Degradation Of Dyes In Water Research Articles

Synergistic effect of ZnO/Ag2O@g-C3N4 based nanocomposites embedded in carrageenan matrix for dye degradation in water

This research achieved success by synthesizing innovative nanocomposite composed of zinc oxide (ZnO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and silver oxide (Ag2O) nanomaterials incorporated into a carrageenan matrix, thus creating an environmentally friendly and stable support structure. The synthesis process involved hydrothermal and chemical precipitation methods to create photocatalytic g-C3N4, ZnO, and Ag2O nanocomposites. The success is evident through the characterization results, which unveiled distinctive peaks corresponding to Zn–O (590-404 cm−1) and Ag–O (2072 cm−1) stretching in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, conclusively confirming the successful synthesis of g-C3N4, ZnO, Ag2O, and their respective nanocomposites. Further validation through a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDX) and elemental mapping affirmed the presence of Zn, O, Ag, C, and N. Additionally, transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging unveiled the nanosheet morphology of g-C3N4, the nanorod structure of ZnO, and the spherical form of Ag2O nanomaterials. ZnO and Ag2O nanomaterials demonstrated a consistent 10–20 nm size range. To underscore their ability to harness visible light, the nanomaterials were excited at 380 nm, emitting visible light emission within the 400–450 nm range. The synthesized nanocomposites showcased outstanding adsorption and photocatalytic properties, achieving efficiency ranging from 80 % to 98 %, attributed to the synergistic interactions between the various components. These findings culminate in a confirmation of the research's success, validating the exceptional potential of these nanocomposites for various applications.

Zinc-based coordination polymer as a highly effective photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes in water

A zinc-based coordination polymer, namely [Zn3(L)2(H2O)6]n (1) (L = 5-(2′,5′-dicarboxylphenyl) picolinic acid), was synthesized by the solvothermal method. Under visible light irradiation for 80 or 90 min, complex 1 exhibited a photodegradation efficiency of 98 % and 82 % towards methyl blue (MB) and saffron T (ST), respectively. After 5 cycles, the degradation performance of complex 1 did not decrease significantly, and the structure of complex 1 was consistent with that of fresh 1, demonstrating excellent stability. Meanwhile, free radical capture experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy confirmed that the free radical active species ⋅OH, ⋅O2− and h+ produced during photocatalytic degradation improved the degradation efficiency of complex 1.

The effect of cobalt-doped ZnO-g-C3N4 heterostructures on photocatalytic degradation of eosin yellow dye in water under simulated solar light

The unrestricted discharge of textile chemicals in natural water sources has posed major ecological and environmental threats to our standard of living. For decades, there has been a continuous search for affordable, and visible-light driven semiconductors with the capability of harnessing the full potential of sunlight to help curb the aforementioned problem. Herein, photocatalysts based on a series of cobalt (Co) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) co-doped ZnO were synthesized via the co-precipitation method for eosin yellow dye degradation in water under visible light. The functional groups present in the materials were determined by FTIR. Other techniques such as Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized to study the optical properties, structural properties, morphology and elemental composition respectively. The nanomaterials' optical analysis showed a marginal rise in absorbance in the visible region with a corresponding reduction in the forbidden gap energy from 3.10 to 2.52 eV. XRD studies showed that the nanocomposites were polycrystalline in nature and possessed the hexagonal phase of ZnO having an average crystallite size of 42 nm. From the photocatalysis outcomes, the maximum photocatalytic performance was observed for the 0.8 % Co-doped ZnO-g-C3N4 system, which degraded 96 % of the dye in 180 min, with a rate constant of 17.01 x 10−3 min−1. The incorporation of Co enhanced ZnO's outstanding photocatalytic activity in the g- C3N4–ZnO system.

Non-destructive covalent surface alkylation of graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation in water

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is a promising material for various applications due to its unique electronic, optical, and photocatalytic properties, tunable by surface modifications. Herein, a novel and straightforward approach to the covalent addition of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG550) to g-CNs surface following non-destructive chemistry benefiting from simultaneous activation of hydroxyl and free-amine surface groups by a weak base, potassium carbonate, is for the first time described. The resulting g-CN-PEG550 exhibits almost two-fold enhanced water solubility due to 1 PEG550 chain addition for every ∼ 128 g-CN atoms, detected by thermogravimetric analysis. Complementary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elemental analysis of the isolated g-CN-PEG550 displays an increased C─O chemical environment attributed to the covalent addition of carbon- and oxygen-rich PEG550 to the g-CN surface. The g-CN-PEG550 photocatalyst performs 2.5-fold better in degrading rhodamine B due to its enhanced light absorption, improved water-dispersibility, and the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs compared to the as-prepared g-CN. The study underscores the potential use of covalently PEGylated oxygen-rich g-CNs in photocatalytic applications.

Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Spinel as a New Efficient Magnetic Heterogeneous Fenton-like Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment

For the first time, cobalt ferrite spinel (CoFe2O4) was used as a catalyst in the Fenton process for Remazol Red RR dye degradation in water. CoFe2O4 was synthesized via gel combustion using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as an alternative fuel in one step with a ratio of Ψ = 0.8. Its structural, surface optics, magnetic properties, and the optimal conditions of the Fenton reagents for dye degradation were evaluated. The saturation magnetization and remanence (Ms and Mr, respectively) for the as-prepared powder were 65.7 emu/g and 30.4 emu/g, respectively, and the coercivity (Hc) was 1243 Oe, indicating its ferromagnetic nature and suitability as a magnetic catalyst. Red Remazol RR dye degradation tests were performed using the Fenton process to evaluate the influence of the catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration. The tests were performed in a batch reactor in the dark with constant agitation for 24 h. The best result was obtained using 1 g/L of catalyst with a dye degradation of 80.6%. The optimal concentration of H2O2 (1.0 M) resulted in 96.5% dye degradation. Nanoparticle recyclability testing indicated that the material could be satisfactorily reused as a catalyst for at least three cycles. The potential use of the CoFe2O4 synthesized in this study as a catalyst for dye degradation by the Fenton process was demonstrated.

Activation of peroxymonosulfate by a novel stratiform Co-MOF as catalyst for degradation of dyes in water

Cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used as catalysts to remove macromolecular organic pollutants from wastewater. In this work, a novel type of cobalt-based MOF, CUST-593, was synthesized from cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O), 2,2-bipyridine (BIPY), and 4,4ˊ,4ˊˊ-nitrilotrisbenzoic acid (NTB) using solvothermal method. The catalytic properties of CUST-593 for degrading dyes in water were then investigated. CUST-593, with the chemical formula {Co(NTB)(BIPY)(H2O)·0.5H2O·0.1DMA}, exhibited excellent catalytic activity in degrading dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solutions. CUST-593 has a multi-layered structure, connected by carboxylate hydrogen bonds, which is beneficial to improving its water stability. Synthetic test results showed that CUST-593 effectively attacked dyes by primarily generating sulfate radicals (SO4•−) and a portion of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Under the testing conditions, MO removal efficiency reached approximately 95 %. Moreover, CUST-593 exhibited remarkable cycling catalytic properties, broad pH range applicability, and long-term effectiveness. A mechanism for the degradation of dyes by CUST-593 was proposed. The experimental findings in this study collectively support the conclusion that CUST-593 serves as a green and environmentally friendly catalyst for the degradation of dyes in polluted water.

Synergistic sono-adsorption and adsorption-enhanced sonochemical degradation of dyes in water by additive manufactured PVDF-based materials

The present study proposes the first mechanistic model accounting for the most meaningful physico-chemical phenomena taking place in liquid phase adsorption processes under ultrasound. Initially, this study was aimed at developing an easy-to-make and easy-to-recover piezocatalyst for the degradation of RhB in water by combining the high piezocatalytical performance of BaTiO3 with a compatible piezoelectric support such as PVDF, manufactured by a customised additive manufacturing – direct ink writing system with in-situ poling. However, initial results showed that the resulting PVDF-BaTiO3 composite slabs performed worse than BaTiO3 piezocatalysts on their own, and that poling did not have any effect on their performance (82% RhB removal after 2 h when using either poled or unpoled PVDF-BaTiO3 composite slabs compared to 92% RhB removal after 2 h in presence of BaTiO3 piezocatalysts). Further investigation with pure PVDF materials demonstrated that, instead of piezocatalysis, synergistic ultrasound-assisted adsorption and sonochemical degradation were taking place, enabling the removal of >95% of the dye within 40 min of ultrasound treatment in the presence of 4 g L–1 of additive manufactured PVDF slabs. The results of this study and their evaluation with the mechanistic model proposed for liquid phase adsorption under ultrasound suggest that the adsorption of RhB on additive manufactured PVDF slabs was enhanced by the structure, higher specific surface ratio and higher volume of mesopores achieved through the 3D-printing process, as well as the minimisation of film resistance to mass transport due to ultrasound. Moreover, adsorption on additive manufactured PVDF enhanced the sonochemical degradation of the dye due to its high concentration in the adsorbed phase. This study demonstrates that adsorption processes, especially in the presence of PVDF materials, may be significantly more important in piezocatalysis than what has been reported to date, to the point that the synergistic combination of sono-adsorption and sonochemical degradation in presence of additive-manufactured PVDF slabs may be enough to achieve high removal rates of dyes in water.

Effect of frequency and power on the piezocatalytic and sonochemical degradation of dyes in water

For the very first time, the effect of frequency on the piezocatalytic degradation of dyes has been systematically evaluated. To achieve this, a combination of systems and experimental setups operating at different ultrasonic frequencies ranging from 20 kHz up to 1 MHz were used. In addition, the effect of ultrasonic power was investigated at a low ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz and higher ultrasonic frequency of 576 kHz to shed more light into the controversial discussion surrounding the ‘true’ mechanisms behind piezocatalysis. The results revealed that mechanical effects derived from acoustic cavitation, predominant at lower ultrasonic frequencies (<100 kHz), indeed enhanced the piezocatalytic degradation of the dye, Rhodamine B, to some extent (from 53% to 64% RhB degradation after 2 h). However, it was again demonstrated that sonochemical production of radicals remains a significant contributor for the overall degradation of the dye. Moreover, at higher ultrasonic frequencies (>100 kHz), the chemical effects derived from acoustic cavitation were so remarkable, that it raised the question of whether a piezocatalyst is really necessary when the optimisation of frequency and power may be enough for sonochemistry to fully degrade organic pollutants at a fast rate (pseudo first-order degradation reaction rate constant up to 0.037 min−1).

Magnetic Fe3O4-natural iron ore/calcium alginate beads as heterogeneous catalyst for Novacron blue dye degradation in water by (photo)Fenton process

Purposely prepared magnetic nanocomposite beads were investigated as catalysts for the degradation of Novacron blue (NB) dye (a reactive azo dye widely used in textile industries) by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Specifically, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and natural iron ore (NIO) were incorporated into sodium calcium alginate material to form Fe3O4-NIO calcium alginate beads using an inexpensive protocol. While Fe3O4/calcium alginate beads might be a good catalyst for Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, adding NIO could be beneficial to enhance the stability of the magnetic beads. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by several techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Barret-Joyner-Halender (BJH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance analyses. Such characterizations showed that the (photo)catalyst was successfully synthesized, as well as its porous nature with a specific surface area of 26 m2/g. Magnetic nanocomposite alginate beads showed adsorptive properties by removing 22 % of NB dye under optimum conditions (pH 2, [NB]0 = 40 mg/L, and 0.2 g dose of beads). This magnetic catalyst proved a great photocatalytic behavior according to its optical properties and contributed as a photo-Fenton catalyst to the degradation of 80 % of NB dye after 120 min treatment compared to only 50 % after 120 min of Fenton process. This cheap, eco-friendly, non-toxic, magnetically separable and stable catalyst was reused for six subsequent photo-Fenton tests. All these advantages show its potential to be used as heterogeneous catalyst in wastewater treatment applications making it worthy of further investigation under more realistic conditions.

Titanium Dioxide–Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Water

Dye wastewater due to industrialization, urbanization and academic activities has become one of the most important environmental issues today. Photocatalytic degradation technology is considered as a promising technology for treating dye wastewater due to its advantages of environmental protection and low energy consumption. Herein, titanium dioxide–reduced graphene oxide composites (TiO2-RGO) were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method to degrade different dyes (methyl orange, methylene blue and rhodamine B) in water. The structure and morphology of TiO2-RGO were characterized using various technical approaches. The degradation effect of TiO2-RGO on the dye was in accordance with a first-order kinetic reaction. The degradation rate of TiO2-6%RGO for methyl orange at 15 min was 1.67 times higher than that of TiO2, due to the strong electron transport ability and excellent adsorption properties of graphene. TiO2-6%RGO has better degradation performance for fluorescent dyes and anionic azo dyes. Notably, the degradation rate of methyl orange by TiO2-6%RGO photocatalysis for 90 min could reach 96.9%. Meanwhile, the TiO2-6%RGO showed excellent reusability, as the initial degradation rate of 93.2% was maintained after five degradation cycles of methyl orange solution. The present work provides a universal strategy for designing efficient photocatalytic materials.

Synthesis and characterization of novel molybdovanadophosphoric acid supported kaolin hybrid catalyst for Chromotrope 2R dye degradation in water

The present study provides a complete perspective of recyclable molybdovanadophosphoric acid immobilized on kaolin (MVPA/Kaolin), a hybrid material for catalytic degradation of the dye, Chromotrope 2R in water under mild reaction conditions. Novel MVPA/Kaolin was synthesized with an advanced impregnation method. The material was characterized with PXRD, FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM–EDX, TEM, TGA, surface area, porosity, and 31P NMR measurements. The material that can be classified as a Keggin type catalyst, could be used for hydrogen peroxide oxidation of aromatic azo (–N=N–) dyes with –OH and –SO3H functional groups. The degradation showed excellent conversion of 99.1% under optimum conditions of normal pressure and 60 °C temperature. Products like malonic acid and oxalic acid have been identified as the final products with GC–MS analysis. The present work has demonstrated the application of a simple and effective catalyst for degradation of azo dyes and the catalyst had the reusability capacity of up to six cycles without loss in performance.

Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of MoS2/ZnS/ZnO‐T Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation in Water

AbstractIn this study, a ternary heterojunction which consists of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), zinc sulfide (ZnS), and tetrapod‐like zinc oxide (ZnO‐T) nanostructures is prepared through a facile hydrothermal method. Benefiting from the generation of 1T phase MoS2 and ZnS with high photoelectrochemical properties, the material exhibits outstanding charge separation and transfer performances while degrading methylene blue. According to the results of the photodegradation experiment, the MoS2/ZnS/ZnO‐T composite displays not only excellent photocatalytic reduction activity but also remarkable adsorption performance. The photocatalytic activity is improved twice higher, and the first‐order rate constant is 4.22 times than pure ZnO‐T. Moreover, the good recyclability after 3 continuous cycles implies excellent stability for practical applications. This study develops a high‐efficient photocatalyst for contaminated water treatment.

Synthesis of Ag/TiO2 composites by combustion modified and subsequent use in the photocatalytic degradation of dyes

In this work, the synthesis of Ag/TiO2 photocatalysts by the modified combustion method for the degradation of dyes in water is presented. Three composite photocatalysts were prepared using silver concentrations of 0.05 mmol, 0.1 mmol, and 0.2 mmol. To evaluate the photocatalytic performance, methylene blue was tested as a preliminary reaction to simulate the degradation of dye compounds. Finally, a comparative analysis between the Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst with the best photocatalytic efficiency versus the TiO2-P25 Degussa without chemical treatment is presented. The results obtained show that all composites present a phase change from anatase to rutile. Photocatalysis experiments showed that Ag(0.05mmol)/TiO2 composite presented 98.9% degradation efficiency in concentrations below 15 mgL−1 of methylene blue and that the degradation efficiency was less than 60.6% in concentrations of 30 mgL−1. On the other hand, the Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs show that the Ag(0.05mmol)/TiO2 compound does not present significant morphological changes after the degradation process. The fact that Ag(0.05mmol)/TiO2 has not presented significant morphological changes could suggest that it can be reused during the degradation process of organic compounds. The results show that the Ag(0.05mmol)/TiO2 composite obtained by combustion method has the potential to be used in the degradation of dyes mainly present in the textile industry.

Evidence of cathodic peroxydisulfate activation via electrochemical reduction at Fe(II) sites of magnetite-decorated porous carbon: Application to dye degradation in water

Peroxydisulfate (PDS, S2O82−)-based advanced oxidation processes have been developed as an alternative to those based on OH, as PDS activation yields a much more stable radical like SO4− that can maintain the oxidation ability of water treatment systems for longer time. Here, the electrochemical PDS activation has been investigated using reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) substrate modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as cathode. The NPs were exhaustively characterized by different surface analysis techniques (TEM, SEM) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode allowed concluding that the main electrocatalytic role in the cathodic PDS activation to SO4− corresponded to the Fe(II) active sites continuously promoted upon cathodic polarization. These sites were less catalytic for O2 reduction reaction, although it was still feasible with n = 2.7 electrons as determined from Koutecky-Levich analysis. Both cathodic reactions followed an inner-sphere reaction mechanism. The Fe3O4-modified RVC cathodes were employed to electrolyze Methylene Blue aqueous solutions at pH 3.5, employing different current values and PDS concentrations. Dissolved O2 was purged to impede the competitive cathodic H2O2 production and Fenton’s reaction. The occurrence of dye adsorption/electrosorption on the cathode reduced the mass transport limitations, enhancing the reaction between SO4− and organic molecules. The best operation conditions to reach total and fast color removal at 18 min were 2 mM PDS and 10 mA, yielding > 80% TOC abatement at 45 min. Reproducible degradation profiles were found after 5 runs, thereby ensuring the stability of the Fe3O4-modified RVC, with no iron sludge production.

Synthesis of metal sulfides via ionic liquid-mediated assembly strategy and their photocatalytic degradation of dyes in water

Metal sulfide nanomaterials have been extensively studied due to their attractive applications in various fields. Although various synthetic approaches have been developed, it remains a great challenge to establish a universal and green method for fabricating metal sulfide nanomaterials with tailorable structures (e.g., shapes and sizes). Here we report a ionothermal strategy to synthesize metal sulfide particles with diverse components and controllable architectures. Transition metal sulfide (TMS) nanostructures such as hierarchical Cu7S4 microspheres, ZnS and CdS nanoparticles, PdS polyhedrons, and Bi2S3 nanorods have been successfully synthesized with metal salts and amino acid-based ionic liquids, [TBP][Cys] (tetrabutyl-phosphonium cation and L-cysteine anion). We unveiled the structures, optical properties, and formation mechanism of TMSs. As a typical application of the as-prepared TMSs, the hierarchically structured Cu7S4 nanocrystals enable high-performance photocatalysis degradation of dyes (e.g., methylene blue) in water. Our study not only provides new insights into the ionic liquid-mediated assembly strategy but also achieves an efficient catalyst for photocatalytic degradation.

Homologous amino acids promoted co-immobilization of laccase and mediator onto geopolymer microspheres for enhancing degradation of dyes in water

A new strategy for co-immobilization of laccase (Lac) and mediator 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) on geopolymer microspheres (GM) was reported in this work, which was promoted by pre-embedded homologous amino acids, i.e., histidine (His) and cysteine (Cys). The GM-H2C1 produced with a His/Cys ratio of 2:1 was highly efficient in co-immobilizing Lac and ABTS. The as-prepared composite biocatalyst (Lac-ABTS@GM-H2C1) exhibited the highest degradation rate (94.78%) to the model pollutant (Congo Red, CR), which was superior to free Lac-ABTS (79.23%) and Lac@GM-H2C1 (53.82%). The enhanced degradation efficiency of CR by the Lac-ABTS@GM-H2C1 was due to the promoted electron transfer and shortened mass transfer distance. Moreover, Lac-ABTS@GM-H2C1 demonstrated good pH resistance, competitive storage stability, and good reusability during ten cycles of CR degradation.

Efficient degradation of dyes in water by two Ag-based coordination polymers containing 1,3-bis(3,5-dicarboxylphenoxy)benzene and N-donor linkers

Two new Ag(I) based coordination polymers (CPs), with formula [Ag2(H2L)(4,4′-bipy)2·2H2O] (1), and [Ag2(H2L)(bpz)2] (2) (H4L = 1,3-bis(3,5-dicarboxylphenoxy)benzene, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, and bpz = 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-bipyrazole) have been solvothermally synthesized and characterized. The single crystal X-ray structural analysis reveals that CPs 1 and 2 consist of 3D hydrogen-bonded organic framework with rectangle and grid channels, respectively. In addition, the photocatalytic properties of both 1 and 2 have been assessed under UV light against methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RB), methyl blue (MB), neutral red (NR), methylene blue (MB) are investigated in aqueous solutions. The results suggested that percentages of photocatalytic degradation toward MB, Rh B and MO in presence of 1 are 90.24%, 93.56% and 45.11%, respectively in 100 min. While in presence of 2 the percentage photodegradation of MB, Rh B and MO are 84.33%, 55.54% and 4.27% in 100 min. The plausible mechanistic pathways through which newly synthesized CPs executed photodegradation of these dyes have been explained with the aid of band gap calculations implementing density of states and partial density of states.

Rhodium nanoparticles supported on 2-(aminomethyl)phenols-modified Fe3O4 spheres as a magnetically recoverable catalyst for reduction of nitroarenes and the degradation of dyes in water

Rhodium nanoparticles supported on 2-(aminomethyl)phenols-modified Fe3O4 spheres as a magnetically recoverable catalyst for reduction of nitroarenes and the degradation of dyes in water

Correction: Sunlight assisted degradation of a pollutant dye in water by a WO3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite catalyst

Correction for ‘Sunlight assisted degradation of a pollutant dye in water by a WO3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite catalyst’ by Sukanya Borthakur et al., New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 2947–2960, DOI: 10.1039/C9NJ05142B.

Green synthesis of TiO2particles using lime juice/lime Peel extract: photo degradation of dye in water

In this work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were synthesized from bulk Titania using lime juice or lime peel as capping agents. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-Ray Diffraction (p-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The photocatalytic property of the titania nanoparticles was tested by applying these nanoparticles to degrade methylene blue dye solution. The p-XRD pattern revealed an anatase structure. The SEM results showed that the nanoparticles capped with the lime peel extract had better shape and size distribution than those obtained from lime juice. This is quite interesting as the peel which would have been ordinarily considered a waste was found to be useful. The degradation of methylene blue showed that the titania nanoparticles could be applied to degradation of dye contaminated water. This process is simple, non-toxic, inexpensive and can be used for the remediation of effluents from dye and textile industries before they are discharged into the ocean. This in turn will keep the ocean clean and preserve the aquatic life.