Dynamic Creep Tests Research Articles

Thermal Field and High-Temperature Performance of Epoxy Resin System Steel Bridge Deck Pavement.

Epoxy Resin System (ERS) steel bridge pavement, which comprises a resin asphalt (RA) base layer and a modified asphalt wearing course, offers cost efficiency and rapid installation. However, the combined effects of traffic loads and environmental conditions pose significant challenges, requiring greater high-temperature stability than conventional pavements. The thermal sensitivity of resin materials and the use of conventional asphalt mixtures may weaken deformation resistance under elevated temperature conditions. This study investigates the thermal field distribution and high-temperature performance of ERS pavements under extreme conditions and explores temperature reduction strategies. A three-dimensional thermal field model developed using finite element analysis software analyzes interactions between the steel box girder and pavement layers. Based on simulation results, wheel tracking and dynamic creep tests confirm the superior performance of the RA05 mixture, with dynamic stability reaching 23,318 cycles/mm at 70 °C and a 2.1-fold improvement in rutting resistance in Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)-13 + RA05 composites. Model-driven optimization identifies that enhancing internal airflow within the steel box girder is possible without compromising its structural integrity. The cooling effect is particularly significant when the internal airflow aligns with ambient wind speeds (open-girder configuration). Surface peak temperatures can be reduced by up to 20 °C and high-temperature durations can be shortened by 3-7 h.

The effect of viscoelastic behavior of resin-based dental materials on the resin-dentin shear bond strength.

The effect of viscoelastic behavior of resin-based dental materials on the resin-dentin shear bond strength.

Comparative analysis of different surrogate performance tests for evaluating the rutting potential of Marshall-designed bituminous mixtures

ABSTRACT Rutting poses significant challenges to the transportation infrastructure and is a major cause of pavement deterioration. Among the several test methods available for evaluating rutting, the Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Test (HWTT) is popular for simulating traffic loads and demonstrates a strong correlation with field performance. This test, however, has several practical drawbacks. Therefore, there is a need for simpler performance tests that can be performed easily and quickly without compromising reliability, particularly for quality control and assurance during production. The primary objective of the study was to identify the most effective test method, along with a comparative analysis of different performance tests for assessing the rutting resistance of Marshall-designed bituminous mixtures. Further, the study also analyses the correlation between the different rutting tests. Additionally, the study investigates the correlation among these tests to understand their association in evaluating mixture performance. The results from the study showed that the dynamic creep test has the strongest correlation (R² = 0.92) with the HWTT and the other surrogate tests, highlighting its potential for inclusion in the Marshall mix design methodology. Moreover, the statistical tools such as Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation between the different tests reinforce the reliability and validity of these test methods.

Influence of Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate Replacement on the Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a waste produced by burning coal that presents possible hazards to human well-being and the environment. Rapid economic expansion has increased the utilisation of CBA, resulting in a crisis concerning the disposal of this waste. By employing waste as a replacement for natural materials, it is possible to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly construction. This study assesses the effects of utilising CBA waste as a replacement for fine aggregate in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) pavement. Seven asphalt mixture proportions were designed, each of which employed a different percentage of CBA (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) as a fine aggregate replacement. The performance tests conducted in this research were the Cantabro durability test, resilient modulus test, dynamic creep test, and moisture susceptibility test. The findings showed an improvement in the durability and resistance to permanent deformation of the SMA mixtures with 30% and 50% CBA replacement, respectively. However, further increases in the CBA content caused a decrease in the durability and resistance to permanent deformation. Meanwhile, the stiffness and tensile strength ratio (TSR) value decrease with the use of CBA replacement at any percentage. However, the TSR value of the SMA mixtures with 50% or less CBA replacement was more than 80%, which meets the minimum requirement set by JKR. In conclusion, incorporating CBA into SMA mixture has a positive effect on certain mechanical properties, particularly its durability and resistance to permanent deformation at optimal replacement levels, highlighting its potential to be used as a sustainable material in asphalt pavement construction.

Dynamic Creep Assessment of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Fly Ash Geopolymer (FAG) Asphalt Binder

Permanent deformation is one of the distresses that develops gradually as the number of load applications increases and appears as longitudinal depressions in the wheel paths and small upheavals to the sides. For this reason, numerous studies conducted on modification asphalt binder or mixture by fly ash geopolymer. This paper presents the evaluation of creep modulus and permanent deformation of modified asphalt binder with fly ash geopolymer. This research focuses on the effect of FAG additive to asphalt mixture performance evaluation according to SuperpaveTM mixes design method. The procedures were specified according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), British Standard (BS) and Malaysian Standard (MS). The granite aggregate type was produced by a local quarry with conventional asphalt binder grade 80/100 and 60/70. Incorporation FAG in modified asphalt binder as levels of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11% by mass of asphalt binder. Dynamic creep test was performed in accordance with the EN 12697-25:2005 guidelines using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). As the result, the optimization findings indicated that 9% of fly ash geopolymer might be suggested as the ideal contents for modifying the asphalt binder. Overall research findings suggest that using geopolymers may have improved some of the characteristics of asphalt binder and improved performance of asphalt binder in pavement applications. Thus, the outcomes of this research significantly used for further performance test and analysis on asphalt mixture.

A multifaceted purpose-oriented approach to evaluate material circularity index for rejuvenated recycled asphalt mixtures

This study investigates the impact of different mechanical properties, test procedures, and environmental and economic factors on the Material Circularity Index (MCI) of rejuvenated recycled asphalt mixtures. Four mixtures, including new and rejuvenated mixtures with 35%, 50%, and 65% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), were evaluated using resilient modulus, moisture susceptibility, indirect tensile fatigue, semi-circular bending, and dynamic creep tests. A novel definition of MCI was introduced, integrating cost, CO2 emissions, and mechanical properties. Results indicate that the 50% RAP mixture consistently performed best across a range of scenarios, especially in varying climates and when multiple performance criteria were considered, with an MCI ranging from 0.38 to 0.83. Meanwhile, the 65% RAP mixture was optimal when cost and environmental considerations were prioritized, particularly in moderate to low temperatures. The findings also imply the importance of selecting appropriate performance parameters and test methods, as the choice of dynamic creep test procedures was shown to significantly influence MCI values. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the MCI can serve as a multi-conceptual index for selecting appropriate asphalt mixtures. This process ensures a sustainable, performance-based asphalt mixture selection by integrating regional conditions, performance needs, and environmental factors.

Investigation on Dynamic and Static Modulus and Creep of Bio-Based Polyurethane-Modified Asphalt Mixture.

The superior mechanical qualities of polyurethane have garnered increasing attention for its application in modifying asphalt mixtures. However, polyurethane needs to use polyols to cure, and polyols need to be produced by petroleum refining. As we all know, petroleum is a non-renewable energy source. In order to reduce oil consumption and conform to the trend of a green economy, lignin and chitin were used instead of polyols as curing agents. In this paper, a biological polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture (BPA-16) was designed and compared with a polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture (PA-16) and a matrix asphalt mixture (MA-16). The viscoelastic characteristics of the three asphalt mixtures were evaluated using dynamic modulus, static modulus, and creep tests. The interplay between dynamic and static modulus and frequency is examined, along with the variations in the correlation between dynamic and static modulus. The creep behavior of the mixture was ultimately examined by a uniaxial static load creep test. The findings indicate that the dynamic modulus of BPA-16 exceeds those of PA-16 and MA-16 by 8.7% and 30.4% at 25 Hz and -20 °C, respectively. At 25 Hz and 50 °C, the phase angle of BPA-16 decreases by 26.3% relative to that of MA-16. Lignin and chitin, when utilized as curing agents in place of polyol, can enhance the mechanical stability of asphalt mixtures at low temperatures and diminish their temperature sensitivity. A bio-based polyurethane-modified asphalt mixture can also maintain better elastic properties in a wider temperature range. At -20-20 °C, the dynamic and static moduli of BPA-16, PA-16 and MA-16 are linear, and they can be converted by formula at different frequencies. The failure stages of BPA-16, PA-16, and MA-16 are not observed during the 3600 s creep duration, with BPA-16 exhibiting the least creep strain, indicating that lignin and chitin enhance the resistance to permanent deformation in PU-modified asphalt mixes.

Towards a durable and sustainable warm mix asphalt: techno-economic and environmental evaluation considering balanced mix design approach

Towards a durable and sustainable warm mix asphalt: techno-economic and environmental evaluation considering balanced mix design approach

Effect of Kaolin on Asphalt Concrete Properties Under Aging Conditions

Asphalt modification is an essential process in enhancing the performance and durability of asphalt mixtures. Recently, many research has been carried out in order to shift construction industry into a green and sustainable industry. This study investigates the effect of kaolin as a partial replacement for asphalt in asphalt concrete, focusing on its impact on the mechanical properties of the mixture under various aging conditions. The asphalt mixtures were subjected to Marshall stability, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep tests to assess stability, stiffness, and rutting resistance. The results show that the incorporation of kaolin improves the overall performance of the asphalt mixtures, with 6% kaolin replacement providing the most favorable balance between stability, stiffness, and flexibility. Unaged samples with higher kaolin content exhibited increased Marshall stability, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep modulus, indicating enhanced rutting resistance. Long-term aging further enhanced the mechanical properties, with kaolin-modified mixtures showing better performance compared to their short-term aged counterparts. These findings suggest that kaolin can be an effective modifier in asphalt mixtures, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution to improve the durability and performance of pavement materials.

Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Mixed with Nano Antimony (III) Oxide

Globally, a huge budget expenditure is borne by countries for the smooth operation of road networks. This led to many research works to develop an asphalt mix that is sturdy enough to damage and thereby reduce the maintenance cost. Several studies have indicated enhancement of asphalt mix properties using a range of admixtures and additives. However, most research studies are restricted to a high temperature range of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. This study aims to evaluate the performance of asphalt concrete mixed with Sb2O3 nanomaterial. The dynamic performance of the nano-modified asphalt mix was evaluated at 40°C, 30°C and 20°C. The parameters used for performance evaluation were indirect tensile fatigue test, dynamic creep test and wheel track test. Indirect tensile fatigue test of specimens with Nano Sb2O3 had an improved performance by 3-15%. Dynamic creep test results indicated an improved Sb2O3 modified asphalt mix performance by 14-26%. The optimum dosage was observed to be 0.5% of Sb2O3. However, this study suggests a dosage range of 0.5-0.75%. Further studies regarding the lower temperature range are required to investigate nano-modified asphalt mix performance.

Investigations on rutting potential and performance specifications for Marshall designed bituminous mixtures

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of various design factors and volumetric parameters on the rutting performance of bituminous mixtures. A dynamic creep test was performed using the dynamic testing system to evaluate the rutting resistance. The test results showed that higher rutting resistance can be achieved using a higher nominal maximum size of the aggregate (NMAS), coarser gradation, modified binder and increased compaction effort. Also, it was found that among the different volumetric parameters, higher Gmb and VFA contribute to lower permanent strain (%) while increased air void and VMA correlate with higher permanent strain (%). Additionally, linear regression models were developed to predict permanent strain (%) based on the design factors and volumetric properties considered in the study. Furthermore, the present study establishes and validates the threshold values of permanent strain for the selection of rut-resistant bituminous mixtures.

Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Containing Plastic Bags Using the Dry Method Under Various Thermal Cycles

Abstract Premature technical issues in roads and highways worldwide often stem from inadequate asphalt concrete composition or intense traffic loads under varying climatic conditions. This study evaluated the performance of both original and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-modified asphalt concrete under various thermal cycling conditions. Three thermal cycling ranges [-20°C to +20°C, +20°C to +40°C, and +40°C to +60°C] were applied to assess the mixtures’ mechanical performance. The LDPE modification involved replacing 5% of the bitumen weight with dry plastic bags. Performance was assessed using Marshall stability, dynamic creep, wheel tracking, and resilient modulus tests. Results indicated that LDPE modification significantly improved Marshall stability, reduced permanent deformation, and increased the stiffness modulus of the asphalt concrete. Notably, freezing-thawing cycles [-20°C to +20°C] caused more damage to the asphalt concrete compared to heating-cooling cycles. Moreover, the LDPE-modified mixture demonstrated enhanced performance across all thermal cycling ranges, suggesting its potential to improve road durability under diverse climatic conditions.

Long-term rutting prediction of gussasphalt steel bridge deck pavement based on comprehensive finite element modelling

ABSTRACT Gussasphalt is widely used for steel bridge deck pavements, but it is prone to rutting during the operational stage. This paper proposes a finite element-based method for predicting rutting in gussasphalt steel bridge deck pavements. Based on the Nanjing Yangtze River Fourth Bridge project, asphalt mixture specimens were prepared and tested in the laboratory. The viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model was fitted via dynamic modulus test and uniaxial repeated loading creep test results. Wheel track tests were conducted to validate the numerical model. The temperature gradient was obtained using actual environmental data and validated using actual data from buried thermocouples. Based on the equivalent conversion and simplification of traffic loads, the permanent deformation of the pavement layer was calculated using both the viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model and the time-hardening creep constitutive model. The viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model yields an average relative error of 25% and an absolute error of 0.57 mm, while the time-hardening creep constitutive model shows an average relative error of 40% and an absolute error of 1 mm. The results indicate that the viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model can more accurately predict the long-term rutting of the steel bridge deck pavement.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Sasobit and Zeolite Additives

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different additive percentages on the mechanical properties and durability of warm-mix asphalt. Two types of additives, Sasobit as an organic additive and Zeolite as a water-based additive, along with bituminous foam, were used at 2%, 4%, and 6% levels in modified asphalt mixes. Rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility, and cracking resistance were assessed using semi-circular bending tests, dynamic creep tests, and indirect tensile strength tests, respectively. Additionally, a two-dimensional performance interaction diagram was developed. The results indicated that incorporating different percentages of Sasobit and Zeolite additives improved rutting and cracking resistance, respectively. Zeolite showed a positive impact on enhancing the resistance of the asphalt mixture against moisture susceptibility, while Sasobit had a negative effect. Moreover, the influence of these additives on mechanical performance intensified with increasing percentages. Notably, the mixture containing 6% Zeolite demonstrated the highest resistance to moisture susceptibility, while the mixture with 6% Sasobit showed the lowest. Furthermore, the performance interaction diagram results suggested that using 4% and 6% Zeolite along with 4% Sasobit is optimal for rutting and cracking resistance. Considering the degradation mechanisms of moisture susceptibility, rutting, and cracking, mixtures with 6% Zeolite and 4% Zeolite exhibited satisfactory performance against these factors.

Impact of Nanocarbon-Coated Calcium Carbonate on Asphalt Rutting: Experimental and Numerical Analyses

Rutting is a significant form of pavement distress that arises from irreversible strains accumulating along wheel paths, directly impacting pavement safety. This research investigates the effectiveness of nanocarbon-coated micronized calcium carbonate powder as a modified filler to mitigate rutting, utilizing numerical methods via finite element software. The study specifically examines the addition of 5% by weight of this modified filler to the asphalt mix. To validate the numerical results, laboratory wheel-tracking tests were conducted on samples incorporating both conventional and modified fillers. The findings reveal that the modified calcium carbonate filler enhances the asphalt’s resistance to rutting, with the 5% inclusion demonstrating a marked improvement in durability and performance. The study also underscores the necessity of characterizing the elastic and visco-plastic properties of materials through rigorous testing methods, such as elastic modulus and dynamic creep tests, to better understand their behavior under load. Numerical analysis based on linear elastic conditions was prioritized over viscous conditions to effectively compare the results of these specialized materials. The strong correlation between the numerical simulations and laboratory results reinforces the effectiveness of finite element methods in predicting pavement behavior and optimizing asphalt mixtures.

Rheological Behaviour and Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Modified with SBS and Nano-silica

This study is conducted to enhance the performance of bitumen at high temperatures. To do so, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and Nano-silica polymer additives were used. Initially, pure bitumen versus bitumen 60/70 samples with 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5.5% SBS polymer, and modified bitumen samples with 4.5% SBS polymer and 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% Nano-silica were prepared using a high shear mixer. Polymer separation tests, rolling thin film oven tests, dynamic shear rheometer tests, and rotational viscosity tests were performed on the modified bitumen samples. Preliminary results of the dynamic shear rheometer test showed that SBS polymer improved the high-temperature performance of bitumen and increased its resistance to permanent deformation. However, Nano-silica had a more significant effect than SBS in improving the high-temperature performance of bitumen. The combination of 4.5% SBS and 4% Nano-silica enhanced the high-temperature performance of bitumen. Additionally, the results of the bitumen separation test showed that combining bitumen with SBS polymer caused the polymer to separate from the bitumen. Nevertheless, adding 1% Nano-silica resolved this issue. Asphalt mixture samples for the above compounds were then prepared based on the Superpave mix design method, and a dynamic creep test was performed. The results of this test showed that the combination of SBS and Nano-silica polymers significantly increases the resistance of the mixture at high temperatures. The combination of 4.5% SBS polymer and 4% Nano-silica, compared to the control sample with pure bitumen at 50 °C and 60 °C, reduces the cumulative strain by 51% and 41%, respectively, demonstrating the best performance. Therefore, the combination of Nano-silica with SBS polymer can be widely used in places with hot weather.

Advancing the performance characteristics of rubber asphalt mixtures through the integration of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag: A focus on static and dynamic mechanical enhancements.

To investigate the advantageous effects of incorporating industrial solid waste basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag on the mechanical characteristics of warm-mixed rubber asphalt (WMRA) and hot-mixed rubber asphalt (HMRA) mixture, varying proportions of BOF slag were substituted for limestone coarse aggregates (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). Additionally, a 1.5% dosage of Sasobit warm-mixed modifier was introduced to prepare the rubber asphalt. Subsequent to preparation, both static mechanical tests (including Marshall and indirect tensile tests) and dynamic mechanical tests (including dynamic creep and elastic modulus tests) were conducted to evaluate the influence of BOF slag on the mechanical behavior of WMRA and HMRA mixtures across different substitution levels. Following testing, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to dissect the impact of BOF slag content and Sasobit warm-mixed modifier on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the rubber asphalt mixtures. The findings reveal that BOF slag exhibits commendable engineering aggregate properties, enabling substantial substitution of coarse aggregates in both HMRA and WMRA mixtures. As the proportion of BOF slag increases, it enhances the resistance of asphalt mixtures to permanent deformation and cracking under static and dynamic loading conditions, while broadening the range of elastic deformation for both WMRA and HMRA mixtures subjected to repeated loading. Moreover, a synergistic enhancement in the resistance of rubber asphalt mixtures to dynamic load-induced deformation is observed when employing both BOF slag and Sasobit warm-mixed modifier. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the performance of WMRA and HMRA mixtures, as well as broadening the utilization of BOF slag and waste rubber.

Integrating dynamic relaxation with inelastic deformation in metallic glasses: Theoretical insights and experimental validation

Integrating dynamic relaxation with inelastic deformation in metallic glasses: Theoretical insights and experimental validation

Mechanical and piezoresistive performance of polymethyl methacrylate modified with carbon nanotubes for sensitive road surface

Mechanical and piezoresistive performance of polymethyl methacrylate modified with carbon nanotubes for sensitive road surface

Functional and structural assessment of an experimental section gap graded modified with sugarcane bagasse ash

Gap-graded aggregate combined with asphalt rubber presents a high-performance alternative for roads with heavy traffic loads, offering advantages over conventional mixtures in terms of permanent deformation (rutting), fatigue life, and texture. In this study, the conventional filler in the well-established mixture was substituted with sugarcane bagasse bottom ash (SCBA) at a proportion of 5% of the total mineral aggregates. The objective was to enhance the mechanical performance of the asphalt coating while ensuring proper disposal of this waste material. Compared to conventional filler, SCBA is less dense, has smaller dimensions, and exhibits greater roughness, thereby affecting the volumetric parameters of the Marshall mix design. Consequently, the volume of voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with asphalt increased while maintaining the same volume of air voids (5.3%). Consequently, there was a notable increase in Marshall Stability (40%) and Indirect Tensile Test (22%) mechanical parameters. Following laboratory analysis, the modified mixtures were applied as asphalt coating on a high-traffic highway (BR-158). Field specimens revealed an 18% increase in the Resilience Modulus (4088 MPa; 3478 MPa). Additionally, its Flow Number exhibited a 73% increase (16,707; 9681), and its permanent deformation rate was 28% lower within 10,000 cycles in the dynamic creep test. This was further supported by an 11% reduction in permanent deformation rate in the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) within 20,000 cycles (3.2 mm; 3.6 mm). In conclusion, the partial replacement of conventional filler with sugarcane bagasse ash within the established granulometric range has demonstrated technical feasibility both in laboratory and field settings.