Kinetics Of Phase Separation Research Articles

Thermal and Electron Plasma Effects on Phase Separation Dynamics Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

During ultrafast laser-induced crystallization from glass with a non-congruent composition, a phase separation occurs. The morphology of the crystallized area, inside the heat-affected zone (HAZ), is spectacular showing a bouquet-like structure, under some specific conditions related to glass chemical composition and laser parameters. In this work, we investigate this HAZ along a written line through a set of high-resolution electron microscopy techniques to probe both the morphology and the chemical distribution at the nanoscale. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that the bouquet-like structure arises from poorly textured nanocrystals between two regions that have probably accumulated elastic strain. From that analysis, we also provide insights into the chemical separation process during this complex light-matter transformation in which the induced plasma structure guides the spatial distribution of SiO2 and LiNbO3. We suggest a model based on an electric field modulation produced by the inhomogeneous plasma electron trapping, that modifies the electrochemical potentials of the constituents.

Pinhole mirror-based ultra-small angle light scattering setup for simultaneous measurement of scattering and transmission.

An ultra-small angle light scattering setup with the ability of simultaneous registration of scattered light by a charge-coupled device camera and the transmitted direct beam by a pin photodiode was developed. A pinhole mirror was used to reflect the scattered light; the transmitted direct beam was focused and passed through the central pinhole with a diameter of 500 μm. Time-resolved static light scattering measurement was carried out over the angular range 0.2° ≤θ≤ 8.9° with a time resolution of ∼33 ms. The measured scattering pattern in the q-range between 5 × 10-5 and 1.5 × 10-3 nm-1 enables investigating structures of few micrometers to submillimeter, where q is the scattering vector. A LabVIEW-based graphical user interface was developed, which integrates the data acquisition of the scattering pattern and the transmitted intensity. The Peltier temperature-controlled sample cells of varying thicknesses allow for a rapid temperature equilibration and minimization of multiple scattering. The spinodal decomposition for coacervation (phase separation) kinetics of an aqueous mixture of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes was demonstrated.

Phase separation in surfactant-containing amorphous solid dispersions: Orthogonal analytical methods to probe the effects of surfactants on morphology and phase composition

Amorphous–amorphous phase separation (AAPS) is an important phase transition process for amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) performance both in terms of drug release as well as physical and chemical stability during storage. Addition of surfactants to ASD systems can impact both of these processes. One possible mechanism through which surfactants affect ASD performance is via their impact on AAPS. Unfortunately, despite their increasing usage in ASD formulations, the effect of surfactant on AAPS is still poorly understood, and there are limited analytical techniques that provide microstructural and composition information about phase separated ASDs. In this study, the impact of four surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 80, Span 20 and Span 85) on water-induced phase separation in ASDs formulated with ritonavir and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) was investigated using a variety of orthogonal analytical methods. Transparent films of ASDs with different compositions were prepared by spin coating. Fluorescence confocal microscopy in combination with an in situ humidity chamber was used to monitor the kinetics and morphology of phase separation following exposure to high relative humidity. Optical photothermal IR analysis of phase separated films enabled characterization of domain composition and surfactant distribution. Liquid-liquid phase separation concentration, zeta potential and solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements enabled interpretation of interaction with and partition of surfactants into the drug-rich phase. It was found that phase separation kinetics and morphology were notably changed by the surfactants. Further, the surfactants showed different affinities for the drug-rich versus the aqueous/polymer-rich phases. The employed analytical techniques were found to be complementary in providing insight into surfactant location in phase separated systems. This study highlights the complexity of phase separation, especially in the presence of surfactants, and provides a foundation to understand the impact of AAPS on ASD performance.

LixFePO4 -ийн фазын салалтын кинетик болон соронзон шинж чанарын судалгаа

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the kinetics of phase separation in polycrystalline LixFePO4 samples which were quenched from the homogeneous phase to lower temperatures. On quenching from 380°C (homogeneous phase) to ageing various temperatures, we observed that the structural features of the formation of the two product phases LiFePO4 and orthorhombic FePO4, i.e. the splitting of selected Bragg reflections, appear on a time-scale of hours. The kinetic behaviour seems to vary strongly with the ageing temperatures. In the case of quenching to temperatures lower than 50°C, no significant splitting of Bragg reflections is observed. Hence, the homogeneous phase may be stabilised by quenching to sufficiently low temperatures. We have studied the magnetic properties of the samples by SQUID-magnetometry. The partially delithiated samples show the known temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility with ordering temperatures of about 122K (FePO4) and 50K (LiFePO4). In order to create a single phase, the samples were quenched from the homogeneous phase to room temperature. Obviously, Néel temperatures of these samples were observed in between the values of pure compounds and depend on the overall composition.

Exploring the interaction between phase separation and turbulent fluid dynamics in multi-species supercritical jets using a tabulated real-fluid model

Today, injection of liquid fuels at supercritical pressures is a frequently used technique to improve the efficiency of energy systems and address environmental constraints. This paper focuses on the analysis of the coupling between the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of multi-species supercritical jets. Various phase transition phenomena, such as droplet formation process by condensation, which have been shown experimentally to significantly affect the flow and mixing dynamics of the jet, are studied. For this purpose, a tabulated multicomponent real fluid model assuming vapor-liquid equilibrium is proposed for the simulation of turbulent n-hexane jets injected with different inflow temperatures (480 K, 560 K, 600 K) into supercritical nitrogen at 5 MPa and 293 K. Numerical results are compared with available experimental data but also with published numerical studies, showing a good agreement. In addition, comparisons between different turbulence models, including the LES Sigma, Smagorinsky and RANS K − ϵ models have been performed, showing the relevance of the LES Sigma model for these very complex two-phase flows.

Propagation of diverse exact solitary wave solutions in separation phase of iron (Fe-Cr − X(X = Mo, Cu)) for the ternary alloys

In this paper, a specific consideration is paid to the nonlinear dynamics of solitary waves to kinetics of phase separation in iron [Formula: see text] based on ternary alloys. The convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard (CH) equation is used as a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the separation phase for the ternary alloys of iron. A variety of solitary wave solutions with unknown parameters are extracted in different shapes like kink-type, bell-shape, shock-type, combine soliton, trigonometric, hyperbolic and Jacobi’s elliptic function solutions with the assistant of recently computational tools, namely, extended Fan-sub equation method (EFSEM) and extended auxiliary equation method (EAEM). In addition, 3D, 2D, and their corresponding contour profiles of earned results are sketched in order to observe their dynamics with the choices of involved parameters. On the bases of achieved results, we may claim that the proposed computational methods are direct, dynamics, well organized, and will be useful for solving the more complicated nonlinear problems in diverse areas together with symbolic computations.

Quantifying microstructural evolution via time-dependent reduced-dimension metrics based on hierarchical n-point polytope functions.

We devise reduced-dimension metrics for effectively measuring the distance between two points (i.e., microstructures) in the microstructure space and quantifying the pathway associated with microstructural evolution, based on a recently introduced set of hierarchical n-point polytope functions P_{n}. The P_{n} functions provide the probability of finding particular n-point configurations associated with regular n polytopes in the material system, and are a special subset of the standard n-point correlation functions S_{n} that effectively decompose the structural features in the system into regular polyhedral basis with different symmetries. The nth order metric Ω_{n} is defined as the L_{1} norm associated with the P_{n} functions of two distinct microstructures. By choosing a reference initial state (i.e., a microstructure associated with t_{0}=0), the Ω_{n}(t) metrics quantify the evolution of distinct polyhedral symmetries and can in principle capture emerging polyhedral symmetries that are not apparent in the initial state. To demonstrate their utility, we apply the Ω_{n} metrics to a two-dimensional binary system undergoing spinodal decomposition to extract the phase separation dynamics via the temporal scaling behavior of the corresponding Ω_{n}(t), which reveals mechanisms governing the evolution. Moreover, we employ Ω_{n}(t) to analyze pattern evolution during vapor deposition of phase-separating alloy films with different surface contact angles, which exhibit rich evolution dynamics including both unstable and oscillating patterns. The Ω_{n} metrics have potential applications in establishing quantitative processing-structure-property relationships, as well as real-time processing control and optimization of complex heterogeneous material systems.

The pH-responsive phase separation of type-A gelatin and dextran characterized with static multiple light scattering (S-MLS)

Macromolecular phase separation has attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications in food industry, such as modulating food texture and delivering bioactive compounds. The phase separation kinetics is important but rarely reported due to the limitation of current methods. This work provided an effective method, static multiple light scattering (S-MLS), for the study of phase separation kinetics, and investigated the effects of pH on the phase separation of type-A gelatin and dextran mixtures (GE/DE) using S-MLS technique, fluorescence microscopy and visual assessment. Phase diagrams of GE/DE (1.0–6.0 wt%) at pH 3.00–11.0 were measured based on the micro-phase separation. Interestingly, GE/DE mixtures were likely to be miscible at low and high pHs. GE/DE (4.0 wt%/4.0 wt%) mixture at pH 3.00–10.0 was selected for following study. Phase separation of GE/DE (4.0 wt%/4.0 wt%) mixture was pH-responsive, e.g. no phase separation at pH 3.00–4.75 and pH 10.0, only microphase separation at pH 5.00 and 5.25, and both micro- and macro-phase separation at pH 5.50–9.00. The order of phase separation rates was pH5.50 > pH6.00 > pH9.00 > pH7.00 > pH8.00. Based on the results of S-MLS, micro- and macro-phase separation images, phase separation process was proposed to be divided into four steps, including droplet coalescence, droplet migration, primary and stable phase separation. The variation of the GE/DE interaction and the self-aggregation of GE as a function of the pH might explain the pH-response of GE/DE phase separation. S-MLS is an effective method to study the phase separation kinetics of macromolecular systems.

Kinetics Manipulation Enables High-Performance Thick Ternary Organic Solar Cells via R2R-Compatible Slot-Die Coating.

Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has crossed the 18% mark for OSCs, which are largely fabricated by spin-coating, and the optimal photoactive thickness is limited to 100nm. To increase reproducibility of results with industrial roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, slot-die coating coupled with a ternary strategy for optimal performance of large-area, thick OSCs is used. Based on miscibility differences, a highly crystalline molecule, BTR-Cl, is incorporated, and the phase-separation kinetics of the D18:Y6 film is regulated. BTR-Cl provides an early liquid-liquid phase separation and early aggregation of Y6, which slightly improves the molecular crystallinity and vertical phase separation of the ternary blends, resulting in high PCEs of 17.2% and 15.5% for photoactive films with thicknesses of 110 and 300nm, respectively. The ternary design strategy for large-area and thick films is further used to fabricate high-efficiency flexible devices, which promises reproducibility of the lab results from slot-die coating to industrial R2R manufacturing.

Inhomogeneous phase separation kinetics in liquid binary mixtures: Sensitivity to initial local composition †

The kinetics of phase separation subsequent to a finite temperature quench is assumed to be driven by diffusion on the altered free energy surface and is generally assumed to be slow. The situation can be different in phase separating liquid binary mixtures, especially for systems characterized by the large difference in mutual interactions between solute and solvent molecules. In such cases, the phase separation kinetics could be fast and may get completed within a short time (ns) scale. As a result, in these systems, one may observe diverse dynamical features arising out of local heterogeneity leading to the onset of phase separation through pattern formation, spinodal decomposition, nucleation, and growth. By using a coarse-grained analysis, we examine phase separation kinetics in each spatial grid and indeed observe important effects of initial heterogeneity on the subsequent evolution. Interestingly, we observe slower separation kinetics for those regions that correspond to the composition at the minimum of the high-temperature surface. The heterogeneous dynamics has been captured here through the non-linear susceptibility function, which shows a pattern similar to what is observed in the supercooled liquid. Each grid shows somewhat different dynamics in the three-stage (exponential, power-law, and logarithmic regime) phase separation dynamics. The late stage of phase separation kinetics is usually attributed to the coarsening of the phase-separated domains. However, in a liquid binary mixture, the late-stage power-law decay undergoes a further change. A new dynamical regime arises characterized by a logarithmic time dependence, which is due to the “smoothening” of the rough interface of already well-separated phases. This can also be described as opposite to the roughening transition described by Chui and Weeks [Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 733 (1978)]. This reverse roughening transition can explain the logarithmic time dependence observed in the simulation.

Four-dimensional nuclear speckle phase separation dynamics regulate proteostasis.

Phase separation and biorhythms control biological processes in the spatial and temporal dimensions, respectively, but mechanisms of four-dimensional integration remain elusive. Here, we identified an evolutionarily conserved XBP1s-SON axis that establishes a cell-autonomous mammalian 12-hour ultradian rhythm of nuclear speckle liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) dynamics, separate from both the 24-hour circadian clock and the cell cycle. Higher expression of nuclear speckle scaffolding protein SON, observed at early morning/early afternoon, generates diffuse and fluid nuclear speckles, increases their interactions with chromatin proactively, transcriptionally amplifies the unfolded protein response, and protects against proteome stress, whereas the opposites are observed following reduced SON level at early evening/late morning. Correlative Son and proteostasis gene expression dynamics are further observed across the entire mouse life span. Our results suggest that by modulating the temporal dynamics of proteostasis, the nuclear speckle LLPS may represent a previously unidentified (chrono)-therapeutic target for pathologies associated with dysregulated proteostasis.

Phase separation in high/low viscosity phospholipid membranes based on single domain characterization

Lipid rafts are small biomembrane functional units, resulting from the lateral phase separation of phospholipids. The phospholipid phase separation plays a crucial role in spatially organizing the biomolecules in life activities. Here, we study the kinetics of multi-component phospholipid phase separation quantitatively by using the single domain characterization methods including the movement tracking and radial fluctuation analyses, which provide valuable information about the physical and mechanical properties of the bulks and domains. The study is carried out in a low line tension condition similar to that in cells. The order of magnitude of line tension is ～0.1 pN as estimated from the radial fluctuation analysis. Fluorescence microscopy characterization shows that domains mainly coarsen through the coalescence pathways, while the evaporation-condensation is negligible. Through the tracking of domains, it is found that the bulk viscosity dominates the dynamics of domain coalescence. The coalescence of domains produces strong hydrodynamic flows in low viscosity bulk, which promotes the non-Brownian motion of surrounding domains, accelerating the lateral diffusion and coalescence of the domains. However, these hydrodynamic flows decrease significantly in high viscosity bulk. The domains rely mainly on Brownian motion to diffuse in this highly viscous medium, resulting in the slow lateral diffusion and low coalescence. Picking the domains following Brownian motion, the viscosities of liquid ordered bulk and liquid disordered bulk are determined to be, respectively, in a range of 10<sup>–8</sup>–10<sup>–7</sup> Pa⋅s⋅m and 10<sup>–9</sup> Pa⋅s⋅m from the Hughes-Pailthorpe-White empirical relation. Furthermore, we observe a bulk-viscosity-dependent scaling relation between the domain size and coarsening time experimentally. A theoretical model of domain diffusion and coalescence is established to understand the scaling relation. If the bulk viscosity is low, the hydrodynamic flow produces a high power exponent of 1.0. And if the bulk viscosity is high, the Brownian diffusion produces a low power exponent of 0.5. In addition, we demonstrate that the bulk viscosity can be regulated through the relative content of cholesterol. The 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence anisotropy characterization exhibits that the increase of cholesterol in liquid ordered and liquid disordered bulks disorders and orders the phospholipid packing, thus reducing and increasing the bulk viscosity, respectively. It is expected that this viscosity regulation strategy can be used to control the multicomponent phospholipid phase separation. All in all, our study deepens the understanding of the physical mechanism behind the formation of lipid rafts. It also provides a reference for regulating the biomolecule distribution in cell membranes.

Phase separation and spreading dynamics of French vinaigrette

Phase separation can be observed when vinaigrette is poured on a kitchen plate under certain conditions. The phase separation in vinaigrette, which comprises olive oil, vinegar, and mustard for stabilization and taste, is characterized by the outward spreading of olive oil from the main film. This phase separation and the phenomena that trigger it were investigated in this study. Moreover, the spreading dynamics of the vinaigrette were examined by analyzing the spreading factor and its rate. The spreading of different formulations of the vinaigrette was probed in this regard by varying the mass concentration of vinegar from 10% to 40% and the amount of mustard from 0.1 to 0.5 g. The emulsion films were placed on a white tile substrate with similar characteristics to those of a kitchen plate at 21 °C and a relative humidity of 50%. The spreading dynamics followed two distinct regimes; increasing the vinegar concentration of mustard-free formulations led to decreases in the spreading factor of the first regime and the spreading rate. The addition of mustard had a similar effect on the spreading factor of the first regime. The variations in these two parameters were related to changes in the system viscosity. The latter was found to be a function of the mustard and vinegar concentrations. Phase separation occurred at vinegar concentrations below 30% because of a competition between the spreading and the existing instabilities in the vinaigrette. This phenomenon did not affect spreading dynamics.

Miscibility of isotactic poly(1-butene)/isotactic polypropylene blends studied by atomic force Microscopy−Infrared

In this work, miscibility behavior of blends of high molecular weight isotactic poly(1-butene) (PB) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) has been investigated by atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) technique. A PP with 10 mol% deuterated units (dPP) was mixed with the PB at 50/50 mass ratio and the melt was found to phase separate, and the distinct C-D stretching bands of the dPP were observed in both phases by AFM-IR, indicative of partial miscibility of the two polymers. By using an AFM-IR quantitative analysis method, PB content in each phase in PB/PP blends can be determined. The phase separation kinetics of a PB/PP 50/50 blend was investigated, and the compositions of the two co-existing phases at equilibrium at different temperatures were determined by AFM-IR, from which a phase diagram was constructed. The PB/PP blends were found to exhibit lower critical solution temperature-type phase behavior, with the critical temperature of around 160 °C by estimate.

Partial structure factors derived from coarse-grained phase-separation dynamics on a disordered lattice with density fluctuations

The simplest and most time-efficient phase-separation dynamics simulations are carried out on a disordered lattice to calculate the partial structure factors of coarse-grained A-B binary mixtures. The typical coarse-grained phase-separation models use regular lattices and can describe the local concentrations but cannot describe both local density and concentration fluctuations. To introduce fluctuation for local density in the model, the particle positions from a hard sphere fluid model are determined as disordered lattice points for the model. Then we place the local order parameter as the difference of the concentrations of A and B components on each lattice point. The concentration at each lattice point is time-evolved by discrete equations derived from the Cahn-Hilliard equation. From both fluctuations, Bhatia and Thornton’s structure factor can be accurately calculated. The structure factor for concentration fluctuations at the large wavenumber region gives us the correct mean concentrations of the components. Using the mean concentrations, partial structure factors can be converted from three of Bhatia and Thornton’s structure factors. The present model and procedures can provide a means of analysing the structural properties of many materials that exhibit complex morphological changes.

SrO effect on the structure, phase separation and crystallization kinetics of [formula omitted] glasses

29SiO2−20B2O3−24.5Na2O−2ZrO2−(24.5−x)CaO−xSrO (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 (wt%)) glasses are studied for their non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, thermal, structural, and phase separation characteristics. The glass transition, crystallization, and peak crystallization temperature are obtained from the differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves. The characteristic temperatures shift to higher temperature with the increasing heating rate. Increase in the SrO concentration results in a decrease in Tg.The values of activation energy of glass transition and crystallization calculated using Kissinger and Augis-Benett models lie in the range 256–397 kJ/mol and 174–350 kJ/mol, respectively. Structural properties are analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Introduction of SrO results in variation in the BO4,BO3,andQn units in the borosilciate network. This can be used to obtain information about the structure-composition relation in the synthesized glasses. As the SrO concentration increases, the variation in the fraction of BO4 and Q2 structural units follow an opposite trend.

Effect of annealed disorder on phase separation kinetics and aging phenomena in fluid mixtures.

We use state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects of annealed disorder on the phase-separating kinetics and aging phenomena of a segregating binary fluid mixture. In the presence of disorder, we observe a dramatic slowing down in the phase separation dynamics. The domain growth follows the power law with a disorder-dependent exponent. Due to the energetically favorable positions, the domain boundary roughens, which modifies the correlation function and structure factor to a non-Porod behavior. The correlation function and structure factor provide clear evidence that superuniversality does not hold in our system. The role of annealed disorder on the nonequilibrium aging dynamics is studied qualitatively by computing the two-time order-parameter autocorrelation function. The decay of the correlation function slows down significantly with the disorder. This quantity exhibits scaling laws with respect to the ratio of the domain length at the observation time and the age of the system. We find the scaling laws hold good for the disordered system and are therefore robust and generic to such segregating fluid mixtures.

Density Functional Theory for Polymer Phase Separations Induced by Coupling of Chemical Reaction and Elastic Stress

AbstractA density functional theory is applied to phase separation dynamics influenced by crosslinking reactions in dense polymer solutions. The crosslinking reaction is modeled by a change from non‐crosslinked polymers comprising transient network (TN) to crosslinked polymers participating in the percolated permanent network (PN). Deformed TN polymers are considered to relax to the isotropic equilibrium state according to the Maxwellian linear viscoelastic constitutive equation, which is used in the modeling of viscoelastic phase separations. The PN is modeled by a linear elastic constitutive model. When TN polymers are taken into the PN by crosslinking reaction, the instantaneous deformation of the TN polymers are frozen, and such frozen deformations are accumulated as time goes on. A series of simulations is performed using this model, so that two specific features of the viscoelastic and reactive phase separation are obtained, i.e., 1) two‐stage phase separation process that leads to a domain structure with two different characteristic length scales, and 2) fixing the phase‐separated structure before reaching the macrophase separation.

‘RNA modulation of transport properties and stability in phase-separated condensates

One of the key mechanisms employed by cells to control their spatiotemporal organization is the formation and dissolution of phase-separated condensates. The balance between condensate assembly and disassembly can be critically regulated by the presence of RNA. In this work, we use a chemically-accurate sequence-dependent coarse-grained model for proteins and RNA to unravel the impact of RNA in modulating the transport properties and stability of biomolecular condensates. We explore the phase behavior of several RNA-binding proteins such as FUS, hnRNPA1, and TDP-43 proteins along with that of their corresponding prion-like domains and RNA recognition motifs from absence to moderately high RNA concentration. By characterizing the phase diagram, key molecular interactions, surface tension, and transport properties of the condensates, we report a dual RNA-induced behavior: on the one hand, RNA enhances phase separation at low concentration as long as the RNA radius of gyration is comparable to that of the proteins, whereas at high concentration, it inhibits the ability of proteins to self-assemble independently of its length. On the other hand, along with the stability modulation, the viscosity of the condensates can be considerably reduced at high RNA concentration as long as the length of the RNA chains is shorter than that of the proteins. Conversely, long RNA strands increase viscosity even at high concentration, but barely modify protein self-diffusion which mainly depends on RNA concentration and on the effect RNA has on droplet density. On the whole, our work rationalizes the different routes by which RNA can regulate phase separation and condensate dynamics, as well as the subsequent aberrant rigidification implicated in the emergence of various neuropathologies and age-related diseases.

Phase separation in fluids with many interacting components

Fluids in natural systems, like the cytoplasm of a cell, often contain thousands of molecular species that are organized into multiple coexisting phases that enable diverse and specific functions. How interactions between numerous molecular species encode for various emergent phases is not well understood. Here, we leverage approaches from random-matrix theory and statistical physics to describe the emergent phase behavior of fluid mixtures with many species whose interactions are drawn randomly from an underlying distribution. Through numerical simulation and stability analyses, we show that these mixtures exhibit staged phase-separation kinetics and are characterized by multiple coexisting phases at steady state with distinct compositions. Random-matrix theory predicts the number of coexisting phases, validated by simulations with diverse component numbers and interaction parameters. Surprisingly, this model predicts an upper bound on the number of phases, derived from dynamical considerations, that is much lower than the limit from the Gibbs phase rule, which is obtained from equilibrium thermodynamic constraints. We design ensembles that encode either linear or nonmonotonic scaling relationships between the number of components and coexisting phases, which we validate through simulation and theory. Finally, inspired by parallels in biological systems, we show that including nonequilibrium turnover of components through chemical reactions can tunably modulate the number of coexisting phases at steady state without changing overall fluid composition. Together, our study provides a model framework that describes the emergent dynamical and steady-state phase behavior of liquid-like mixtures with many interacting constituents.