e-Navigation Concept Research Articles

Understanding of the Maritime Future Mentality; Safe E-navigation and Safe Maritime Surface Communication

Developing and changing technology affects all sectors globally. Although it primarily affects information systems digitally, it affects all sectors indirectly. Maritime transport, the most important transportation mode in the world, is affected by technological progress as seafarers, ships, and ports. When used for its intended purpose, the technology employs intelligent and rational solutions based on the logic of identifying previous errors and developing predictions accordingly. Maritime transportation is the movement of ships between ports safely and without harming the environment. The sea is a dynamic surface not previously exposed to fixed effects and is affected by meteorological and environmental conditions. As the international maritime authorities keep pace with technological advancements, they have embraced the e-navigation concept, a digital revolution that is set to transform the industry. This shift to Electronic Navigation requires all operations to be digital, making transmission easier and more efficient. It also mandates uninterrupted and high-quality digital communication with ships' land facilities during the entire voyage. ECDIS, one of the advanced automation technology products used for e-navigation, and the vector map ENC it uses are of great importance. ENC maps are produced with specific standards. S-100, which is described as the latest and most advanced standard, provides sailors with good opportunities for safe navigation and communication. The study has been prepared to explain e-navigation types of equipment, their standards, and how they communicate according to cyber security.

A Port Entry Risk Assessment Model Based on Bayesian Networks and Elements of the e-Navigation Concept

Most maritime accidents are caused by human error. To reduce these errors, increase safety, protect the marine environment, reduce the administrative burden, and optimize maritime trade, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided to implement a concept called e-Navigation. The term e-Navigation refers to the integration of the most modern information and communication systems, both on board and ashore. The research scope of this work is the safety of navigation of the ship during the port entrance. Particularly in this case, the elements that affect the safety of the ship during port entrance are analyzed in a case study of New York port. An adaptive model based on the Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) was created, which evaluates the decision-making elements and risk assessment for port entry. The model is adaptable in the context of the different port requirements. With the presented model, all entities (ships, shipping companies, and service providers) have insight into the estimated decision to enter the port based on the given elements. Further research needs to be continued on the issue of comparing the proposed model with similar models, and how much reliance on the model burdens or facilitates the Master’s decision.

МЕТОД ФОРМАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРОЦЕСУ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕННЯ ЩОДО ЗАПОБІГАННЯ НЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ СИТУАЦІЙ В СИСТЕМІ E-NAVIGATION

The study aims to improve the safety of ship traffic by improving the methods of formalizing the decision-making process for preventing dangerous situations in a single e-navigation concept. The goal is achieved by a clear statement of the problem and the choice of appropriate approaches to its solution. The main stages of the decision-making cycle performed by the navigator in collision prevention are analysed. Particular attention is paid to the operations performed at the decisionmaking stage on the further movement of the vessel. The ship's movement plan is described by models of elementary behaviour, each of which consists of elementary actions represented by a set of fuzzy logic rules for performing a certain subtask. The structure of a system that implements the behavioural approach to decision-making by a navigator is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the need to coordinate vessels when deciding to plan a route based on models of elementary behaviours, and a method for coordinating the planning of the vessel's trajectory is developed. The sequence of stages of the method for coordinating the planning of the ship's trajectory is performed cyclically until the target point of the route is reached. At each stage of the vessel's movement, the navigation obstacles and other vessels entering the area of interest of the navigator are monitored and potential hazards from them are identified. A method for tracing the vessel's movement and existing vessels in the navigator’s interest area has been developed, which allows for predicting the location at subsequent moments and identifying the coordinates of the conflict site where a situation of dangerous proximity occurs. To formalize the areas dangerous for vessel traffic, a method for generating a map of navigational hazards and conflict situations in the navigator’s interest area has been developed, based on a modified method of potential fields. To formally describe the space, only the concept of a potential function is used to represent the space as a matrix of values. The most significant scientific result is the proposed approach to solving the problem of supporting the decision-making of a navigator based on a combination of methods using fuzzy logic and allowed domains, which allows obtaining options for actions that ensure the safety of ship movement in a dangerous situation. Keywords: ship, navigator, collision, navigation situation, navigation systems, e-navigation, tracing method, navigation hazard, navigation hazard map

Conflicts Encountered with Bridge Team from the Perspective of Vessel Traffic Service Operators: A Research Within E-Navigation Concept

The hazards that threaten marine navigation safety in the intensive routes and critical straits need to be managed effectively. To manage these risks, the concept of e-navigation has been offered to all stakeholders of marine transportation. E-navigation basically aims to organize, serve, and exchange marine information systematically. It is considered that the relations between the stakeholders may constitute significant conflicts in exchanging marine information. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the sources of conflicts and risk scores on navigation operations encountered with the bridge team from the perspective of vessel traffic services operators (VTSOs). In order to determine the sources of the conflicts, the conflict-related literature has been thoroughly reviewed, a semi-structured interview form was developed, and the VTS supervisors have been interviewed. In discovering the sources of conflicts, content analysis has been carried out from the interviews. The findings have been discussed with the relevant experts, and risk scales have been developed to evaluate the risks of conflicts. The frequency of conflicts and the results have been evaluated by the VTSOs employed at the Center of VTS in İstanbul, and risk scores have been defined. The risk scores related to the conflicts indicated on the risk matrix and e-navigation designed solutions have been compared and discussed. The findings reveal that there are certain similarities between the high-scored risks regarding communication quality and reporting systems. Although e-navigation solutions focus on improving technical issues. Conflicts caused by interpersonal, cognitive, and personal features that are not covered by e-navigation solutions have an important place among the conflict sources.

Towards a Cyber-Physical Range for the Integrated Navigation System (INS)

The e-navigation concept was introduced by the IMO to enhance berth-to-berth navigation towards enhancing environmental protection, and safety and security at sea by leveraging technological advancements. Even though a number of e-navigation testbeds including some recognized by the IALA exist, they pertain to parts only of the Integrated Navigation System (INS) concept. Moreover, existing e-navigation and bridge testbeds do not have a cybersecurity testing functionality, therefore they cannot be used for assessing the cybersecurity posture of the INS. With cybersecurity concerns on the rise in the maritime domain, it is important to provide such capability. In this paper we review existing bridge testbeds, IMO regulations, and international standards, to first define a reference architecture for the INS and then to develop design specifications for an INS Cyber-Physical Range, i.e., an INS testbed with cybersecurity testing functionality.

E-Navigating in highly-constrained waters: a case study of the Vistula Lagoon

AbstractIn recent years the transition of marine navigation to the digital era has been gaining momentum. Implementation of e-Navigation solutions varies from country to country in terms of their priorities, goals, levels and effects. Maritime authorities in Poland have been setting the pace in this transition process, not only in Poland but also in general as a global solution. The most recent example is the planned deployment of a variety of e-Navigation tools in the Vistula Lagoon: from GNSS-RTK Ground-Based Augmentation System, to virtual and synthetic aids to navigation, high-resolution bathymetry and advanced navigational software for piloting. The major objectives of this paper are, first, to summarise recent dynamics in the e-Navigation field, and second, to present a practical implementation of the e-Navigation concept in the Vistula Lagoon area.

Developments of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC in GMDSS Services in the Framework of E-navigation Concept

Developments of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC in GMDSS Services in the Framework of E-navigation Concept

Modern technologies in the vessel traffic control system within the framework of the e-Navigation concept: world experience and regional features (review)

В 2006 г. Международной морской организацией была принята концепция e-Navigation (е-Навигация), которая для повышения безопасности мореплавания подразумевает формирование единого информационного пространства обслуживающих судовождение служб. Решение такой задачи требует внедрения новых информационных технологий, в качестве которой в данном обзоре авторы рассматривают технологию беспроводного широкополосного доступа (БШД). Приведен анализ мирового опыта применения технологии БШД для систем морской связи и систем управления движением судов. Рассмотрена модернизация сети связи и передачи данных СУДС Владивосток, предложен вариант внедрения e-Навигации в Дальневосточном регионе – в акваториях морских портов Владивосток, Зарубино, Посьет и на подходах к ним. Ключевые слова: безопасность мореплавания, е-Навигация, система управления движением судов, морское облако, технология беспроводного широкополосного доступа

E-Navigation: Five Years Later

The paper presents brief information on the results of research and development activities undertaken in 2015–2019 and aimed at the practical implementation of e-Navigation concept. Current state of practical application of S-mode, the only global product created within the concept, is studied. Most of the new technologies developed under the main regional projects are discussed. Special focus is made on the situation with e-Navigation in Russia.

Probabilistic model of assessment of operational reliability of AIS onshore station as sub-system of vessels in conditions of E-Navigation concept implementation

Probabilistic model of assessment of operational reliability of AIS onshore station as sub-system of vessels in conditions of E-Navigation concept implementation

Popov A.N. Safe manouvering of more than one ship while entering a port fairway, narrows having a small crew in the light of e-Navigation concept development

Popov A.N. Safe manouvering of more than one ship while entering a port fairway, narrows having a small crew in the light of e-Navigation concept development

SMART-Navigation over Pilot LTE-Maritime: Deployment and Coexistence with PS-LTE

The SMART-Navigation project aims to develop a next-generation maritime safety integrated management system based on the e-Navigation concept of the IMO. The purpose of the pilot LTE-Maritime project is to construct test zones and establish effective LTE-Maritime plans based on the pilot test results. The spectrum band for LTE-Maritime system is the licensed public radio frequency band over 718-728 MHz for UL and 773-783 MHz for DL, but this band is shared with the Public Safety LTE (PS-LTE) and LTE-Railway (LTE-R) systems. Because these systems share the same spectrum band, CCI from PS-LTE and LTE-R arises during the Pilot LTE-Maritime test. To resolve this issue, we perform a test on the East Sea (around the city of Gangneung) in Korea with the proposed radio access network RAN-Sharing technique. In addition to the proposed RAN-Sharing technique, this article addresses the system architecture, requirements, test environment, and results of the LTE-Maritime system.

Intellectualization of user interface of e-Navigation concept in Head Up format

Intellectualization of user interface of e-Navigation concept in Head Up format

Standardization of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC within Its Integration with INS in the Framework of e-Navigation Concept

Standardization of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC within Its Integration with INS in the Framework of e-Navigation Concept

Conceptual Design of Navigation Safety Module for S2 Service Operation of the Korean e-Navigation System

IMO introduced e-Navigation concept to improve the efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship navigation technology. IMO proposed sixteen MSPs (Maritime Service Portfolio) applicable to the ships and onshore in case of e-Navigation implementation. In order to meet the demands of the international society, the system implementation work for the Korean e-Navigation has been specified. The Korean e-Navigation system has five service categories: the S2 service category, which is a ship anomaly monitoring service, is a service that classifies emergency levels according to the degree of abnormal condition when a ship has an abnormality in ship operation, and provides guidance for emergency situations. The navigation safety module is a sub-module of the S2 service that determines the emergency level in case of navigation equipment malfunctioning, engine or steering gear failure during navigation. It provides emergency response guidance based on emergency level to the abnormal ship. If an abnormal condition occurs during the ship operation, first, the ship shall determine the emergency level, according to the degree of abnormality of the ship. Second, an emergency response guidance is generated based on the determined emergency level, and the guidance is transmitted to the ship, which helps the navigators prevent accidents and not to spread. In this study, the operational concept for the implementation of the Korean e-Navigation system is designed and the concept is focused on the navigation safety module of S2 service.

Improving Canada's Marine Navigation System through e-Navigation

The full application and benefits of e-Navigation, as a whole, cannot yet fully be known. Technological developments will continuously change the course of national and international initiatives in the field, and lead the pace of the evolution. However, how countries govern and support the development of e-Navigation is very much within the realm of control. National-level e-navigation governance structures that are capable of harnessing innovation and supporting the needs of mariners will help ensure that the only limits to the evolution of e-navigation are technological.The aim of this paper is to describe a model for National-level e-Navigation structures, and to offer the Canadian model as an example for potential replication in other countries. The scope of the paper is limited, providing an account of the steps to implement the e-Navigation model in the Canadian context. The methodology is similarly humble, outlining the framework of the Canadian e-Navigation Concept of Operations, and current e-Navigation priorities. It is the basis for this model that is the keystone to the paper. The Canadian model was developed in a way that ideas, innovation and needs in Canada are not wholly determined by the government, but rather, the government aims to act as a facilitator and guide in bringing together disparate needs and ideas under a harmonized approach.The conclusion proposed is that on-going work with key partners and stakeholders can be used as the primary mechanism to identify e-Navigation related innovation and needs, and to prioritize next steps. Moving forward in Canada, implementation of new e-navigation services will continue to be stakeholder driven, and used to drive improvements to Canada's marine navigation system.

Improving and Assessing the Impact of e-Navigation applications

The scope of this paper is implementation issues of the e-Navigation concept of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). IMO has adopted the e-Navigation strategic implementation plan (SIP) in 2014. This plan, i.a., bases on estimating the effect of e-Navigation applications on reducing navigational accidents, including collisions and groundings of ships falling under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) by approximately 65 per cent. However, IMO Member States are responsible for safety of navigation and efficient vessel traffic at international but also on national levels. Regarding the introduction of new concepts and innovative systems into vessel traffic there is a need to comprehensively assess potential effects not only for SOLAS ships but also for non-SOLAS ships. This paper aims at a more comprehensive and theoretically sounded estimation of e-Navigation potentials by investigating and applying IMO's methodology for quantification of those effects also to the implementation of e-Navigation solutions to ships not falling under the SOLAS convention (non-SOLAS ships). The authors carried out a case study using the SMART-Navigation concept of Korea as model case for impact assessment. For the mentioned purpose, this paper identifies main tool kits of IMO e-Navigation, proposes and applies a set of formulas to comprehensively assess and quantify effects of new functions or services based on IMO's methodological approaches. From gained results authors suggest investigations not only taking into account expert opinions but also simulation trials to identify factors and coefficients for thorough calculations. From the results the authors conclude and recommend to extend the impact assessment of e-Navigation also to vessel traffic involving non-SOLAS ships as a general and global recommendation to coastal states. Further, results are provided as a potential model case for IMO Member States' reference for their state-specific individual situation and conditions.

The tenth anniversary of e-Navigation

The paper provides brief information of the history of development of e-Navigation concept, its definition, modern understanding of its main statements, and the first implementation results.

Utjecaj e-navigacije na razvoj ECDIS-a kao sustava podrške odlučivanja

Density of sea traffic and an increasing number of ships requires the application of new technologies in vessel traffic monitoring in order to find new solutions for existing problems. The solution is identified through application of e-navigation concept by connecting maritime institutions on shore with ships and vessels for better information sharing and integration. The implementation of e-navigation requires adaptation of existing navigation and communication systems to this new concept. The aim of this paper is to present the ECDIS development possibility through requirements of e-navigation, based on end-user needs. Given the large number of devices and systems used in navigation, ECDIS adaptation to e-navigation requirements makes sense only through a thorough understanding of user’s needs. By integrating all available information, organizing them into a database, and presenting them in a specific fashion, a suitable platform for decision-making in everyday ship navigation is created. Since the application of ECDIS onboard has become obligatory and ship’s primary navigational device, the adaptation to e -navigation requirements would mean also becoming a central decision support system onboard.

E-MARITIME SERVICES FOR COMMUNICATION WITH CLASS AND FOR ENHANCED SAFETY, SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SHIPPING

e-Maritime can be considered as an extension of the e-Navigation concept currently being discussed at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It can be construed to include e-Navigation and promotes the use of all maritime data and information, distributed by way of information and communication technologies, to facilitate maritime transportation and provide value added services. This paper investigates possible e-Maritime services related to safety, security and environmental protection of shipping and for interaction with class. The paper reviews a number of existing services and current initiatives and relevant research projects and discusses if and how the value of such services could be increased if they could be offered as e-Maritime services to the industry. Furthermore, two services have been selected and successfully implemented as pilot e-Maritime services. Based on this survey and the pilot implementations, it can be suggested that there are great potential for offering a number of existing and future services related to safety, security and environmental protection as e-Maritime services. However, standardisation of the framework and of specific maritime data types, messages and codes might be necessary to facilitate a development towards widespread adaptation of e-Maritime solutions.