Dynamometer Model Research Articles

Subject-oriented educational robotics applications with Arduino in science teaching: digital dynamometer activity in accordance with 5E instractional model

The purpose of this article is to design and develop an Arduino-assisted robotic and coding activity in compliance with the 5E instructional model in order to help secondary school students improve their science achievement in the science course. The research was conducted with 5th grade students studying at a private secondary school in Turkey in the spring semester of the 2020–2021 academic year. The implementation of the designed activity was carried out within the scope of the science course with the participation of 20 students. The activity is designed to teach the concept of dynamometer, which is considered within the scope of measuring force in the science course curriculum, in accordance with the 5E instructional model. In this activity, the elongation of the rubber band with a weight attached to the end was measured by a distance sensor, and a dynamometer model was designed by coding. In addition, this activity was presented to the students as one example of solving daily life problems by making use of technology. As a result, the students have the opportunity to explore Arduino-powered robotics and coding applications and integrate these applications into science course.

Vehicle and twin-roller chassis dynamometer model considering slip tire interactions

xComputational representation of real-world systems plays an important role in vehicle analysis. Aiming to improve mobility systems, this article presents the development of a chassis dynamometer and vehicle model describing the vehicle longitudinal dynamics considering the tire-bench contact. The model simulates the longitudinal vehicle-bench tests where the system is powered by the bench’s electric motor and the gearbox in the neutral position, considering tire interaction forces, rolling resistance, and system losses. It was implemented in Matlab/Simulink™ and validated by coast-down experiments, starting at 60 km/h and 100 km/h, where the model result curves presented an appropriated representativity for the experimental data. A total movement resistance analysis resulted in a mean error of 6.71% when compared to experimental data, while the literature slip-independent equations presented mean errors between 31.94% and 77.61%. The developed model is a representative approximation of the vehicle-dynamometer set and can predict longitudinal experiments, helping the vehicle evaluation process, and saving time and resources.

Thermo-Mechanical and Delamination Properties in Drilling GFRP Composites by Various Drill Angles.

This manuscript aims to study the effects of drilling factors on the thermal-mechanical properties and delamination experimentally during the drilling of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Drilling studies were carried out using a CNC machine under dry cutting conditions by 6 mm diameter with different point angles of ∅ = 100°, 118°, and 140°. The drill spindle speed (400, 800, 1600 rpm), feed (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mm/r), and sample thickness (2.6, 5.3, and 7.7 mm) are considered in the analysis. Heat affected zone (HAZ) generated by drilling was measured using a thermal infrared camera and two K-thermocouples installed in the internal coolant holes of the drill. Therefore, two setups were used; the first is with a rotating drill and fixed specimen holder, and the second is with a rotating holder and fixed drill bit. To measure thrust force/torque through drilling, the Kistler dynamometer model 9272 was utilized. Pull-in and push-out delamination were evaluated based on the image analyzed by an AutoCAD technique. The regression models and multivariable regression analysis were developed to find relations between the drilling factors and responses. The results illustrate the significant relations between drilling factors and drilling responses such as thrust force, delamination, and heat affect zone. It was observed that the thrust force is more inspired by feed; however, the speed effect is more trivial and marginal on the thrust force. All machining parameters have a significant effect on the measured temperature, and the largest contribution is of the laminate thickness (33.14%), followed by speed and feed (29.00% and 15.10%, respectively), ended by the lowest contribution of the drill point angle (11.85%).

Physical Exercise Activity to Increase The Handgrip Strength in Elderly Populaiton During Covid-19: A Prospective Study

Objective: To determine palmar grip force (PGF) in elderly population and its correlation with different parameters used in the usual practice of evaluation of nutritional status in elderly populaiton. Methodology: It was obsevational, cross-sectional study. 300 elderly people over 65 years old, who were doing gym exercises at UFC gym and Structure gym, Lahore from December 2019 to July 2020. HS was obtained using the digital dynamometer model EH101, using the average of three measurements. The cutoff point considered for low muscle strength was HS < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women. The standard has been taken according to the 2019 consensus of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2, version 2019). For the statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Science 24.0 program was used and chi square test was applied, considering it significant when p <0.05. Results: The sample consisted of elderly people with a mean age of 71.71 ± 5.97 years, of which 28% were aged between 65 and 75 years and 51.66% were male. In the analysis of the HS, we found 57.9% of the elderly with loss of muscle strength due to non-exercise during COVID-19. The muscle circumference of the arm and tricipital skin fold indicators found the highest percentages of malnutrition, 44.1% and 57.8%, respectively. HS showed a positive association  between age and handgrip test levels. Conclusion: There was a high frequency of elderly people with impaired strength, but HS correlated only with APMT, not showing a direct relationship with other anthropometric parameters used in the routine practice of assessment with the elderly. Therefore, HS, or at least the evaluation of APMT, becomes indispensable for the evaluation and physical exercise training of elderly persons during COVID-19 pandemic. Â

Research on Multi-points Measurement of a Novel Alternate arrangement dynamometer Model

The basis of this research is to design and fabricate a new type of alternating arrangement of three-axis piezoelectric sensors dynamometer for measuring six-component force/torque measurement. The system consists of a long dynamometer with eight tri-axial piezoelectric sensors alternatively distributed. The design theory of the piezoelectric six-axis force dynamometer is established, including a finite element model (FEM: ANSYS analysis) and experimental model (static and dynamic calibrations). Structural design is constructed for analyzing the operating principle and performing the experimental measurements. The multipoints measurement (MP-M) model is fabricated based on the established alternate arrangement pattern and force application of multi-points allocation to apply the force/torque. Therefore, this work describes linearity error, repeatability error and cross-talk error of the constructed model. However, the designed model is not limited only to an alternate arrangement pattern of tri-axial sensors. But in the future, other types of arrangements will be researched and will be experimentally performed.

Measurement of hand grip strength in the elderly: A scoping review with recommendations

IntroductionHand grip strength has been widely used as a lead measure in geriatric conditions such as frailty. However, diversity in assessment protocols and methodologies creates uncertainty in the comparison of outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to the measurement of hand grip strength in older adults, in order to develop further consensus in relation to the use of existing protocols in clinical and community settings, with an emphasis on practicality and suitability for frail persons. MethodsFive electronic English databases were searched using keywords such as ‘hand grip strength’, ‘clinimetric assessment’, and their synonyms. Age-related trends in adults aged ≥65 years were assessed, and comparisons were made of the following variables: dynamometer model and handle setting, hand positioning, warm-up trials, grip duration, number of repeated tests, rest periods, laterality of tested hand, and whether encouragement was given to the subjects. ResultsThirty-four research papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. A Jamar hand dynamometer was most frequently used. Variations were found in the positioning of the subject and in the duration of the rest period, which ranged from 10 to 20 s to 1 min. Grip strength was typically measured three times in the dominant hand, with the strongest grip being recorded and no encouragement being provided during assessment. ConclusionsBased on the scoping review, we propose a detailed and standardised protocol that is suitable for the assessment of hand grip strength in frail older adults.

Design and Analysis of a Turning Dynamometer Embedded in Thin-Film Sensor.

This paper proposes a high-strain sensitivity turning dynamometer that combines several thin-film resistor grids into three Wheatstone full-bridge circuits that can measure triaxial cutting forces. This dynamometer can replace different cutter heads using flange connections. In order to improve the strain effect of the dynamometer, the strain film sensor is fixed on the regular octagonal connection plates on both ends of the elastomer by vacuum brazing, and the stepped groove structure is also designed inside the elastomer. The dynamometer model is simplified as a four-segment cantilever beam which has different sections. The measurement mechanism model of the dynamometer system is established by the transformation relationship between deflection and strain, under external force. The standard turning tool of 20 mm square is used as a reference. The influence of the structural dimensions of the dynamometer on its strain sensitivity coefficient K is studied. The applicability of the theoretical model of dynamometer strain is verified by finite element analysis. Finally, the dynamometer with the largest K value is subjected to the bending test and compared with a standard turning tool. The experimental results show that the measurement sensitivity of the dynamometer is 2.32 times greater than that of the standard turning tool. The results also show that this dynamometer can effectively avoid the influence of the pasting process on strain transmission, thus indicating its great potential for measuring cutting force in the future.

A method for quick estimation of engine moment of inertia based on an experimental analysis of transient working process

This paper presents an unconventional approach in a fast estimation of the overall engine inertia based on engine testing under transient condition (acceleration and deceleration) with simultaneous in cylinder working process analysis and friction losses estimation. The presented procedure is based on a single slow dynamic slope full load engine speed sweep test which, coupled with a simple lumped-mass engine dynamometer model, provides correct overall engine inertia estimation. Compared with the more conventional approaches in deriving information on engine inertia, besides its speed and accuracy, presented procedure provides more in depth information on both engine’s dynamic response and friction as a surplus.

Elevated Methylation Status in Old Rat Skeletal Muscle Supports Gene Expression Disparities in Response to Injury

Prior research in our lab has established an in vivo rodent dynamometer model to explore the effects of skeletal muscle injury following stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs). Previously, we have shown that the genomic response is altered in old versus young rats; however, the underlying molecular basis for this response is unclear. Thus, our purpose was to ascertain if there were pathway-specific changes in gene expression for inflammation and apoptosis in old versus young skeletal muscle following SSC-induced injury; and, if so, whether changes in methylation could help explain these differences. Dorsiflexor muscles of young (3 mo.) and old (30 mo.) male Fischer 344xBN rats were injured using 150 continuous SSCs at 500°/s. Seventy-two hours following loading, the left tibialis anterior muscle was harvested. Gene expression and methylation status were quantified via RT2 Profiler and Methylation Arrays (Qiagen®, Valencia, CA). Following injury, expression of proinflammatory specific genes in old compared to young muscle was nearly 6.5 fold lower (1.62 vs. 10.16). Interestingly, methylation levels were higher in old versus young (4.3 vs 2.4%). Similarly, proapoptotic specific genes were 10 fold lower (0.05 vs. 0.5) in old compared to young muscle, with aging also resulting in higher levels of methylation (1.9 vs. 0.6%). These data reveal that old skeletal muscle has an attenuated inflammatory and apoptotic gene expression response to injurious loading, which may be attributed to a higher methylation status of pathway-specific genes. This process may help explain why there is a disparate response to injury with increasing age.

Hydrogen (Al+HCl) Improve the Combustion of Gasoline Engine and Reduction the Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide up 33% to 34%

The requirement of hydrogen in the transport system is indispensable nowadays. Especially to fulfill the requirement from the transports and industry sector related with green technology implementation. As an alternative, a research has been conducted from a technical aspect on the profitability of using hydrogen onboard as fuel for internal combustion engine. Applications using a mixture of Gasoline with hydrogen (G+H2) can be used to increase the combustion performance especially on the reduction of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. In this study hydrogen as an alternative fuel in four-stroke motorcycles has been tested using a chassis dynamometer model ATV Inertial Dyno, 054-500-1K. Hydrogen requirement in the petrol mixing ratio is dependent on the operating system of the engine ignition system which is controlled by hydrogen pressure in the cylinder. Three stages of load test on the engine performance have been conducted on the chassis dynamometer, namely, load test L0 is equal 0 ampere (L0), load test L1 is equal 1 ampere, and load test L2 is equal 2. During the tests L0, L1 and L2, the average hydrocarbon gas readings decreased by 34 % and 58.2% (L0), 27.4% (L1) and 16.7% (L2) to 46ppm, 85ppm and 95ppm respectively versus gasoline engine 110ppm, 117ppm and 114ppm. And the overall average results of this study showed a reduction of carbon monoxide by 33 %. It proves the use of hydrogen (AL + HCl) in the stoichiometric ratio helps combustion when the oxygen content in the air and fuel mixture is not adequate especially for vehicles using gasoline as a fuel.

Influência aguda do alongamento estático no comportamento da força muscular máxima

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of acute static stretching on maximal muscle strength (1RM). The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 30 subjects split into two groups: static stretching (SS= 15) and without stretching group (WS= 15). Muscle strength evaluation (1RM) was conducted with a Dynamometer model 32527pp400 Pound push / pull devices coupled in knee extension (KE) and bench press (BP). The Wilcoxon test for intragroup comparisons and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons between groups ( p 0.05) between the SS and WS in exercise KE and BP. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was no reduction in the performance of 1RM performing the exercises KE and BP when preceded by static stretching.

Maximum Bite Force Analysis in Different Age Groups

Introduction Maximum bite force (MBF) is the maximum force performed by the subject on the fragmentation of food, directly related with the mastication and determined by many factors. Objective Analyze the MBF of subjects according to age groups. Methods One hundred individuals from the city of São Paulo were equally divided according to age groups and gender. Each individual submitted to a myotherapy evaluation composed of anthropometric measurements of height and weight to obtain body mass index (BMI), using a tape and a digital scale (Magna, G-life, São Paulo), and a dental condition and maximum bite force evaluation, using a digital dynamometer model DDK/M (Kratos, São Paulo, Brazil), on Newton scale. The dental and bite force evaluations were monitored by a professional from the area. Analysis of variance was used with MBF as a dependent variable, age group and gender as random factors, and BMI as a control variable. Results Till the end of adolescence, it was possible to observe a decrease in MBF in both sexes, with the male force greater than the female force. In young adults, the female force became greater the males, then decreased in adulthood. There was no correlation between MBF and BMI. Conclusion There are MBF variations that characterizes the human development stages, according to age groups.

Does Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Improve Muscular Strength Gains of the Vastus Medialis Muscle

Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is currently being used for treatment in rehabilitation situations. Studies indicate that neuromuscular electrical stimulation increases muscle strength in weakened muscles; however few studies have examined the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and muscle strength on healthy muscles or compared combinations of NMES and exercise. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of three methods in strengthening the vastus medialis muscle in healthy adults. Methods: Fifteen healthy male participants between the ages of 18-25 participated in this randomized repeated measures study. The participants were randomly assigned into three (neuromuscular electrical stimulation, neuromuscular electrical stimulation + exercise or exercise only) groups of five. They performed eccentric stepdowns for 5 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The force of the vastus medialis muscle was measured with an isometric leg extension at 60 degrees, using the Biodex force dynamometer (Model 820-110). This test was performed a total of three times on each participant: pre-testing, mid-testing and final-testing. Results: A two-way analysis of variance and a post hoc Scheffe’s test revealed a significant test interaction difference between group and test time. In the neuromuscular electrical stimulation group the mean force from the pre-test (121.4Nm), to the final-test (165.8Nm) significantly increased compared to the pre and post-tests in the other groups. Conclusion: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training was most effective in increasing muscle strength of the vastus medialis muscle in healthy participants after four weeks.

Hydrogen Blended with Gasoline for Internal Combustion Engine Effect on Specific Fuel Consumption Based on Load Tests (L0,L1,L2)

The instability of petroleum prices in the world market has caused the price of fuel in Malaysia to increase, especially in the transportation sector. As an alternative, a research has been conducted from a technical aspect on the profitability of using hydrogen onboard as fuel for internal combustion engine. The process of producing hydrogen through chemical reaction between aluminum and hydrochloric acid (Al+HCl) has been successfully applied. Applications using a mixture of petrol with hydrogen (P+H2) as an alternative fuel in four-stroke motorcycles have been tested using a chassis dynamometer model ATV Inertial Dyno, 054-500-1K. Hydrogen requirement in the petrol mixing ratio is dependent on the operating system of the engine ignition system which is controlled by hydrogen pressure in the cylinder. Three stages of load test on the engine performance have been conducted on the chassis dynamometer, namely, load test L0 is equal 0 ampere (L0), load test L1 is equal 1 ampere, and load test L2 is equal 2. This results showed 0.7412 mole of hydrogen can be generated through the chemical reaction between 20 grams of aluminium with 250 ml of hydrochloric acid or 1 kg of aluminium can produce 37.06 moles which is equivalent to 108 grams hydrogen. Fuel economy of each load test was 6.5% (L0), 18.5% (L1) and 30% (L2) in grams per kilowatt hour. The rate used in each test load was 100 g/kWh (L0), 80.77 g/kWh (L1), and 112 g/kWh (L2) compared to petrol of 107 g/kWh (L0), 99.23 g/kWh (L1) and 162 g/kWh (L2). Results from the combustion of petrol, air and hydrogen in proportion of 100 g/kWh, 80.77 g/kWh and 112 g/kWh was able to improve the quality of combustion compared to the normal fuel consumption. The total use of sfc achieved 20.3% savings in grams per kilowatt hour for the engine (G + H2) with an average value of 98 g/kWh compared to the engine (G) with an average value of 123 g/kWh. The successful development of a prototype model with a reduction in fuel consumption in the system's ability to meet the basic needs of the internal combustion engine cycle can be beneficial to the development of the automotive industry, particularly in the transport sector.

Universal design and accessibility: an approach of the influence of muscle strength loss in the risk of falls in the elderly

This study was conducted with older adults living in a long-stay institution in the city of Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil with the objective of assessing the influence of muscle strength loss in the risk of falls. The sample consisted of 65 elderly who walk without the aid of support for locomotion, 37 women and 28 men, aged between 67 and 80 years. The risk of falls was assessed through the TUG test. To determine the handgrip strength, a hand dynamometer model Jamar ( was used, which provides the result in kg / force (kgf), being held only with the dominant hand. The results showed that in the last 12 months, only 32% of the elderly surveyed had no fall and the average handgrip strength was 24.32 ( 11.22 kgf; 40% had one fall and the average handgrip strength was 23.82 ( 10.18 kgf; 8% had two falls and the average handgrip strength was 19.48 ( 8.21 kgf and 20% had more than one fall and the average handgrip strength of 18.13 ( 7.33 Kgf., indicating that the force levels are statistically lower among elderly at high risk of falls (p> 0.05). It was concluded that the lower the force level, the greater the likelihood of falls. Thus, it is important to stress that due to the loss of muscle strength, all ergonomic hazards and architectural barriers must be removed so that older adults can perform their tasks more easily, with comfort and safety.

Evaluation of molar and incisor bite force in indigenous compared with white population in Brazil

The purpose of this study was to determine maximum bite force in molar and incisor regions in young Brazilian indigenous individuals, who have had a natural diet since birth, and compare the sample with white Brazilian individuals. To do this, individuals were paired one-to-one (same weight, height, and Class I facial pattern). A secondary purpose was to elucidate the relation between bite force and gender in both populations. Eighty-two Brazilians took part in this study. Participants were aged between 18 and 28 years and were divided into two groups: 41 Xingu indigenous individuals and 41 white Brazilian individuals, with 28 men and 13 women in each group. The inclusion criteria were: having complete dentition; normal occlusion; no neurological, psychiatric or movement disorders; no reports of toothaches; having satisfactory periodontal health; absence of large facial skeletal alterations (typical Class II and Class III individuals); and no previous treatments using occlusal splints. To measure maximum bite force, a digital dynamometer model IDDK (Kratos—Equipamentos Industriais Ltda, Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil) was used, with a capacity of 1000 N, adapted for oral conditions. Assessments were made in the first molar (right and left) and central incisive regions. Results reveal that mean maximum bite forces in indigenous individuals of the right molar is 421 N, left molar 429 N and incisor region is 194 N and for white individuals of the right molar is 410 N, left molar 422 N and incisor region is 117 N. Comparing indigenous with white individuals, maximal bite force showed a tendency of being greater in the indigenous group. It was observed that the incisor region showed statistical significance ( p < 0.0005) but no significance was observed in the molar region. Moreover, indigenous men showed the highest bite force values.

Brake dynamometer model predicting brake torque variation due to disc thickness variation

In this study, the mathematical model for a brake system in a dynamometer is proposed to identify brake torque variation (BTV), and correlations between the dynamo test and simulation are determined. The interaction between the pads and the disc on the contact patch is simply modelled as a point-contact element and the transient response analysis in the time domain is introduced. The model indicates that the amount of BTV is linearly proportional to the pad stiffness, the friction coefficient, the disc thickness variation, and the effective radius of the brake pads. To verify the analytical model, a brake dynamometer is used and additional material tests are carried out. The dynamo test shows that the suggested model has reasonable accuracy in predicting the BTV of a brake system.

Detailed analytical model of a single-cylinder diesel engine in the crank angle domain

A detailed analytical non-linear dynamic model for single-cylinder diesel engines is developed. The model describes the dynamic behaviour between fuelling and engine speed and includes models of the non-linear engine and dynamometer dynamics, the instantaneous friction terms and the engine thermodynamics. The model operates in the crank angle domain. The dynamometer model enables the study of the engine behaviour under loading. The instantaneous friction model takes into consideration the viscosity variations with temperature. Inertia variations with piston pin offset are presented. In-cycle calculations are performed at each crank angle, and the correct crank angles of ignition, speed variations, fuel supply and air as well as fuel burning rate are predicted. The model treats the cylinder strokes and the manifolds as thermodynamic control volumes by using the filling and emptying method. The model is validated using experimentally measured cylinder pressure and engine instantaneous speeds, under transient operating conditions, and gives good agreement. The model can be used as an engine simulator to aid diesel engines control system design and fault diagnostics.

Dynamic performance simulation of a continuously variable transmission motorcycle for fuzzy autopilot design

This paper describes the modelling technique of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) motorcycle for control strategy design of an autopilot on a driving cycle test bench. The simulation is carried out on a code which is the combination of an engine cycle simulation synthesis, a dynamic CVT driveline algorithm, a chassis dynamometer model and a fuzzy autopilot controller. The autopilot, which is a robot driver, includes a throttle actuator and a brake handle controller. Fundamental fuzzy theories were employed to simulate the control strategy of an experienced driver, also to form a feedback control loop for the simulation. The whole simulation package is capable of predicting the motorcycle performance under dynamic road conditions, such as ECE R40 and USA FTP75 driving patterns. Simulation results of a baseline motorcycle, equipped with a 125 cm3 four-stroke engine plus a rubber belt CVT system, are demonstrated in this paper. Parametric studies are used to design the control strategy of the autopilot as well as to improve the design of the powertrain system of the motorcycle.

Computer Simulation of a Variable Fill Hydraulic Dynamometer Part 3: Closed-Loop Performance

An engine and hydraulic dynamometer system is dynamically modelled with two different control systems. The closed-loop system behaviour is studied for a hydromechanical back-pressure water outlet valve and for an electrohydraulic servo-controlled water outlet valve. This is an extension of the open-loop dynamic model of Part 2, which incorporates the mathematical model of the torque absorption processes in a variable fill Froude-type hydraulic dynamometer presented in Part 1. The models are based on a system of first-order differential equations which are solved numerically using an Adams predictor corrector method. Both the analogue hack-pressure valve and digital servo-controlled valve are accurately simulated. In both cases the influence of the dynamic dynamometer model on the transient response is apparent. Variation in digital control system parameters across the operating envelope illustrates the non-linearity of dynamometer response. The computer model and experimental results are compared and implications of the closed-loop behaviour discussed.