, A. Pypin, M. V. Storozhenko, A. Kostomarova—the wife of M. Kostomarov, and others). They contain references to archival materials on Shevchenko and to previously unknown works by the poet, discovered by Storozhenko and published mostly in the journal “Kiievskaia Starina.” The scholarly contribution of the paper lies in the attempt to trace Storozhenko’s research interests through his epistolary writings, to outline the circle of his communication, and to demonstrate the significance of his letters as a source for the history of Shevchenko studies. M. I. Storozhenko was the first biographer of Shevchenko to work with documents from the judicial and investigative files of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery in St. Petersburg. In his Shevchenko-related works, Storozhenko referred to the so-called “Case of the artist Shevchenko” and the “Case of the Ukrainian-Slavic Brotherhood” (also known as the “Case of the Ukrainian-Slavic Society”). In his correspondence with Ukrainian intellectuals (historians, philologists, writers, editors, and public figures), M. Storozhenko shared his reflections, discoveries, and archival findings. He informed his addressees about contacts with many contemporaries, outlined his research plans, and broadened the communicative field of Shevchenko studies in the context of literary scholarship of the time.

The article analyzes the process of social mobility among the urban commoners (meshchane) of Belarusian lands, which was significantly influenced by the socio-economic, political, ethno-confessional, and cultural development in the region in the second half of the 19th to the early 20th centuries. The study examines the trajectories and scope of social mobility, tracing their evolution from the social reforms of the 1860s to the outbreak of the First World War. Vertical social mobility was associated with the transition to more privileged social categories (nobles, clergy, honorary citizens, merchants, etc.) and increased throughout the period. Downward mobility was linked to marginalization, criminalization and, consequently, the loss of all estate rights. Opportunities for horizontal mobility were limited by the passport system, the requirement to obtain permission to leave the estate corporation (meshchanskoye obshchestvo), and residence restrictions for Jews within the Jewish Pale of Settlement. The legislative foundations of the estate division of society, which persisted until the end of the Russian Empire, were in contradiction with the emergence of new social groups and the actual stratification of society, which depended on other – primarily economic – factors.

Although the emotional dimension of teaching and learning is widely recognized, its historical, political and philosophical implications remain underexplored. Recently the “affective turn” in educational research has sparked interest in how emotions shape practice. This article traces three perspectives on the development of the handling of emotions in education and examines the moral and ethical tensions within and between them. The perspectives are illustrated through discussions of classroom management. The perspectives are: (1) The externalization of emotions, a historical perspective, going from an essentialist internal view of emotions e.g. in early German Protestantism, to a more external view of them, e.g. in the physiological theories of James and Lange, early 20th century, and in the social and medicalized approaches of the late 20th century. (2) The communalization of emotions, a political perspective, extending from a view of emotions as private to a view of them as public where the tension between policy and practice plays a role. (3) The socialization and scientification of emotions, a philosophical perspective, discussing the tension between feelings as authentic ability and feelings as socially managed or cognitively trained ability. We here claim that the development of classroom management has been influenced by a combined effect of changes seen through all three perspectives. We argue that there is a need for an increased awareness of the possibilities inherent in each of the perspectives brought to light by the different theories and practices. A balanced middle way between opposed positions is suggested.

This article continues the research and introduction to academic circulation of Kalmyk folk songs. The purpose of the article is to study the long-drawn-out songs “ut dud” from the repertoire of the storyteller Sanji Mandzhikov (1881–1965), recorded by the orientalist Tseren-Dorji Nominkhanov in 1962 in the village of Bashanta (now the city of Gorodovikovsk), Republic of Kalmykia. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author, for the first time, compares the lyrics of Sanji Manjikov's songs with early archival recordings of Kalmyk songs of the 19th–early 20th centuries and she finds out the origin, preservation of the text, content, compositional structure and genre specifics of the songs of the Don Kalmyks. The material for the study was the manuscript of Ts.-D. Nominkhanov “67 songs and 5 good wishes recorded by S.I. Manzhikov from April 18 to July 18, 1962”, kept at the Kalmyk Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As additional materials for comparing the texts, archival recordings of songs were used, deciphered and published by the author of this article in the monograph “Kalmyk folk songs and melodies of the 19th – early 20th centuries: research and materials” (2023) and the collection “Kalmyk folk songs and melodies of the 19th century” (2015), as well as the texts of Kalmyk songs, recorded on the Don in 1902 by A.M. Listopadov and in 1927 by Ts.-D. Nominkhanov. The article uses methods of comprehensive research, including comparative historical, descriptive, linguistic analysis, as well as synoptic analysis of texts, which allows us to identify common and local features of Sanji Manjikov's songs. Results. The study found that many of Sanji Manjikov's songs recorded in 1962 are “fragments” of songs recorded in the Kalmyk steppe in the past centuries. A comparative analysis of the songs allowed for a deeper understanding of the origin, preservation, content, compositional structure and genre specifics of the artist's songs. The results obtained will add to the knowledge of Kalmyk song folklore.

This article examines the origins of the Typicon of the Valaam Skete of All Saints, founded by St. Nazarius (Kondratiev) in the late 18th century and serving as a model for other sketes both on Valaam and at other monasteries of the Russian Church in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Despite the scientific interest in the typicons of the Valaam sketes in recent years, their origins and the sources St. Nazarius relied on when founding the first Valaam Skete have not yet been fully examined. Using analysis and synthesis, problem-chronological, and statistical research methods, it was established that the Typicon of the Valaam Skete of All Saints combined the traditions of the Nilo-Sorsky Skete and the Sarov Hermitage. Moreover, among the manuscripts of the New Valaam Monastery (evacuated from Old Valaam in 1939-1940), a typicon for the skete was discovered. According to preliminary conclusions, it is a version of the Skete Typicon, well-known in scholarly circles, and in Russian manuscript tradition, is tacitly attributed to St. Nilus of Sora. In the discovered typicon, unlike the Skete Typicon (believed to have been adopted at the Nilus-Sorskaya Hermitage by its founder), the cathedral service is scheduled not from Wednesday to Thursday (the all-night vigil), but on Saturday (the memorial service and the Liturgy). This version is closer not only to the charter of the first Valaam Skete, but also to the charter of the Anzersk Holy Trinity Skete, which directly inherited the traditions of the Skete of St. Nilus of Sora. For future research, a working hypothesis is proposed that St. Nilus modified the liturgical portion of the Skete Typicon when introducing it to the hermitage he founded. Thus, the determination of the origin of the Typicon of the Valaam Skete of All Saints has opened up prospects for further study of the Skete Typicon, the liturgical tradition of the Nilo-Sorskaya Hermitage, and the legacy of St. Nilus of Sora, the founder of skete life in Russsia.

This article looks at the ways in which late Enlightenment and early Romantic editors handled Old Polish translations of epic poetry (primarily Tasso, Ariosto, and Virgil). Using editions by Minasowicz, Przybylski, Dmochowski, and Zawadzki as examples, it demonstrates various responses to changes in language and poetics: discreet modernizations, editions with extensive commentaries, treating old translations as “monuments” of literary history, and using them as starting points for new translations. The author connects publishing practices with the emergence of historical thinking about literature and with European debates on translation. Editing emerges as an important form of work on the literary canon and memory, allowing us to capture the dynamics of literary life in the 18th and early 19th centuries.