Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis Research Articles

Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Using Aqueous Bark Extract of Quercus dalechampii, Q. frainetto, and Q. petraea for Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications

This study aimed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts of Quercus species (Quercus dalechampii, Quercus frainetto, and Quercus petraea) with potential biomedical applications. To optimize PdNPs biosynthesis, various parameters were explored, including the concentration of PdCl2, the extract-to-PdCl2 ratio, and the pH of the solution. The nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin–Ciocâlteu method, while antioxidant capacity was evaluated through radical neutralization assays, including ABTS and DPPH, and through iron and copper reduction tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the extracts were essential for the reduction in palladium ions and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. UV/Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak, indicating the successful formation of PdNPs. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between the bioactive compounds and PdNPs, revealing characteristic peaks of phenolic groups. DLS analysis indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 63.9 nm for QD-PdNPs, 48 nm for QF-PdNPs, and 63.1 nm for QP-PdNPs, highlighting good dispersion and stability in solution. Although the PdNPs did not exhibit strong antioxidant properties, they demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PdNPs also exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida krusei, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.63 mg/mL, indicating their ability to compromise fungal cell integrity. This study contributes to developing eco-friendly biosynthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and underscores the potential of PdNPs in various applications, including in the biomedical field.

New trends in mycosynthesis of cellulose nanocrystals promoted by gamma irradiation of sugarcane bagasse

AbstractThe biological synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) involves utilizing cellulose-degrading microorganisms or their hydrolytic enzymes as catalysts for the controlled degradation of cellulose, yielding CNCs. Chemical synthesis of CNCs involves acid hydrolysis conducted for 45 min at 45 °C using sulfuric acid (64%). Neurospora intermedia (Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC) 14,359), Fusarium verticillioides (AUMC 14360), and Rhizopus oryzae (AUMC 14361) were employed in the preparation of CNCs. Before both chemical and biological treatments, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was irradiated with doses of 100, 200, and 300 kGy, enhancing the yield of nanocellulose from the cellulosic feedstock. The resultant nanocellulose was initially assessed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the characterization was further refined through Dynamic Light Scattering analysis to delineate particle size distribution within the nanoscale and to evaluate stability. CNCs and chemically purified cellulose (CPC) displayed analogous Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy but were markedly different from SCB. X-ray Diffraction patterns revealed a notably higher crystallinity of cellulose in nanocellulose, with larger crystallite dimensions compared to CPC and SCB. Transmission Electron Microscope investigations elucidated the morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. In summary, the selection of F. verticillioides for nanocellulose production represents a promising and sustainable approach that combines effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and cost-efficiency in the synthesis of this valuable nanomaterial. Graphical abstract

Green biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a thoroughly exploration of characterization and biological efficacy

Conventional physical and chemical methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) often use reducing agents, and other chemicals that are harmful to the environment because of their toxic properties. This has prompted significant concern and the need to develop environmentally acceptable approaches. Due to the constraints of traditional chemicalphysical methods, green synthesis methods are being developed to fill these gaps by utilizing biological components extracted from plants. These plant-derived biomolecules are highly specific and facilitate the creation of metal nanoparticles. AgNPs, produced through these methods, possess a wide variety of metabolites with antibacterial effects. In light of this, the current investigation aimed to produce AgNPs using aqueous extracts obtained from Moringa leaves (Ml), Juniper leaves (Jl), and Juniper beans (Jb)via a green chemistry technique. Various analytical methods, including UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, were employed to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. After adding the plant extracts, the color of the aqueous silver nitrate solution noticeably changed to brown. Furthermore, a shift in absorption spectra was noted, with absorbance peaks appearing around λmax = 449.5 nm, 478.5 nm, and 440.5 nm for Juniper leaves, Jb, and Moringa extracts, respectively. DLS analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs varied in size and polydispersity index (PDI) values, with sizes of 108 nm (PDI = 0.246), 101 nm (PDI = 0.278), and 161 nm (PDI = 0.240) form Jl, Jb, and Ml extracts, respectively. These nanoparticles displayed no agglomeration and were stable over a long period. Transmission electron microscope/TEM analysis confirmed the synthesis of well/dispersed AgNPs with an average sizes of less than 22 nm, displaying different shapes likely due to the variety of capping agents present in the bean and leaf extracts. Elemental profiles showed a peak at 3 keV for the synthesized AgNPs, indicating a high proportion of silver elements in all three samples. The synthesized nanoparticles were also subjected to biological screening. The investigation involved testing their antibacterial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains. The Jlnano extract exhibited significant antifungal activity. Conversely, the aqueous and nano-extracts of Ml showed less effectiveness against fungal growth. The plant nano extracts, in particular, demonstrated a clearer effect against all tested fungi compared to the plant aqueous extracts. Among the AgNPs synthesized, those from Moringa extract had the greatest effect on Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), with an inhibitory zone diameter of 4.5 mm.

Instant and efficient greenly silver nanoparticles for remediating atrazine and methylene blue from contaminated water.

In an attempt to create economically feasible and sustainable wastewater treatment "green" techniques, Malva parviflora leaf water extract was used for biosynthesizing silver nanoparticles (Malva-AgNPs). Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used for the characterization of Malva-AgNPs. UV-Vis and DLS analysis revealed the stability of the Malva-AgNPs at a wavelength of 420nm and an average size of 100nm ± 1nm. A zeta potential of - 26.4mV provides additional support for the stability of the material. The removal studies were conducted using atrazine and methylene blue (MB) in a single or mixed liquid state. The adsorbent dose, pH, incubation time, and pollutant concentration in the adsorption process were investigated. The optimal removal for 500mg L-1 of atrazine and MB at the adsorbent dosage of 450mg, when incubated for 5min, was found to be 99.5% and 82.03% for atrazine and MB, respectively. Also, Malva-AgNPs eliminated more than 95% and 50% of the atrazine and MB mixture, respectively, in 5min. The kinetics study showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was a better fit for explaining the experimental adsorption experiments for atrazine and MB. The obtained equilibrium adsorption data were examined using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, which indicate that atrazine and MB have maximum adsorption capacities of 434.78mgg-1 and 400mgg-1, respectively.

Influence of annealing temperature on Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles: Synthesis optimization and structural, optical, morphological, and magnetic properties characterization for advanced technological applications

In this study, Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) were synthesized using iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) and ammonia solution through a straightforward co-precipitation method. The nanoparticles were annealed at temperatures of 100 °C, 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C, and 900 °C, with one sample left unannealed. Comprehensive analyses were performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis Spectrophotometry. The XRD patterns confirmed the presence of both Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and Hematite (α-Fe2O3) phases, with a phase transition observed between 100 °C and 300 °C, and the most pronounced transition occurring at 500 °C. At this optimal temperature, the crystallite size was 19.14 nm, the average particle size was 37.36 nm, and the band gap energy was measured at 1.76 eV. SEM images revealed that nanoparticles formed clusters as the annealing temperature increased. The zeta potential measurements showed a range from 6.12 mV at 100 °C to −1.9 mV at 900 °C, indicating changes in particle stability. DLS analysis indicated a size increase from 86.81 nm at 300 °C to 1577 nm at 900 °C, reflecting aggregation trends. The reduction in band gap energy with higher temperatures is attributed to enhanced crystallinity and increased particle size. The magnetic properties of Fe₂O₃ NPs were evaluated using a Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS), revealing an increase in magnetic response with rising annealing temperatures. The transition from superparamagnetic γ-Fe₂O₃ to weakly ferromagnetic α-Fe₂O₃ was confirmed through changes in the hysteresis loop area and shape. These findings suggest that 500 °C is the optimal annealing temperature for producing Fe₂O₃ NPs with desirable properties for applications in targeted drug delivery, MRI contrast enhancement, and environmental remediation. This research advances the engineering of Fe₂O₃ NPs, paving the way for their use in various technological applications.

Synergistic Effect of Surface Hydrophobicity and <i>In-Vitro</i> Antimicrobial Activity of Polymeric Nano-Formulation in Textile Finishing

Fouling and damage of variety of surfaces including textile material is a global challenge. As textile wears next to the skin and health issues are more significant. Thus in an effort to address the issues related to textile surfaces damage, antimicrobial polymeric textile finishing was developed to impart antimicrobial functionalities to the textile fabric. The nanoprecipitation technique was done to synthesize antimicrobial polymeric nanoparticles and applied on to the cotton textile fabric via layer-by-layer self-assembled multilayers dip coating technique. The particle size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles was evaluated form dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) as 216 nm and-11.2 mV. The antimicrobial polymeric finishing of cotton textile was done by alternate dip coating in polyelectrolytes and nanoformulation. The structural morphology and roughness of the resultant textile was studied by SEM and optical profilometery. While the surface hydrophobicity was found to increase with the number of bilayers coating of hydrophobic polymeric formulation as measured in term of contact angle θ. In-vitro antimicrobial activity was studied against gram negative E. coli and gram positive S. aureus with significant zone of inhibition against both strains. Thus surface hydrophobicity and antimicrobial activity of the textile fabric was synergistically achieved and have potential for biomedical and industrial application.

Investigation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of biosynthesized metal-doped and undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Over the past 10 years, nanotechnology has emerged as a very promising technique for a wide range of biomedical applications. Green synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are cheap, easy to produce in large quantities, and safe for the environment. Currently, efforts are being made to dope ZnO in order to improve its optical, electrical, and ferromagnetic qualities as well as its crystallographic quality. Actually, doping is one of the simplest methods for enhancing an NP's physicochemical characteristics because it involves introducing impure ions into the crystal lattice of the particle. In this study, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnONPs) and metal-doped (Mg2+ and Ag+) ZnONPs was carried out by using aqueous and water-alcoholic extracts of Cynara scolymus L. leaves, Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers, and Rheum ribes L. (RrL) plant, which are rich in phytochemical content. Plant extracts act as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the production. The produced NPs were characterized using a variety of methods, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The produced metal-doped and undoped ZnONPs exhibited characteristic absorption peaks between 365 and 383nm due to their surface plasmon resonance bands. SEM analysis revealed that the NPs were oval, nearly spherical, and spherical. In the FTIR spectra, the Zn-O bonding peak ranges from 400 to 700cm-1. The peaks obtained in the range of 407-562cm-1 clearly represent the Zn-O bond. In addition, the FTIR results showed that there were notable amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds in both the prepared extract and ZnONPs. According to DLS analysis results, the size distribution of produced NPs is between 120 and 786nm. The antibacterial properties of green produced NPs on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli DH10B) bacterial strains were investigated by agar well diffusion method. In studies investigating the anticancer activities of biosynthesized NPs, mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were used as healthy cells and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were used as cancer cells. Only the produced Ag-ZnONPs showed potent dose-dependent antibacterial activity (at concentrations higher than 100µg/mL) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RrL-ZnONP-600 and RrL-ZnONP-800 NPs produced with water-ethanol extract of RrL plant and calcined at 600 and 800°C were effective at high concentrations in healthy cells and at low concentrations in HeLa cancer cells, showing that they have the potential to be anticancer agents. The study's findings highlight the potential of green synthesis techniques in the production of medicinal nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer and other biological uses.

Bile acid conjugated chitosan nanoparticles promote the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

Bile acids have been known to play significant roles at certain physiological levels in gastrointestinal metabolism. Yet, they are known to be carcinogenic and aid in tumor progression in most cases, although the roles remain uncertain. Hence, we tested the cytotoxic potential of cholic acid (CA) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) on Hep3B cells. The physicochemical properties of the CNPs synthesized with CA load (CA-CNPs) were determined using standard techniques such as ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characteristic peak for chitosan nanoparticles were observed for plain CNPs (pCNPs) and CA-CNPs at around 300 nm as per UV–Vis analysis. FTIR analysis indicated the possible trapping of CA onto CNPs as certain peaks were retained and some peaks were shifted. XRD analysis determined that the peaks representing CA and pCNPs were collectively obtained in CA-CNPs. As per DLS analysis, the particle size, PDI and ζ-potential of the CA-CNPs were 259 nm, 0.284 and 30.4 mV. Further, the CA-CNPs were non-cytotoxic on Hep3B cells at the maximum tested concentration of 500 μg/mL. The viability at 500 μg/mL of CA-CNPs was two-fold higher than 500 μg/mL of pCNPs. Also, the pCNPs were not hemolytic and therefore could not have played a role in the increase of viability after treatment with CA-CNPs, which indicates that CA posed a major role in increased viability of Hep3B cells. As per quantitative PCR (qPCR), the upregulated gene expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTORC2, cMyc, Fibronectin, hVPS34, Slug and ZEB1 and the downregulated expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN indicates that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway mediated the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to CA-CNPs treatment on Hep3B cells.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Tryptophan Coordinated Silver Nanoparticles Against E. coli: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Evaluation of Bacterial Cell Death.

The capability of conventional fluorescence spectroscopy and right-angled synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) was evaluated to quantify the antibacterial potential of chemically synthesized Tryptophan coordinated silver nanoparticles (Ag-TrpNPs). Silver nanoparticles have gained significant importance as a material of interest due to their diverse assemblies in the nanoscale range and their potent antibacterial activity. But due to toxicity of silver nanoparticles there is a dire need to coordinate these materials with some biocompatible and biodegradable molecules. The study has been focused on chemical synthesis of functional fluorescence nanomaterials based on Tryptophan molecules coordinated with silver nanoparticles (Ag-TrpNPs). The antibacterial activity of Ag-TrpNPs was assessed in bacteria due to their functional characteristics such as tuneability, biocompatibility, and bioavailability. We employed optical characterization techniques such as Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy to ensure the particles formation in aqueous suspension. DLS analysis confirmed the hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles of approximately 100nm. SEM images revealed the spherical morphology and size distribution of the Ag-TrpNPs. Escherichia coli bacterial strains were used to assess the antibacterial efficacy of the Ag-TrpNPs using fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Initially, the agar well plate method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Ag-TrpNPs. The significant zones of inhibition of size 37mm at 500µg/mL and 27mm at 15.5µg/mL were reported which indicated the efficiency of Ag-TrpNPs from higher to lower concentration. Conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectra provided evidence of bacterial cell death in aqueous suspensions to ensure the interaction of Ag-TrpNPs with E. coli bacteria at different times and concentrations. SEM was employed to investigate the interaction mechanism between Ag-TrpNPs and bacterial cells. The images revealed cell wall disintegration, leading to the leakage of cellular contents, and eventually cell death occurred.

Differential abundance of microRNAs in seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) in Sahiwal cattle bull related to male fertility.

Sahiwal cattle, known for their high milk yield, are propagated through artificial insemination (AI) using male germplasm, largely contingent on semen quality. Spermatozoa, produced in the testes, carry genetic information and molecular signals essential for successful fertilization. Seminal plasma, in addition to sperm, contains nano-sized lipid-bound extracellular vesicles (SP-EVs) that carry key biomolecules, including fertility-related miRNAs, which are essential for bull fertility. The current study focused on miRNA profiling of SP-EVs from high-fertile (HF) and low-fertile (LF) Sahiwal bulls. SP-EVs were isolated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Western blotting detected the EV-specific protein markers TSG101 and CD63. The DLS analysis showed SP-EV sizes of 170-180nm in HF and 130-140nm in LF samples. The NTA revealed particle concentrations of 5.76 × 1010 to 5.86 × 1011 particles/mL in HF and 5.31 × 1010 to 2.70 × 1011 particles/mL in LF groups, with no significant differences in size and concentration between HF and LF. High-throughput miRNA sequencing identified 310 miRNAs in SP-EVs from both groups, with 61 upregulated and 119 downregulated in HF bull. Further analysis identified 41 miRNAs with significant fold changes and p-values, including bta-miR-1246, bta-miR-195, bta-miR-339b, and bta-miR-199b, which were analyzed for target gene prediction. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that these miRNAs target genes involved in transcription regulation, ubiquitin-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways, and signalling pathways. Functional exploration revealed that these genes play roles in spermatogenesis, motility, acrosome reactions, and inflammatory responses. qPCR analysis showed that bta-miR-195 had 80% higher expression in HF spermatozoa compared to LF, suggesting its association with fertility status (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study elucidates the miRNA cargoes in SP-EVs as indicators of Sahiwal bull fertility, highlighting bta-miR-195 as a potential fertility factor among the various miRNAs identified.

Synthesis, Characterization and Targeted Drug Delivery of Curcumin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles

Background: Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have revolutionized therapeutic delivery, offering advantages such as enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, and targeted delivery to diseased tissues. Among these, polymeric nanoparticles, especially those utilizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), have shown significant potential due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stability. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound with potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, faces clinical limitations due to poor solubility and low bioavailability. Encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles could enhance curcumin’s therapeutic efficacy by improving stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Methods: Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized using a solvent evaporation method. Nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for size and zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology. In vitro drug release was assessed using a dialysis method, while cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated using MTT and nitric oxide inhibition assays, respectively. Results: DLS analysis revealed an average particle size of 150 ± 10 nm and a zeta potential of -25 ± 2 mV, indicating stability and suitability for therapeutic applications. SEM imaging showed smooth, spherical nanoparticles. Drug release studies displayed a biphasic pattern, with an initial burst followed by sustained release over 72 hours. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles compared to free curcumin, with a significantly lower IC50 value (5 ± 0.5 µM versus 15 ± 1.0 µM). Anti-inflammatory studies showed a 60% inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced macrophages, indicating improved anti-inflammatory efficacy over free curcumin. Conclusion: Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles show promise as a targeted drug delivery system, with enhanced stability, controlled release, and increased therapeutic efficacy. These findings support further in vivo studies to validate the clinical potential of curcumin nanoparticles in cancer and inflammatory diseases, providing a foundation for advanced therapeutic applications.

Unveiling the influence of synthesis techniques on crystallite size of CuInS2 nanostructures

Copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) nanostructures are synthesized by wet precipitation and sol–gel techniques. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis exhibits nanorods (NR) and nanocubes (NC) of CuInS2 resulting from wet precipitation and sol–gel methods, respectively. Their characterizations are accomplished by UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The particle size is obtained from HRTEM, UV–vis-NIR, and DLS analyses. Average crystallite size is estimated via Scherrer’s method (graphical and analytical), Monshi-Scherrer method, Williamson–Hall relations (uniform deformation, uniform stress deformation, and uniform deformation energy-density models), size-strain plot method, and Halder-Wagner relation using XRD profile which is also compared with as-obtained particle size. Moreover, the XRD pattern reflection peaks are used to assess more accurately energy density, lattice stress, and microstrain values. The results affirm NR have higher crystallite size (∼22 nm) than NC (∼16 nm). The outcomes demonstrate outstanding agreement of predicted average crystallite sizes using the different approaches.

The antioxidant and selective apoptotic activities of modified auraptene-loaded graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (M-AGQD-NP)

BackgroundPancreatic and Gastric cancers are very aggressive and deadly types of cancer that require effective treatment strategies to stop their progression. Nano-drug delivery systems, like those using Auraptene-loaded GQD nanoparticles, play a crucial role in addressing this need by delivering targeted and controlled treatments to cancer cells, making treatment more effective, and reducing side effects. The study focused on investigating the effects of Auraptene, an efficient anticancer compound when loaded into Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) on types of human cancer cells.MethodsTo create auraptene-loaded graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (AGQD-NP) (Unmodified and modified types) a combination of hydrothermal and high-energy homogenization methods was used. The nanoparticles were characterized by conducting DLS (Dynamic light scattering), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy), and zeta potential analysis. bioactivity of AGQD-NP was assessed through tests, including antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS and DPPH scavenging abilities well as cytotoxicity tested using MTT assay on both human cancer cell lines and normal human vascular endothelial cells.ResultsThe modified AGQD-NP (M-AGQD-NP) demonstrated antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals. They also displayed selective toxicity, towards human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line (AGS) and human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PANC) cancer cells with IC50 values recorded at 78.8 µg/mL and 89.72 µg/mL respectively. The specific targeting of gastric cancer cells was evident from the differing IC50 values compared to the Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hella), and normal vascular endothelial cells (Huvec). Additionally, the induced apoptotic death, in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PANC) cancer cells was confirmed through AO/PI staining and Annexin-based flow cytometry revealing increased expression levels of P53, Caspase3, BAX, and Caspase8.ConclusionIn summary, the M-AGQD-NP have shown encouraging effects displaying antioxidant capabilities and a specific focus, on pancreatic and gastric cancer cells. These findings indicate uses for AGQD-NP as an efficient apoptosis inducer in cancer treatment. Additional In-vivo researches are required to validate their effectiveness, in living organisms.

Tire Rubber Based Microplastic Particles Cause Adverse on Quality Parameters of Rainbow Trout Sperm Cells.

In the present study, we aimed to determine the parameters of oxidative stress markers, motility and kinematics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm cells exposed to different doses (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10mg/L, in vitro 4h) of tire rubber based microplastic particles (TRMP-Ps) the leachates procedure of rubber pieces. First of all, TRMP-Ps were prepared by abrasion method in accordance with the literature. Structural and morphological features of TRMP-Ps were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis technique was used to characterize the elemental composition of TRMP-Ps. Particle size of microplastic structures was measured hydrodynamically with dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS). After exposure, the effect of TRMP-Ps was defined by the observations of kinematics and antioxidant activities in sperm cells. Our findings showed that the straight line velocity, the curvilinear velocity, the angular path velocity, and the amplitude of lateral displacement of sperm cells decreased. Moreover, while the level of superoxide dismutase decreased dose-dependently against the toxicity of TRMP-Ps, no significant change was observed in the levels of malondialdehyde and total glutathione. The 4-h median effective concentrations (EC50) of TRMP-Ps based on mobility parameters of sperm ranged from 0.31mg/L for reduced straight line velocity of sperm cells to 0.51mg/L for reduced amplitude of lateral displacement of the spermatozoa head. Therefore, we concluded that TRMP-Ps can be a risk for the reproduction cycle of fish in aquatic environments.

Investigation of antibacterial potential of CuO nanoparticles synthesised using Costus pictus leaf extract

The current research explores the production of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) using leaf extract from Costus pictus, employing environmentally friendly synthesis techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the CuO NPs, with a crystallite size of 18.07 nm. UV–visible studies revealed an absorption peak at 297 nm. Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, absorption peaks within the wavelength range of 450–4000 cm−1 were identified to unveil the chemical composition of the NPs. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) imaging displayed uniform and well-defined spherical morphology of the NPs, while TEM confirmed their size range to be 15–25 nm. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) affirmed copper and oxygen presence, with homogeneous distribution confirmed by elemental maps. Zeta potential analysis revealed a value of −25.1 mV, indicating good stability due to the negative surface charge preventing aggregation. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis showed an average particle size of 354.4 nm and a PDI of 0.379, indicating moderately uniform particles. Furthermore, the agar well diffusion method unveiled significant antibacterial activity against multiple strains, including S. aureus, S. mutans, P. aeruginosa, S. mutans and E. coli. Notably, CuO nanoparticles exhibited a substantial inhibition zone of 17.57 ± 0.58 mm against S. mutans, surpassing the 15 mm inhibition zone observed with ciprofloxacin. This study highlights CuO nanoparticle synthesis from Costus pictus leaves, revealing properties and potent antibacterial effects, opening avenues for catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Garlic Peel Extract and Their Antibacterial Potential

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gathered interest because of their unique characteristics and potential applications. In the current work, ZnO NPs underwent an eco-friendly biosynthesis process using garlic peel extract. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using different analyses including Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced ZnO NPs exhibited a UV–vis spectrum absorption peak at 365 nm, thus indicating the formation of ZnO NPs. The SEM showed that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs had an irregular surface morphological shape with an average size of 17 nm, according to the DLS analysis. Based on the FTIR findings, the bioactive functional groups responsible for stabilizing and capping the ZnO-NPs were confirmed. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia). Therefore, the plant-mediated biosynthesized ZnNPs can be considered a promising candidate as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent against pathogenic microbes found in different areas such as food safety and agriculture. Through the utilization of bioinformatics, we identified six potential targets for drug development in K. pneumonia and B. cereus, along with their corresponding interacting residues with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, our research revealed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited binding capabilities with the sulfiredoxin domain located at the specific targets of K. pneumonia, a crucial mechanism responsible for the repair of bacterial cells under oxidative stress.

From Ficus recemosa Leaf Galls to Therapeutic Silver Nanoparticles: Antibacterial and Anticancer Applications.

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using environmentally friendly methods has become increasingly important due to its sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This study investigates the green synthesis of AgNPs using gall extracts from the plant Ficus recemosa, known for its high phytochemical content. The formation of AgNPs was verified through multiple analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential analysis, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The UV-Vis spectroscopy results displayed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak indicative of AgNP formation. FTIR analysis revealed specific interactions between silver ions and phytochemicals in the gall extract, while TEM images confirmed the nanoscale morphology and size of the synthesized particles. Zeta potential and DLS analyses provided insights into the stability and size distribution of the AgNPs, demonstrating good colloidal stability. Biological properties of the AgNPs were assessed through various assays. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, showing significant inhibitory effects. The anticancer potential was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion assay on Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells, revealing considerable cytotoxicity. Additionally, antimitotic activity was studied in the dividing root cells of Allium cepa, where the AgNPs significantly inhibited cell division. This research highlights the effective use of F. recemosa gall extracts for the green synthesis of AgNPs, presenting an eco-friendly approach to producing nanoparticles with strong antimicrobial, anticancer, and antimitotic properties. The promising results suggest potential applications of these biogenic AgNPs in medical and agricultural sectors, paving the way for further exploration and utilization.

Effects of continuous millifluidic process on the physicochemical properties and freeze-drying of cloxacillin benzathine-loaded nanocapsules

Poly-ɛ-caprolactone nanocapsules loading cloxacillin benzathine (CLOXB-NC) were produced by batch-nanoprecipitation (BNP) and millifluidic continuous flow (CNP) methods. Regarding the CNP, a new millifluidics device was constructed, and the effects of flow rate and organic to aqueous phase proportions (OP/AP) were investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the NC size distribution and morphology, respectively. CLOXB was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading yield. DLS results show that unloaded NC can be produced with a narrow size distribution by CNP with an AP flow of 77 mL/min with an OP/AP of 1:2 by CNP. Based on optimized conditions, CLOXB-NC was produced and compared with the BNP method. CLOXB-NC produced by CNP was spherical and presented a higher EE and a smaller distribution size than NC produced by BNP. Freeze-drying was carried out under two freezing conditions, −20 °C and fast frozen in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C). DLS, HPLC, AFM, SEM, and thermal analysis were applied to characterize the freeze-dried formulations. Both freezing conditions were satisfactory for producing CLOXB-NC powders using sucrose as a cryoprotectant. After powder resuspension, CLOXB-NCs frozen in liquid nitrogen showed superior drug leakage than samples frozen at −20 °C. Interestingly, CLOXB-NCs produced by CNP tolerated the freeze-drying process better. NC loading CLOXB (0.5 mg/mL) produced by CNP and frozen at −20 °C with 10 % (p/v) of sucrose demonstrated Sf/Si closest to 1, less drug leakage, fluffy and porous cake. In conclusion, this novel approach to producing NC in continuous flow in a simple and accessible millifluidic device represents an innovative process to improve NC's aptness to withstand mechanical stress during the freeze-drying process.

Novel Starch-Modified NiCrMn-LDH-Based Composite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Orange 13

Water pollution has become a great challenge today. To address this problem regarding wastewater treatment by removing toxic synthetic dyes from wastewater, this research focused on the synthesis of a novel starch-modified NiCrMn-layered double hydroxide composite through the coprecipitation method and applied it as a photocatalyst for the degradation of reactive orange 13 dye. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), point of zero charges (PZC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Zeta potential techniques. These techniques revealed different characteristics of photocatalysts, like surface and structural properties. According to BET analysis, the final composite had 2.5 × 102 m2/g BET-specific surface area with a 45.56 nm pore radius value, and the overall composite found as mesoporous. Similarly, in DLS analysis, bare NiCrMn-LDH had 404 nm hydrodynamic size, which increased for the final starch composite up to 667 nm. Zeta potential value changed from −14.56 mV to 0.95 mV after the incorporation of starch with NiCrMn-LDH. They confirmed the incorporation of starch with trimetallic NiCrMn-layered double hydroxide (2:1:2). Starch association improved the properties of the photocatalyst like surface area. Different parameters like pH value, initial dye concentration, photocatalyst dose, hydrogen peroxide concentration, effect of sacrificial reagent, and effect of inorganic anions were studied for degradation of RO13. Overall, the photocatalysis process for RO13 followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Photocatalytic degradation reactions for reactive orange 13 were conducted with an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, photocatalyst dosage of 20 mg/50 mL, and pH value at 3 in the presence of sunlight, resulting in an impressive degradation removal rate of 86.68%. This remarkable degradation ability of the photocatalyst for reactive orange 13 proves this composite was highly efficient.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by Streptomyces baarnensis and its active metabolite (Ka): a promising combination against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and cytotoxicity

Various eco-friendly techniques are being researched for synthesizing ZnO-NPs, known for their bioactivity. This study aimed at biosynthesizing ZnO-NPs using Streptomyces baarnensis MH-133, characterizing their physicochemical properties, investigating antibacterial activity, and enhancement of their efficacy by combining them with a water-insoluble active compound (Ka) in a nanoemulsion form. Ka is a pure compound of 9-Ethyl-1,4,6,9,10-pentahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrotetracene-5,12-dione obtained previously from our strain of Streptomyces baarnensis MH-133. Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs employing Streptomyces baarnensis MH-133 filtrate and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) as a precursor were purified and characterized by physicochemical investigation. High-resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) verified the effective biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs (size < 12 nm), whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed an average size of 17.5 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) exhibited characteristic diffraction patterns that confirmed crystalline structure. ZnO-NPs efficiently inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs: 31.25–125 µg/ml). The pure compound (Ka) was combined with ZnO-NPs to improve effectiveness and reduce dose using checkerboard microdilution. Niteen treatments of Ka and ZnO-NPs combinations obtained by checkerboard matrix inhibited Klebsiella pneumonia. Eleven combinations had fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) between 1.03 and 2, meaning indifferent, another five combinations resulted from additive FICi (0.625–1) and only one combination with FICi of 0.5, indicating synergy. In the case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Ka-ZnO-NPs combinations yielded 23 treatments with varying degrees of interaction. The results showed eleven treatments with indifferent interaction, eight additive interactions, and two synergies with FICi of 0.5 and 0.375. The combinations that exhibited synergy action were transformed into a nanoemulsion form to improve their solubility and bioavailability. The HR-TEM analysis of the nanoemulsion revealed spherical oil particles with a granulated core smaller than 200 nm and no signs of aggregation. Effective dispersion was confirmed by DLS analysis which indicated that Ka-ZnO-NPs nanoemulsion droplets have an average size of 53.1 nm and a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.523. The killing kinetic assay assessed the viability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and K. pneumonia post-treatment with Ka-ZnO-NPs combinations either in non-formulated or nanoemulsion form. Results showed Ka-ZnO-NPs combinations show concentration and time-dependent manner, with higher efficacy in nanoemulsion form. The findings indicated that Ka-ZnO-NPs without formulation at MIC values killed K. pneumonia after 24 h but not MRSA. Our nanoemulsion loaded with the previously mentioned combinations at MIC value showed bactericidal effect at MIC concentration of Ka-ZnO-NPs combination after 12 and 18 h of incubation against MRSA and K. pneumonia, respectively, compared to free combinations. At half MIC value, nanoemulsion increased the activity of the combinations to cause a bacteriostatic effect on MRSA and K. pneumonia after 24 h of incubation. The free combination showed a bacteriostatic impact for 6 h before the bacteria regrew to increase log10 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml over the initial level. Similarly, the cytotoxicity study revealed that the combination in nanoemulsion form decreased the cytotoxicity against kidney epithelial cells of the African green monkey (VERO) cell line. The IC50 for Ka-ZnO-NPs non-formulated treatment was 8.17/1.69 (µg/µg)/ml, but in nano-emulsion, it was 22.94 + 4.77 (µg/µg)/mL. In conclusion, efficient Ka-ZnO-NPs nanoemulsion may be a promising solution for the fighting of ESKAPE pathogenic bacteria according to antibacterial activity and low toxicity.