Dynamic Index Research Articles

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China

Forest tourism is a vital avenue for promoting green consumption and constitutes a significant part of ecotourism in China. Its development offers substantial economic, social, and ecological benefits. Balancing regional economic growth and ecological conservation requires analyzing its spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns and driving factors. This study established a comprehensive and dynamic index system to evaluate the forest tourism development level (FTDL) in 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province from 2018 to 2021. Exploratory spatial data analysis and the geographical detector model were employed to examine spatiotemporal evolution patterns and identify the underlying driving mechanisms. The key findings are as follows: (1) the temporal evolution of FTDL in Henan Province exhibited “stratified heterogeneity and small fluctuations”, while its spatial distribution followed a “high in the southwest and low in the east” pattern; (2) over time, the spatial autocorrelation of FTDL in Henan Province shifted from positive to negative, with a gradual decline in correlation strength; and (3) eight dominant drivers categorized into four groups were identified, revealing a shift in the driving forces of forest tourism in Henan Province from environmental to economic factors. This study supports the formulation of political strategies to harmonize ecological conservation and economic development.

Spillover Nexus among Green Cryptocurrency, Sectoral Renewable Energy Equity Stock and Agricultural Commodity: Implications for Portfolio Diversification

Abstract In recent decades, the rising challenges posed by climate change have prompted investors to take a keen interest in green assets and incorporate them into their portfolios to achieve optimal returns. Therefore, this article explores the static and dynamic connectedness between renewable energy stocks (solar, wind, and geothermal), green cryptocurrencies (Stellar, Nano, Cardona, and IOTA), and agricultural commodities (wheat, cocoa, coffee, corn, cotton, sugar, and soybean) using the TVP-VAR (time-varying parameter vector autoregression) framework offering novel empirical evidence for investors and portfolio managers. The connectedness is examined across two distinct sub-samples: during COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 times. Because the relevant connectedness can have implications for diversification benefits, we proceed with the computation of optimal weights, hedge ratios, and hedge effectiveness using the DCC-GARCH model. The main findings are as follows: We first find that green cryptocurrencies particularly Cardona and Stellar exhibit the highest spillovers to the network and wind energy stock has the least connectedness with the other markets. Second, the dynamic NET spillover indices reveal that cotton, cocoa, and coffee are consistently net receivers over the entire period except in the beginning of the pandemic. Third, renewable energy stocks exhibit diverse positions implying that the impact of the pandemic has varied significantly across the sectors. Finally, agricultural commodity depicts greater weights in the pandemic period under scoring the benefit of a diversified portfolio consisting of agriculture and green assets.

A safety risk assessment method for TBM tunnel construction based on attribute interval identification theory

Based on the identification and analysis of safety risks in TBM tunnel construction, we construct a comprehensive safety risk dynamic evaluation index system tailored to this context. To account for the dynamic nature of safety risks during TBM tunnel construction, variable weight theory is incorporated, allowing for a more accurate reflection of the time-varying importance of risk indicators. Building on the theoretical framework of attribute interval recognition theory, we establish a TBM tunnel construction safety risk evaluation model grounded in attribute interval theory. This model effectively addresses the various uncertainties inherent in the risk evaluation process for TBM tunnel construction. It determines the evaluation level and attribute intervals for each individual indicator, and subsequently calculates the interval values for both the individual indicators and the composite attribute. Finally, a case study demonstrates the model’s effectiveness and practical applicability.

Land Use Changes on the Loess Plateau and Their Driving Factors

Land use change is a key research focus in the comprehensive management of a country's territory, as well as an important aspect of ecological protection. The Loess Plateau, as a priority region for ecological restoration, can benefit from understanding the nature and drivers of its land use changes. This study examines land use classification data from 2005 to 2020 to examine changes in land use types and their underlying causes, simultaneously incorporating population and annual precipitation data to assess correlations. The results indicate that: (1) The size of cultivated land and unused land continuously fell; forest and grassland areas first saw an increase and then witnessed a decrease, resulting in an overall decline; water areas experienced an initial trend of decrease followed by an increase but remained generally diminished; urban, industrial, and residential land continuously expanded. (2) Over the period of 2005 to 2020, the comprehensive land use dynamic index was 1.07%, suggesting relatively stable changes in land use types. (3)Urban, industrial, and residential land decreased initially and then increased; farmland and unused land showed negative dynamics; forest and grassland exhibited positive dynamics followed by negative; water areas showed negative dynamics followed by positive. (4) Population growth and annual precipitation are key factors driving notable changes in land use.

Combined Scheduling and Configuration Optimization of Power-to-Methanol System Considering Feedback Control of Thermal Power

A power-to-methanol (P2M) system is a promising energy storage approach in transforming surplus renewable energy into a chemical product while utilizing the captured CO2 from conventional thermal power units. Most of the traditional methods for the optimal configuration of IES use the steady-state model of the equipment, while ignoring the dynamic deviation of the thermal power unit under variable operating conditions. This study enhances the steady-state model of the P2M system by incorporating feedback-based dynamic control for the thermal power generation (TPG) unit. A closed-loop state-space model of the TPG unit is introduced as an additional constraint within the optimization framework. Furthermore, a dynamic deviation index for the TPG unit is formulated and integrated into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Together with the system’s annual operating cost over its life cycle, this index constitutes an objective function, aiming to minimize both the dynamic deviations and operating costs, thereby optimizing the capacity configuration of the P2M system’s components. The optimal results indicate that in the dynamic configuration, the hydrogen storage tank capacity increases by 94.73% and the electrolyzer capacity remains almost consistent, which shows the energy storage potential of the P2M. The optimized scheduling results show that the electrolyzer can effectively absorb the intermittency of renewable energy. This method of dynamic configuration planning can effectively suppress the thermal power unit output fluctuation, smooth the schedule curve, and realize the effect of peak shaving and valley filling.

Machine learning-based evolution of water quality prediction model: An integrated robust framework for comparative application on periodic return and jitter data.

Machine learning-based evolution of water quality prediction model: An integrated robust framework for comparative application on periodic return and jitter data.

Changes in land use waves and ecosystem service values in Vietnam: research in the Northern midlands and mountainous regions (NMR) from 1990 to 2020

Abstract Land use is increasingly influencing ecosystem services (ES) in Vietnam. However, in Vietnam, there have not been many studies addressing the quantification of ecosystem service values (ESV) as well as the relationship between land use conversion and ES from a spatial perspective. This study seeks to address this deficiency by analyzing the land use changes (LUC) and the ESV in 14 provinces within Vietnam’s NMR The study used several indicators to assess LUC. These indicators include S (dynamic index of a given land-use category), I (integrated land-use level), LUI (land-use intensity), LUM (mixed land-use entropy index), and LUD (land-use diversity). Furthermore, the study considers the ESVaver (average ecosystem service value) index. The research findings indicate that the shrub underwent the most significant changes in nearly every stage across all 14 localities. With the LUI index, the period 1990–1995 shows that there are localities with the highest level of adaptation, with adaptation levels ranging from 4.15 to 8.74 in three western provinces of the region. The LUD and LUM indexes reveal a high level of complexity in land use types during the periods 2000–2005 and 2015–2020. This shows that the level of diversity in land use in most localities is increasing day by day. Meanwhile, in the NMR region, the ESV shows a slight increase in the first 5 years of study, followed by a series of gradual decreases until 2020, to 67,647.56 million USD/year. During its initial rise, the ESVaver index exhibited a similar trend. From 1995 to 2005, it dropped sharply. The results of this study will enable researchers and decision-makers to formulate effective policies in the future.

Biomechanical impact of foot pronation on anterior knee pain – case-controlled study

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to investigate the biomechanical difference and relationship between pronated foot posture and AKP in the Abu Dhabi region. Structural abnormalities of the foot can disrupt the normal lower extremity biomechanics, leading to abnormal kinematics and affecting the musculoskeletal health of individuals with anterior knee pain(AKP). In-depth research on the biomechanical link between tibial kinematics and pronated foot posture is crucial for clinical interventions. Methodology. Involving 50 participants clinically diagnosed with AKP with or without pronated feet. The Kujala patellofemoral score for functional limitations, the foot posture index (FPI) for foot posture, and the dynamic valgus index (DVI) for the knee valgus angle were used as outcome measures. The studies were conducted in compliance with the requirements of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects". A case-controlled study was conducted at a tertiary Hospital, in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The significance was set at p<0.05. Results. Participants in the case group AKP with pronated feet (mean: 50.20±5.28) had statistically significant (p <0.001) lower Kujala scores as compared to the control group participants with neutral and supinated feet (mean: 83.90± 8.36). In addition, the correlation (p = 0.04) between the variables DVI and FPI was found to cause the altered foot pronation position that led to AKP. Conclusions. The study findings indicated that the unusual loading among AKP participants on their patellofemoral joint may be influenced by the pronated foot. While managing the participants with AKP, musculoskeletal practitioners should consider foot posture, especially pronation, while evaluating individuals with AKP.

Developing a dynamic combined power quality index for assessing the performance of a nuclear facility

Studying and evaluating the power quality (PQ) of an electrical network for nuclear installation is an important issue and a hot research topic for guaranteeing reliable and safe operation of sensitive electrical loads during this type of installation. As several PQ phenomena determine the overall PQ performance, analyzing PQ signals for evaluating the overall PQ is one of the major challenges for researchers in this field. Technically, voltage imbalance, current imbalance, voltage harmonic distortion, current harmonic distortion, and the power factor are five important PQ phenomena that judge the overall PQ performance of an electrical system. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) is used here as a methodology to identify a weighting for each PQ phenomenon. This paper proposes a power quality evaluation method for a nuclear research reactor (NRR) electrical network based on two MCDM. Methods the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and criterion importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC). A MATLAB/Simulink model for the NRR electrical system is presented, and then its validity and credibility are verified via measurements. In this study, different abnormal conditions are simulated in the NRR network to generate power quality disturbances, including a three-phase nonlinear load to simulate harmonics, an unbalanced load to simulate unbalance, and an inductive load to simulate the change in the power factor. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology are demonstrated through these different case studies. The results show that the obtained CPQI based on the dynamic weight approach allows for more accurate evaluations by adjusting the importance of various PQ phenomena depending on operational conditions and priorities. The main contribution of this paper is that a single compound power quality index (CPQI) was developed based on both the dynamic weights obtained from AHP-CRITIC methods and the results of the five PQ phenomena obtained under different abnormal conditions, considering the threshold level for each of these PQ phenomena. The analysis of the obtained results shows that this method accurately evaluates the overall PQ performance.

Comparison of six-week flywheel and traditional resistance training on deceleration and dynamic balance in elite badminton players.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of flywheel resistance training (FRT) and traditional resistance training (TRT) on deceleration and dynamic balance performance in elite badminton players. Seventeen elite male badminton players (age: 21.36 ± 2.10years) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to either a flywheel resistance training group (FT: n = 8) or a traditional resistance training group (RT: n = 9). The FT group performed flywheel resistance training twice a week for 6weeks, while the RT group participated in traditional resistance training for the same period. Deceleration and dynamic balance performance were assessed at baseline and following the intervention using the dynamic posture stability index (DPSI) test, 5-0-5 change of direction (COD) test, deceleration deficit (DD) test, and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) test. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant time × group interaction for DPSI of both legs and peak force in the IMTP test (p < 0.05, partial η 2 = 0.42-0.79), with better post-test performance compared to pre-test result in the FT group (ES = 0.30-2.10), and the improvements were higher than that of the RT group. No significant differences were observed in the DD test and COD test between FT and RT groups (p > 0.05); however, the magnitude of improvement in DD for the FT group (ES = 0.99) was greater than that of the RT group (ES = 0.52). This pilot study demonstrates that, compared to traditional resistance training, flywheel resistance training enhances deceleration performance and improves dynamic balance in elite badminton players.

Intrinsic Topological Relationship between Pier Settlement Amplitude and Train Running Performance Dynamic Index

This study develops the train sub-model by multibody dynamic theory and establishes the longitudinally connected ballastless track-bridge sub-model using finite element theory. The two sub-models are assembled into a joint simulation model of train–track–bridge system coupling dynamic (JSTTBS) through wheel–rail contact relationships. Then, the influence of interlayer connection failure and pier settlement on the dynamic index of train–track–bridge system is analyzed, the intrinsic topological relationship (ITR) between pier settlement amplitude and dynamic index considering interlayer connection failure is proved, and the pier settlement threshold is proposed. The results showed that the calculation results of JSTTBS considering the interlayer connection failure and pier settlement are in good agreement with the literature data, verifying the model’s accuracy. The void beneath the slab caused by the pier settlement aggravates the train dynamic index change. After considering the void beneath the slab, the maximum value of each dynamic index is about two times that without accounting for the void. The uneven settlement value of the pier derived from the ITR is within 22.47[Formula: see text]mm, which is in good agreement with the calculation result of the established JSTTBS of 23.08[Formula: see text]mm, indicating the reliability of the ITR to calculate the uneven settlement threshold of the pier.

Advanced parameter tuning scheme for double CFO based fractional order composite controller synthesis method

To improve the tracking and anti-interference performances of permanent magnet synchronous servo systems, it is equally important to design the structure and parameters of the control system. In this study, we propose a novel fractional-order composite control synthesis scheme that incorporates a compensation function observer (CFO) into both the inner and outer loops of the system. Given the complexity associated with simultaneously determining the parameters of both the controller and observer, while also considering dynamic performance indices and nonlinear terms in the system, a two-stage parameter tuning method is systematically developed. This method sequentially employs D-decomposition and optimization algorithms to address these challenges. Finally, by comparing it with various algorithms. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can not only achieve satisfactory tracking performance, but also minimizes the impacts of internal and external uncertainties.

Longitudinal Profiling of Circulating Tumor DNA Reveals the Evolutionary Dynamics of Metastatic Prostate Cancer During Serial Therapy.

Treatment decisions in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are mostly guided by clinical variables, but efforts to molecularly monitor the disease remain hampered by challenges in acquiring tumor tissue repeatedly. Here, we simultaneously profiled the genome copy number and exome in longitudinal plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) acquired before, during, and upon progression to serial treatments with androgen signaling inhibitors (ASI) and taxane chemotherapy from 60 mCRPC patients (2-10 samples per patient). The genomic data was used to delineate the clonal substructure and evolutionary dynamics of each patient, and an evolutionary dynamic index (EDI) was developed to measure the longitudinal changes of the tumor subclones. Treatment with ASI resulted in greater subclonal selection and population structure changes than taxane treatment. The subclones that emerged in association with serial therapy resistance harbored recurrent aberrations in previously identified and new candidate genes, with particular enrichment in genes related to PI3K-AKT signaling. These findings indicate that the integration of detailed clinical and genomics data can provide a framework for future unbiased genomic applications for ctDNA in the clinic to enable precision medicine.

Effects of foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching on balance, gait parameters, and dynamic gait index in patients with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled study (CONSORT).

Foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching intervention can correct balance ability and induce a change in spatiotemporal parameters gait ability. Our objective was to compare the effects of a 4-week program of foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching with those of lunge exercise on static balance, dynamic balance, gait parameters (velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length), and the dynamic gait index (DGI) in chronic stroke patients. The participants were randomized to either the foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching (n = 10) or standard lunge exercise (n = 10) groups. Both groups performed 3 sets of lunge exercises 5 times per week for 4 weeks. Each set comprised 10 repetitions. Static and dynamic balance, gait parameters, and the DGI were measured after 4 weeks of training. After 4 weeks of training, the foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching group showed significant improvement in all outcome measures compared with the baseline (P < .05). Furthermore, timed up and go, velocity, step length, stride length, and DGI showed greater improvement in the foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching group than in the standard lunge exercise group (P < .05). This study demonstrated that foot intrinsic muscle dynamic stretching training improved dynamic balance, velocity, step lengths, stride length, and DGI in patients with chronic stroke.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Electromyography Potential to Discriminate Muscular or Articular Temporomandibular Disorders and Healthy Patients.

Background/Objectives: New devices such as surface electromyography (sEMG) have been proposed to support traditional gnathological examination and diagnostic protocols. The aim of this study is to investigate whether sEMG can be considered a diagnostic instrument to discriminate between healthy subjects and patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) of an articular or muscular nature. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using literature searches of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria: recent clinical studies (≤10 years) in English or Italian, involving electromyography in TMD diagnosis, with a control group of healthy patients. Data considered to be homogenous were subjected to meta-analysis (95% confidence interval [CI]; α = 0.05). Hedge g was calculated because all variables were continuous. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were checked for further consideration, and relevant data were collected into two tables. In total, 18 studies were included after full-text reading. Meta-analyses were carried out for the static impact index (IMP), percentage overlapping coefficient (POC), and torque coefficient, and dynamic Symmetrical Mastication Index (SMI). Results: Patients with TMD had lower values in all parameters except IMP. sEMG registered a reduction in masseter activity, lower chewing efficiency, and an increase in fatigue during contractions in TMD patients. Conclusions: sEMG is not reliable to distinguish healthy from TMD patients, but despite the limitations related to the high variability in the studies (type of electromyography, static or dynamic tests, and population characteristics), the sEMG results are reliable considering the POC and SMI parameters, encouraging more in-depth studies for a predictable clinical practice. Patients with TMD had lower values in the dynamic index SMI and in static indexes POC and torque coefficient, except IMP. EMG might performs better if employed in muscle forms.

Maintaining Mobility and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review Examining Potential Impact of Symptomatic Pharmacotherapy.

Mobility disability (MD) manifests as walking dysfunction and postural instability in more than 90% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) within 10 years of disease onset. Disease-modifying pharmacotherapies reduce rates of relapses and new lesions and slow disease progression, but ongoing decline in MD can persist or result from secondary, symptomatic pharmacotherapies. This systematic review focuses on symptomatic pharmacotherapies that potentially impact markers of MD in MS. PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched between January 1990 and December 2024. Eligible studies were included on the basis of the following criteria: (1) randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs); (2) confirmed MS diagnosis; (3) one MD-related outcome; and (4) one symptomatic pharmacotherapy; OR (5) multiple doses of a symptomatic pharmacotherapy. Results were uploaded to Rayyan: Intelligent Systematic Review software and screened by two blinded reviewers for eligibility. Risk of bias was assessed using the PEDRo Scale for quality assessment. This review included 23 RCTs (all RCTs scored good-to-excellent on PEDRo Scale); 13 RCTs examined fampridine (4-aminopyridine) for its direct effects on MD, and 10 RCTs assessed indirect effects of symptomatic pharmacotherapies, including cannabinoids (n = 9), and baclofen (n = 1) on MD. The MD outcomes included gait (25-foot walk [T25FW], kinetics, and kinematics), community mobility (12-item MS Walking Scale [MSWS-12]), endurance (6-min walk [6MW]), balance (Berg Balance Scale [BBS], Dynamic Gait Index [DGI], Six-Spot Step Test, posturography, and falls), and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go [TUG] and 5 Times Sit-to-Stand [5STS]). Fampridine significantly improved gait (T25FW, MSWS-12), endurance (6MW), and functional mobility (5STS, TUG), with the largest effect on gait speed; changes in balance were inconclusive. Indirect pharmacotherapies, specifically cannabinoids mainly reduced spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale, nine out of nine studies), but rarely improved pain (Numerical Rating Scale, two out of nine studies) or MD outcomes (two out of nine studies). Both direct and indirect pharmacotherapies resulted in adverse effects, notably dizziness (n = 366), urinary tract infection (n = 216), and nausea (n = 150), potentially impacting MD in MS. Fampridine may improve gait and functional mobility in MS, but its effect on balance requires further investigation in RCTs. Cannabinoids and baclofen may alleviate spasticity and pain, but seemingly have limited secondary effect on markers of MD, such as gait and postural stability. Clinicians should consider the impact of symptomatic pharmacotherapies on MD in MS, including potential side effects. Future research should explore integrating rehabilitation (e.g., balance training) with symptomatic pharmacotherapies, as this might enhance positive effects or combat deleterious effects on markers of MD.

Spatiospectral dynamics of electroencephalography patterns during propofol-induced alterations of consciousness states.

Altered consciousness induced by anesthetics is characterized by distinct spatial and spectral neural dynamics that are readily apparent in the human electroencephalogram. Despite considerable study, we remain uncertain which brain regions and neural oscillations are involved, as well as how they are impacted when consciousness is disrupted. The experimental data was obtained from the open-access dataset, which contains pre-processed EEG data recorded from 20 healthy participants during propofol sedation. Using unsupervised machine learning methods (i.e., non-negative matrix factorization, NMF), we investigated the spatiospectral dynamic evolution of brain activity from awake to sedation and back induced by propofol in healthy research volunteers. Our methods yielded six dynamical patterns that continuously reflect the neural activity changes in specific brain regions and frequency bands under propofol sedation. Temporal dynamic analyses showed that differences in alpha oscillation patterns were less pronounced in response group than drowsy group, with hemispheric asymmetry in posterior occipital lobe over the course of the sedation procedure. We designed an index 'hemispheric lateralization modulation of alpha [HLM(α)]' to measure asymmetry during awake state and predicting individual variability in propofol-induced alterations of consciousness states, obtaining prediction AUC of 0.8462. We present an alpha modulation index which characterizes how these patterns track the transition from awake to sedation as a function of increasing dosage. Our study reveals dynamics indices that track the evolution of neurophysiological of propofol on brain circuits. Analyzing the spatiospectral dynamics influenced by propofol provides valuable understanding of the mechanisms of these agents and strategies for monitoring and precisely controlling the level of consciousness in patients under sedation and general anesthesia.

CHANGES IN SHEEP POPULATION AND LIVE LAMB LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN POLAND IN 2005-2023

The main objective of the study was to determine changes in the sheep population and lamb livestock production in Poland, directly after accession to the European Union and in the following years, as well as to identify emerging trends in this regard. The study also identified periods with the highest and lowest sheep population and lamb livestock production and analyzed patterns occurring in this respect. The data sources used in the study were obtained from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS). The research period covered the years 2005-2023. Descriptive, tabular, and graphical methods were used for analysis and presentation, along with fixed and variable-base dynamic indices, the Gini coefficient, and the Lorenz concentration curve. The analysis indicates that after Poland's accession to the EU, the sheep population decreased by 15%, while lamb livestock production declined by 30%. The changes in sheep population and livestock production varied across different regions. In general, the number of sheep decreased in provinces with large sheep populations and increased in regions with minimal sheep farming significance. Similar trends were observed in lamb livestock production. As a result, the concentration of both the sheep population and lamb livestock production decreased, with a more significant decline observed in the concentration of the sheep population.

A Dynamic Characteristic Aware Index Structure Optimized for Real-world Datasets

Many datasets in real life are complex and dynamic, that is, their key densities are varied over the whole key space and their key distributions change over time. It is challenging for an index structure to efficiently support all key operations for data management, in particular, search, insert, and scan, for such dynamic datasets. In this article, we present DyTIS (Dynamic dataset Targeted Index Structure), an index that targets dynamic datasets. DyTIS, although based on the structure of Extendible hashing, leverages the CDF of the key distribution of a dataset, and learns and adjusts its structure as the dataset grows. The key novelty behind DyTIS is to group keys by the natural key order and maintain keys in sorted order in each bucket to support scan operations within a hash index. We also define what we refer to as a dynamic dataset and propose a means to quantify its dynamic characteristics. Our experimental results show that DyTIS provides higher performance than the state-of-the-art learned index for the dynamic datasets considered. We also analyze the effects of the dynamic characteristics of datasets, including sequential datasets, as well as the effect of multiple threads on the performance of the indexes.

The effect of 12-week combined balance and plyometric training on dynamic balance and lower extremity injury risk in college dancers.

Dancers face significant physical demands and are at high risk for lower extremity injuries due to the complexity and intensity of their movements, which require strong dynamic balance. Improving dynamic balance through training can potentially enhance performance and reduce injury risk. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined balance and plyometric training program (BP) compared to plyometric training alone (PL) on dynamic balance and lower extremity injury risk among college dancers. A total of 30 female college dancers were randomly assigned to either the BP group (n = 15) or the PL group (n = 15). Both groups participated in a 12-week training program, with the BP group engaging in both balance and plyometric exercises, and the PL group performing only plyometric exercises. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Dynamic Posture Stability Index (DPSI). Lower extremity injury risk was evaluated using the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) and Center of Pressure (COP) measurements, pre- and post-intervention. The BP group showed significant improvements in dynamic balance compared to the PL group, with a reduction in DPSI values (DF-DPSI: p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.625; DL-DPSI: p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.559). Additionally, the BP group showed significant reductions in COP displacements, particularly in the anterior-posterior direction (DF-COPAP: p < 0.015, partial η2 = 0.101; DL-COPAP: p = 0.019, partial η2 = 0.094). The BP group also demonstrated greater improvements in LSI-3C and LSI-6, which reflect dynamic stability (LSI-3C: p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.229; LSI-6: p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.128). The 12-week combined balance and plyometric training program was more effective than plyometric training alone in improving dynamic balance and reducing lower extremity injury risk in college dancers. This combined training approach is recommended for improving performance and preventing injuries in dancers.