Analysis Of Dynamic Parameters Research Articles

Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of the Switching-On Process of Electromagnetic Relays Powered by Harmonic Polluted Voltage Source

The article incorporates an analysis of the switching-on process of alternating current (AC), low-voltage (LV), and electromagnetic (EM) relays energized by harmonically polluted voltage sources. In the undertaken research, the dynamic parameters of relays actuated by electromagnetic drive were examined for shape and supply voltage waveform distortion levels as described by different THD factor values. During the research, diverse supplying voltages were delivered to drive electromagnet coils at a variety of phases so as to reflect the stochastic nature of the energizing procedure. The performed analysis allowed for determining the most influential and decisive factors dictating the basic parameter values of the switching-on process. As an outcome, time-related parameters of relay moving armature movement were obtained, and the frequency of disorder occurrences during the switching-on was examined. For experimentation needs, an experiment stand was developed, and dedicated software for measurement results analysis was elaborated. Based on the study results, EM relay switching-on operation reliability was evaluated in view of electric energy quality.

Preparation of a novel DNA-imprinted sensor based on chitosan and its highly sensitive detection of Pb2+

Lead ion is very harmful to the environment, so it is very important to study its detection methods. In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor was constructed by modifying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on the electrode, which can be used for the detection of Pb2+ in the environment. Part of the mixed solution of chitosan (CS) and Pb2+ template ions was dropped onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. CS-Pb2+ film was cross-linked through sodium tripolyphosphate. And a novel DNA-imprinted sensor was prepared by electrodepositing CS-Pb2+ thin film with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), removing Pb2+ templates, and immobilizing specific double-stranded DNA. The electroactive area, surface morphology, sensitivity, and electrochemical reaction mechanism of the DNA-imprinted sensor were analyzed. The elementary reaction steps were studied through electrochemical reaction kinetics analysis. The experimental results indicate that the DNA-imprinted electrochemical biosensor can quantitatively detect Pb2+ in the range of 10–100 μM (R2 = 0.9935), and its detection limit is 6.5074 μM (3σ/slope). The sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor is 1.55233 × 10−6 A/μM, and its active areas is 6.233 cm2. The desorption mechanism and adsorption mechanism have been explored through dynamic parameter analysis. The novel DNA imprinted electrochemical biosensor developed in this paper provides a robust method for detecting lead ions in solution. Additionally, it establishes a solid groundwork for detecting other metal ions.

Vertical spanning wall elastically restrained at the top: validation and parametric dynamic analysis

In unreinforced masonry structures, among the most dangerous events that can occur during earthquakes are the out-of-plane mechanisms. This type of response significantly changes if the wall is restrained by a horizontal element. The collapse, in this case, could take place for slipping/failure of the diaphragm connection or for overturning of the wall, following the formation of a crack at an intermediate height between the base and the top. A specific analytical model is used to capture the complex dynamic behavior of the wall, formed by two stacked rigid bodies (free to rock) with the top one connected to a flexible diaphragm. The model is calibrated using experimental data available in the literature and it is then used to carry out a dynamic parametric analysis. The variation range of relevant parameters refers to the building features surveyed in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, and their effect on the global response of the system is investigated. Further, the influence of ground motion is considered, using different ground accelerations. The results of the analysis highlight that, for the considered area and return period, the maximum rotations of the system are significant only for large slenderness values. Further, the investigation shows that the diaphragm plays a crucial role in the dynamic response of the system. The stiffness of the diaphragm can significantly reduce the rotations and consequently the risk of overturning. Additionally, the study on the effect of the wall size pointed out how a top spring causes a reverse scale effect.

Alterations of Functional Connectivity Dynamics in Affective and Psychotic Disorders

BackgroundPatients with psychosis and patients with depression exhibit widespread neurobiological abnormalities. The analysis of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) allows for the detection of changes in complex brain activity patterns, providing insights into common and unique processes underlying these disorders. MethodsWe report the analysis of dFC in a large sample including 127 patients at clinical high risk for psychosis, 142 patients with recent-onset psychosis, 134 patients with recent-onset depression, and 256 healthy control participants. A sliding window–based technique was used to calculate the time-dependent FC in resting-state magnetic resonance imaging data, followed by clustering to reveal recurrent FC states in each diagnostic group. ResultsWe identified 5 unique FC states, which could be identified in all groups with high consistency (mean r = 0.889 [SD = 0.116]). Analysis of dynamic parameters of these states showed a characteristic increase in the lifetime and frequency of a weakly connected FC state in patients with recent-onset depression (p < .0005) compared with the other groups and a common increase in the lifetime of an FC state characterized by high sensorimotor and cingulo-opercular connectivities in all patient groups compared with the healthy control group (p < .0002). Canonical correlation analysis revealed a mode that exhibited significant correlations between dFC parameters and clinical variables (r = 0.617, p < .0029), which was associated with positive psychosis symptom severity and several dFC parameters. ConclusionsOur findings indicate diagnosis-specific alterations of dFC and underline the potential of dynamic analysis to characterize disorders such as depression and psychosis and clinical risk states.

Dynamic Stimulation Aberrometry: Objectively Measured Accommodation and Pupil Dynamics after Phakic Iris-Fixated Intraocular Lens Implantation

Anterior iris-claw phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation is a treatment option for refractive, ametropic patients. However, the postoperative accommodative ability has not been systematically researched. Dynamic stimulation aberrometry allows the objective and dynamical measurement of accommodation by observing ocular aberrations during the accommodation process. We investigated the dynamic accommodative ability after pIOL implantation compared with a healthy age- and gender-matched control group. Clinical, comparative case-control study. We included patients aged 18-50 years that either underwent pIOL implantation > 1 month ago or served as a healthy, phakic control group. The accommodative ability and pupil dynamics of both groups were investigated using dynamic stimulation aberrometry. The method allows the analysis of dynamic parameters during accommodation, such as the accommodation speed. A 1:1 propensity score matching was conducted based on the patients' age and gender. Parameters of objective accommodation, such as accommodative amplitude and pupil dynamic during accommodation. Fifty-eight healthy, phakic eyes < 50 years of age and 21 eyes after pIOL implantation to correct myopia (pIOL, Verisyse, AMO, Inc) were enrolled. Patients that underwent anterior pIOL implantation were examined on average 24 ± 18 months after surgery. After matching, the mean age of both groups was not significantly different (35 ± 8 vs. 34 ± 8 years). No significant difference in dynamic parameters of accommodation or the accommodative amplitude (2.8 ± 1.4 and 2.9 ± 1.4 diopters [D] for pIOL and control group, P= 0.82) were seen. Maximum and minimum pupil sizes were not significantly different. The change in pupil size during deaccommodation was significantly faster in patients after pIOL implantation (P < 0.001). Dynamic stimulation aberrometry allowed the objective, dynamic, measurement of wavefronts in subjects with accommodative amplitudes up to 7 D. Phakic intraocular lens implantation does not impair the accommodative ability. It alters pupil dynamics during deaccommodation. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Multibody Dynamics Model of the Cycloidal Gearbox, Implemented in Fortran for Analysis of Dynamic Parameters Influenced by the Backlash as a Design Tolerance

Abstract In this study, dynamical parameters of the cycloidal gearbox working at the constant angular velocity of the input shaft were investigated in the multibody dynamics 2D model implemented in the Fortran programming language. Time courses of input and output torques and forces acting on the internal and external sleeves have been shown as a function of the contact modelling parameters and backlash. The analysis results in the model implemented in Fortran were compared with the results in the 3D model designed using MSC Adams software. The values of contact forces are similar in both models. However, in the time courses obtained in MSC Adams there are numerical singularities in the form of peaks reaching 500 N for the forces at external sleeves and 400 N for the forces acting at internal sleeves, whereas in the Fortran model, there are fewer singularities and the maximum values of contact forces at internal and external sleeves do not exceed 200 N. The contact damping and discretisation level (the number of discrete contact points on the cycloidal wheels) significantly affect the accuracy of the results. The accuracy of computations improves when contact damping and discretisation are high. The disadvantage of the high discretization is the extended analysis time. High backlash values lead to a rise in contact forces and a decrease in the force acting time. The model implemented in Fortran gives a fast solution and performs well in the gearbox optimisation process. A reduction of cycloidal wheel discretisation to 600 points, which still allows satisfactory analysis, could reduce the solution time to 4 min, corresponding to an analysis time of 0.6 s with an angular velocity of the input shaft of 52.34 rad/s (500 RPM).

Establishment of constitutive model and dynamic parameter analysis of rubber conveyor belt

1. Behnke R., Kaliske M., 2015, Thermo-mechanically coupled investigation of steady state rolling tires by numerical simulation and experiment, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 68, 101-131. CrossRef Google Scholar

МЕТОД ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ГАЗОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫХ СЕНСОРОВ ПО ДИНАМИЧЕСКИМ ПАРАМЕТРАМ ОТКЛИКА

Detection of dangerous gases and vapors is relevant both at work and in everyday life. Sensorelements based on semiconductor structures are highly sensitive to gases of a very differentnature. To increase the accuracy of measurements, calibration and the speed of concentrationdetermination, special methods are required, such as signal processing in various ways. The studyuses gas sensors based on silicon–carbon films that are sensitive to a whole set of gases. In thefirst part of the article, general problems and a method for solving them are considered, whichmakes it possible to increase the selectivity of semiconductor gas sensors. The analysis of dynamicparameters, such as the first and second derivatives of the response curves, as well as the analysisof the Elovich equation is carried out. Such calibration dependences, constructed from the extremesof the derivatives and the slope coefficients of the Elovich equation, show high linearity.As a promising solution, it is proposed to use a set of calibration lines to determine the concentrationof the target gas. The developed method allows, using dynamic response parameters, to determinethe gas type and its concentration using a single sensor, also to increase the accuracy ofmeasurements, along with a reduction in detection time. The experimental results of data processingwith the determination of the gas type and its concentration using the described methodare presented. For a sensor based on silicon-carbon materials, the developed method and algorithmsmade it possible to carry out measurements using a single sensor element for a set of gases(NO2, CO, SO2) with different concentrations. At the same time, the smallest relative error did notexceed 3.6% for SO2, 2.7% for NO2, 2% for CO. The distinctive features of the developed methodare the use of several calibration lines in a multidimensional space, rather than one, as well as anoriginal algorithmic signal processing methods.

MOOSAS – A systematic solution for multiple objective building performance optimization in the early design stage

There is great potential for building performance optimization (BPO) in the early design stage, but there is still a lack of methods, algorithms, and tools to support the BPO process in this stage. Through a comprehensive review, this study identified three critical issues that affect the implementation of the BPO process in the early design stage: model integration, real-time performance analysis, and interactive optimization design. This study provides a systematic solution to these three critical issues. In terms of model integration, a feature-based and graph-based 3D building space recognition algorithm is proposed to automatically convert the computer-aided design (CAD model) into a computer-aided engineering model (CAE model). In terms of real-time performance analysis, a simplified physical method, an HPC-accelerated method, and an AI-based method are explored, and a real-time energy modeling module and a real-time daylighting analysis module are developed. In terms of the interactive optimization design, a preference-based multi-objective BPO design algorithm that can consider user preferences is proposed to make full use of the decision-making ability of humans and the computing power of machines and significantly improve the optimization efficiency and result satisfaction. Based on the systematic solution, a multi-objective BPO design software, MOOSAS, is developed. MOOSAS allows real-time performance feedback, dynamic parameter analysis, and interactive optimization, supporting the BPO process in the early design stage. The innovations of this study are as follows: first, this study proposes a systematic solution to the three critical issues of the BPO process, i.e., model integration, real-time performance analysis, and interactive optimization design; second, this study develops a multi-objective BPO design software (MOOSAS) for the early design stage.

Justification of layout diagrams hydraulic percussion mechanisms by the comparative analysis of dynamic parameters

The simulation models are used to compare achievable dynamic parameters of layout diagrams of hydraulic percussion mechanisms having similar size and weight. The comparison results prove application feasibility of these layouts in engineering hydraulically driven percussion machines. The optimization methods are used to find the optimal values of design variables to meet the criterion of maximal blow energy.

3D seismic survey data processing and interpretation by use of latest tools applied for discovery of new traps in Pleistocene deposits of Hovsan field

<abstract> The paper is devoted to outlining of hydrocarbon traps in Absheron suite by use of seismostratigraphy, standardless classification, taxonomy and attribute analysis. The paper gives a brief description of area under the study, its geographical position and research history. Correlation of seismic horizons traced within interval of seismic record embracing Absheron suite has been analyzed in detail. It has been noted that Absheron suite is rich with oil and gas deposits, which has been evidenced by discovery of fields located near to the study area. Six seismic horizons were picked off within the limits of target deposits. The described methodology of study reveals the essence of applied standardless classification and taxonomy. Analysis of dynamic parameters of seismic record led to outlining of amplitude anomalies related to zones of development of stratigraphic traps attributed to unconformity surfaces. Three such zones have been outlined. Classification and taxonomy cubes have been designed for the interval of Absheron suite. The internal structure of studied series is well traced in sections of "Classification" and "Taxonomy". Classification results allowed to outline traps characterized by abnormal grouping of some classes. Three "bright spot" anomalies are outlined in the Absheron deposits. Seismic anomalies are well correlated with sedimentation environment favorable for evolution of stratigraphic traps. The area of anomalies is 10.1 sq.km in summary. Burial depth of these anomalies is 450–950 m. Earlier drilled wells did not recover studied anomalies. </abstract>

Vibration research of heavy trucks. Part 1: Sensitivity analysis of dynamic parameters on ride comfort

In order to study the influence of heavy truck dynamic parameters on the vehicle’s ride comfort under the random road excitation, the weighted RMS (root-mean-square) acceleration responses of the vertical driver’s seat and cab pitch angle are chosen as objective function, a dynamic model of the vehicle with 10 degrees of freedom is established to simulate and analyze the results. The influence of different parameters of all the suspension systems of the vehicle, such as the stiffness and damping of the suspensions of the seat, cab, vehicle, and wheel, on the vertical driver’s seat and cab pitch angle are respectively analyzed. The study results show that the influence of the stiffness and damping parameters in the suspension systems on the vehicle ride comfort is very obvious. The vehicle’s ride comfort changes worse with the increase of the suspension stiffness and the reduction of the suspension damping, and vice versa. The study proposes an optimal range of the stiffness and damping parameters for the optimal design and control of the vehicle suspension systems, concurrently, the study can also provide a theoretical basis for the suspension system designed for heavy trucks.

Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of the System of Raster Formation and Control

The presented research work analyzes the sensing system, the main aim of which is a raster formation and controlling this process using the optical measuring equipment and high precision angle encoders. Optical measuring equipment are used for the raster position detection, meanwhile angle encoders for controlling the tape speed. The main parameter of raster formation process is fixed transportation speed, but there are difficulties to realize it, because there is imperfection of the device elements. The article analyzes the dispersion of vibration accelerations of the raster formation device and tape in the two directions (transverse and longitudinal) and presents an analysis of their parameters in application of the theory of covariance functions. The results of the measurements of vibration accelerations at the fixed points of the device constructions and the tape were recorded on a time scale in the form of digital arrays (matrices). Values of auto-covariance and inter-covariance functions of digital arrays of the vibration accelerations measurement data were calculated by changing the quantum interval in a time scale. The developed software Matlab 7 in operator package environment was used in the calculations.

Sensitivity analysis of geometric irregular effects on vulnerability of large-hall historic structures

The present research aims to analyse the vulnerability triggered by the irregularity in plan and elevation of the large-hall historic structures. A meaningful case San Pietro di Coppito church in L'Aquila, seriously damaged by the 2009 earthquake, is proposed as example.The presence of annexes, of transformed volumes, of incomplete structures generate asymmetries that cause eccentricities of the masses and/or of the stiffnesses that condition the global box-like behaviour and generate the response by macro-elements. The vulnerability of irregular large-hall structures increases with the ineffective horizontal stiffening.Through the visual survey of the damage and from the experimental investigations conducted at global level through the dynamic identification it was possible to highlight the effects of this irregularity on the case study hit by the earthquake. The Finite Element model has been built based on experimental data; starting from this reference model several numerical models were built and analysed, in the linear field through the modal and spectral analysis and in the non-linear field by pushover analysis, considering the geometric regularization process related to different stiffening effects of roof. Nine numerical models have been compared considering three geometric configurations - actual, irregular without bell tower and regular - combined with three constrain conditions of roof, fixed, free and partially constrained. The behaviour of the main macro-elements, façade, walls of nave, transept, choir, apse and bell tower has been considered through the sensitivity analysis of dynamic parameters; in detail, the variation of frequency values, the participation mass and displacements of related mode shapes have been evaluated for every configuration. The non-linear static analysis has been carried out to assess the structural capacity of different numerical models.

Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of a Railway Bridge

This article analyses the dispersion of vibration accelerations of a railway bridge during the passage of a train, and presents an analysis of their parameters after the application of the theory of covariance functions. The measurements of vibration accelerations at the fixed points of the beams of the overlay of the bridge were recorded in the time scale as digital arrays (matrices). The values of inter-covariance functions of the arrays of data of measurements of digital vibration accelerations and the values of auto-covariance functions of the individual arrays, changing the quantization interval in the time scale, were calculated. The compiled software Matlab 7 in the operator package environment was used in calculations. This article aims at determining the interdependencies of results of vibrations of bridge points rather than at the impact which a train makes on a bridge without emphasizing the modal parameters of the bridge. The aforementioned interdependencies make it possible to predict the results of hard-to-reach points.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of dynamic parameters of the leveling and centering device

The article analyzes vibrational oscillation’s strength dissemination and the parameters in the centering and leveling table using the covariance function theory. The implementation of measurement techniques requires to use most advanced ideas, and to seek and develop new tools, based on which the direction of angle calibration system’s development could be substantiated and calibration methodologies could be enabled. Vibrational oscillation strength measurements across fixed five ring points’ observations were recorded on a time scale in five vectors arrays (matrices). The covariance functions have enabled the evaluation of the influence of the vibrations of the corresponding rings on the accuracy of the measurement results. Expressions of auto-covariance and cross-covariance functions show the changes in the time scale of the interdependence between the parameters of the corresponding vibrations of the rings on the smoothing device. These changes significantly affect the measurement data errors. The digital vibrational strength measurement arrays’ reciprocal covariance functions were calculated, and estimates of individual arrays’ auto-covariance functions, by changing the quantization interval on the time scale. The covariance model proposed by the authors for the analysis of the dynamical parameters of the centering–leveling devices can be used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the angular comparators containing the said devices and at the same time to determine the ways of improving the precision of these angular comparators. The calculations were carried out using the special computer program developed by the authors of the Matlab7 Operator Package (The MathWorks, Inc. R2012a 7.14.0.739 License Number 699298).

Integration of SMTI topology with dynamic parameter analysis to characterize fracture connectivity related to flow and production along wellbores in the STACK play

A number of years ago, there was an appeal to microseismic service providers and end users to go ‘beyond the dots’ in terms of the types of analysis that can be performed to relate the microseismic waveforms to problems in terms of drilling, completion, and field development. While this call to arms has often been interpreted rather specifically, in terms of moment tensor inversion, this is just one aspect of how microseismic data can be looked at beyond the rather limited information afforded to by their locations. Even in terms of determining the moment tensors of microseismic events, the question of how to use this information to affect business decisions is not intuitively obvious. In this paper, we describe a number of analyses that aim to make use of microseismic data, from moment tensors to other source parameters, in the context of a completion in the STACK play in Kingfisher County, Oklahoma. Key to extracting information from these data is the concept that a single microseismic event does not afford a lot of information in of itself. The critical idea is that it is the interaction of different microseismic events which captures processes that are not elucidated in the consideration of events individually. Using the example of seismic moment tensor inversion (SMTI) data, we describe an approach for obtaining a picture of a connected fracture network that can further be described in terms of the percolation properties of the network. This allows for the moment tensor data to be linked to where the hydraulic stimulation fractures connect to the treatment well and therefore the volumes where we may expect production. Further consideration of microseismic event clusters can identify the different deformation processes that accompany the microseismicity. By clustering events of similar character, and considering both how they are distributed in time and space, as well as the insights into their failure processes from a detailed study of their source mechanics, the deformation in the reservoir can be mapped. Characterizing the deformation by the degree of co-seismic (anelastic) deformation allows the processes in the reservoir to be described in terms of different deformation indexes, ‘dynamic parameters’: plasticity index (PI) corresponding to anelastic deformation; stress index (SI) as related to the localized stress behaviour/conditions leading to seismicity; and diffusion index (DI) which describes the rate of stress transfer as it results in seismicity throughout the volume of interest. We introduce the site and give an overview to the microseimsic data acquisition for a lateral well completion in the STACK play (Sooner Trend Anadarko basin Canadian and Kingfisher counties). We then describe an approach for processing these data, through moment tensor inversion, into a picture of the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN). This requires a methodology to group events occurring under like stress conditions to invert for the stress ratio and the principal stress axes, such that the fracture planes may be deterministically derived from the moment tensor data. We also discuss the methodology to determine the cluster-based dynamic parameters. We then illustrate how we can use these tools to arrive at an integrated interpretation of processes occurring during the hydraulic completion, and how these data can be used to affect design decisions for completion and field development.

Collision with meteoroids as one of the possible mechanisms for the splitting of cometary nuclei

Results are presented of a statistical analysis of dynamic parameters for 114 comets with split nuclei. A list of the objects includes actually split comets, fragments of cometary pairs, lost comets with designation D, and comets with large-scale atmospheric features. Some aspects of the hypothesis that splitting is caused by collisions of cometary nuclei with meteoroid swarms are investigated. To verify the hypothesis, an analysis is conducted of the positions of split comets’ orbits relative to 58 meteor streams from Cook’s catalogue. The calculations give the number (N) of orbital nodes of split comets relative to the plane of each swarm within a distance of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 AU from each swarm. A special algorithm is proposed for determining the degree of redundancy of N by finding the expected value and dispersion for the number of the nodes. The comparison of N with the expected value, together with the consideration of the dispersion, reveals a redundancy of N in 29 cases. Therefore, collisions of comets with meteoroid swarms can be considered as one of the possible causes of comet splitting. A similar testing is conducted for the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt as potential sources of a vast number of sporadic meteoroids. Based on the results of the calculations, the former may be considered as the most effective region of splitting of periodic comets.

Pressure Analysis of Dynamic Injection Molding and Process Parameter Optimization for Reducing Warpage of Injection Molded Products.

Plastic injection molding technology is one of the important technologies for the manufacturing industry. In this paper, a numerical dynamic injection molding technology (DIMT) is presented, which is based on the finite element (FE) method. This numerical simulation method introduces a vibrational force into the conventional injection molding technology (CIMT). Some meaningful work has been executed for investigating the mechanical evolution behavior of DIMT. As the basis for illustrating the mechanism in warpage optimization results, dynamic parameter analysis on the rule of pressure response is performed in detail. In the warpage optimization work, three kinds of structure with different molding materials are selected as the comparison. The final warpage of each product is efficiently minimized by using a Gaussian process-based sequential optimization method. From the further discussions, the features of DIMT in improving the molding quality are revealed, indicating that it may not be appropriate for geometrically large structures. This study has significant meaning for the actual injection molding industry.

A Parametric Tool for the Assessment of Operational Energy Use, Embodied Energy and Embodied Material Emissions in Building

Current European legislation calls for the abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through better building design and technological solutions, in order to reduce operational energy use, embodied energy and embodied material emissions originating from buildings. Presently, environmental performance assessment tools for buildings fall short of documenting all of these parameters. Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) may be used to obtain a clear overview of mass and energy flows in a building. However, construction professional consider LCA calculations as complex and time consuming. Therefore, this paper outlines a methodology for the development of a dynamic parametric analysis tool (PAT) for the comprehensive assessment of operational energy use, embodied energy and embodied material emissions during the production and operation phases of a building. A simple, conceptual building case study is presented to demonstrate the potential use of this parametric analysis tool. The results show that the PAT developed in this study can be used to define optimal solutions of building envelopes for the different parameters of the analysis. In conclusion, this study facilitates the first steps of development and testing for a PAT that evaluate optimised solutions that minimise operational energy use, embodied CO2eq emissions and embodied energy. The tool, which is not meant to give precise results, given its limitations in the calculation method, can be used for performing a comparative pre-assessment of various design solutions. This body of work highlights considerable scope of work for the further development of this tool.