Dye Accumulation Research Articles

Bioremediation of the toxic effects induced by the malachite green dye in Clarias gariepinus using Rhodotorula mucilaginosaMH298827.

The discharge and accumulation of malachite green dye in water can pose several risks. This research focuses on studying the safety use of Rhodotorula mucilaginosaMH298827 in the remediation of polluted water with malachite green. Twenty-four Clarias gariepinus fish that acclimatization for 4 weeks in a lab setting were divided into four groups, each group was exposed to 0.25mg/1 for 15 days to one of the following treatment (control without any treatment, malachite green, remediation water by Rhodotorula mucilaginosaMH298827 and Rhodotorula mucilaginosaMH298827). Different Parameters were measured in Clarias gariepinus fish after exposure: The Microbiota (bacterial loads and fungal percentage of occurrence) was examined and counted on one gram of Clarias gariepinus's skin, gills, and intestine. The hematological and biochemical characteristics were measured by drawing blood from the caudal vein of six fish from each group which were chosen randomly and given ice anesthesia. The levels of the liver antioxidant indicators superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were determined after keeping liver tissue at − 80 °C, homogenized in phosphate buffer (0.1 M pH 7.4), then filtrated, the supernatant was used for analysis after centrifuging for 10 minutes at 4°C and 1600 rpm. The erythrocytes with abnormalities and altered morphology were recognized and counted in five fields (about 1500 cells of each fish group) after fixed the smears were in absolute methanol for ten seconds and allowed to dry at room temperature, and the slides were dehydrated in progressively higher alcohol grades and then blood stained with hematoxylin and eosin Ultimately, DPX permanently mounted the slides after they had been cleaned with xylene.

DLK1 Is Associated with Stemness Phenotype in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and aggressive tumor, often requiring systemic treatment in advanced or metastatic stages, where drug resistance presents a significant challenge. Given the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer recurrence and drug resistance, we aimed to identify CSC subpopulations within two MTC cell lines harboring pathogenic variants in the two most common MEN2-associated codons. We analyzed 15 stemness-associated markers, along with well-established thyroid stem cell markers (CD133, CD44, and ALDH1), a novel candidate (DLK1), and multidrug resistance proteins (MRP1 and MRP3). The ability to efflux the fluorescent dye Hoechst 3342 and form spheroids, representing CSC behavior, was also assessed. MZ-CRC-1 cells (p.M918T) displayed higher expressions of canonical markers, DLK1, and MRP proteins than TT cells (p.C634W). MZ-CRC-1 cells also formed more spheroids and showed less dye accumulation (p < 0.0001). Finally, we observed that DLK1+ cells (those expressing DLK1) in both cell lines exhibited significantly higher levels of stemness markers compared to DLK1- cells (those lacking DLK1 expression). These findings underscore DLK1's role in enhancing the stemness phenotype, providing valuable insights into MTC progression and resistance and suggesting potential therapeutic implications.

Molecular design of −substituted boron difluoride curcuminoids: Tuning luminescence and nonlinear optical properties

Boron β-diketonates are prospective fluorescent dyes for functional organic materials to new technologies in the fields of chemistry, NLO-optics, photonics and bio-imaging. The novel NIR-to-NIR luminophors – curcuminoids of boron difluoride with different substituents at the central carbon atom (at the γ-position) of the chelate ring 1,7-bis(4′-N,N′-dimethylaminophenyl)-4-organyl-gept-1,6-dien-3,5-dionate of boron difluoride (1–5) were synthesized. Luminescence in solutions, crystals and polymer matrices, photobiological properties and NLO properties in polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were studied. The crystal structure has been determined for 1. For 1–5, in PS film, upon excitation by laser (365 nm), two luminescence bands are observed in the blue (430 nm) and red (650–700 nm) regions of the spectrum. For 1–5, two-photon luminescence is recorded in PS and PMMA films. PS 1 films demonstrate high photostability. The synthesized dyes turned out to be almost non-toxic for HCT116 tumor cells both in a long-term dark experiment (72 h) and after photoexcitation in accordance with absorption maxima in the submicromolar concentration range. The compounds were rapidly accumulated by cells within 3 h, demonstrating cytoplasmic distribution and the potential for use as cellular photoimaging agents. The accumulation of dyes with hydrocarbon γ-substitutes (methyl, iso-propyl, phenyl) after 3 and 24 h is more effective compared to dye 2 (commercial product Cranad-2).

Impacts of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Chitosan-Modified Biochar on the Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Valuable Resource Recovery

The accumulation of organic dyes and heavy metals (HMs) in sewage sludge (SS) after wastewater treatment is a significant problem due to the non-degradable nature of these pollutants. Moreover, the simultaneous removal of HMs and dyes in the complex process of SS treatment, such as anaerobic digestion (AD), has become attractive. HMs and dyes present in SS can have a detrimental effect on anaerobic digesters. These pollutants not only inhibit the production of methane, which is crucial for biogas generation, but also affect the stability of AD treatment, which can result in failure or inadequate performance of the AD process. This review highlights a novel method of removing HMs and dyes from the AD process of SS through the use of biochar modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CTS). The applications of conventional biochar have been limited due to poor adsorption capacity. However, modification using PVA/CTS composites enhances properties such as surface functional groups, adsorption capacity, porosity, surface area selectivity, and stability. Furthermore, this modified version can function as an additive in AD of SS treatment to boost biogas production, which is a viable source for heat generation or electricity supply. In addition, the digestates can be further processed through plasma pyrolysis for the removal of HMs and dyes bound to the modified biochar. Plasma pyrolysis generates two major products: syngas and slag. The syngas produced can then be used as a source of hydrogen, heat, and electricity, while the slag can potentially be reused as an AD additive or as a biofertilizer in the agricultural sector. Additionally, this study addresses the challenges associated with this integration and biochar modifications, and offers an outlook on understanding the interactions between the modified biochar properties, microbial dynamics, and the presence of micropollutants to ensure the economic viability and scalability of this technology. This comprehensive review provides insights into the potential of PVA/CTS-modified biochar as an effective additive in AD systems, offering a sustainable approach to SS treatment and valuable resource recovery.

Reversal of P-glycoprotein Mediated Multidrug Resistance in MCF-7/R Cancer Cells by Esculetin Derivatives: Experimental and MD Simulation Studies

Coumarins of natural origin have been explored as potential inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Esculetin which belongs to the class of coumarin has been derivatized with known hydrazine pharmacophores viz; benzoyl hydrazine (BH), isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH), and hydrazino benzoic acid. The homology modeling approach was used to predict the three-dimensional structure of human P-gp. An &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;in-silico&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; study has been performed for the structural insight into the molecular mechanism of P-gp inhibition of the esculetin derivatives by molecular docking (MD) and simulation studies. The cell cytotoxic activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated using in-vitro studies. The sublines resistant doxorubicin (MCF-7/R) were generated and the activities of P-gp proteins were estimated using fluorescent dye accumulation assays. The E-BH showed promising P-gp inhibitory activity and cell cytotoxicity against MCF7 and MCF7/R (resistant) breast cancer cell lines. In line with experimental observations, the E-BH (Esculetin benzoyl hydrazine) has yielded the lowest energy stable complex with P-gp and is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and more hydrophobic interactions during 100 ns of simulation. This suggested that the activity of P-gp is probably controlled by hydrophobic interactions. Performed experimental and computational studies has helped to elucidate the mechanism of P-gp inhibition by E-BH. Thus, amongst the three derivatives; E-BH exhibits greater efficacy in blocking the efflux mechanism.

Combatting synthetic dye toxicity through exploring the potential of lignin peroxidase from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP RL5.

Untreated release of toxic synthetic and colorful dyes is a serious threat to the environment. Every year, several thousand gallons of dyes are being disposed into the water resources without any sustainable detoxification. The accumulation of hazardous dyes in the environment poses a severe threat to the human health, flora, fauna, and microflora. Therefore, in the present study, a lignin peroxidase enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 has been employed for the maximal detoxification of selected commercially used dyes. The enzyme production from the microorganism was enhanced ~ 20 folds using statistical optimization tool,response surface methodology. Four different combinations (pH, production time, seed age, and inoculum size) were found to be crucial for the higher production of LiP. The crude enzyme showed decolorization action on commonly used commercial dyes such as Crystal violet, Congo red, Malachite green, and Coomassie brilliant blue. Successful toxicity mitigation of these dyes culminated in the improved seed germination in three plant species, Vigna radiate (20-60%), Cicer arietinum (20-40%), and Phaseolus vulgaris (10-25%). The LiP treated dyes also exhibit reduced bactericidal effects against four common resident microbial species, Escherichia coli (2-10mm), Bacillus sp. (4-8mm), Pseudomonas sp. (2-8mm), and Lactobacillus sp. (2-10mm). Therefore, apart from the tremendous industrial applications, the LiP from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 could be a potential biocatalyst for the detoxification of synthetic dyes.

Identification and characterisation of two functional antibiotic MATE efflux pumps in the archaeon Halorubrum amylolyticum

Multidrug efflux pumps have been found to play a crucial role in drug resistance in bacteria and eukaryotes. In this study, we investigated the presence of functional multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) efflux pumps, inferred from whole genome sequencing, in the halophilic archaeon Halorubrum amylolyticum CSM52 using Hoechst 33342 dye accumulation and antimicrobial sensitivity tests in the presence and absence of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). The whole genome sequence of H. amylolyticum CSM52 contained two putative MATE-type efflux pump genes, which may contribute to the inherent resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents reported in archaea. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the wild-type H. amylolyticum CSM52 testing revealed a lack of sensitivity to a wide range of antimicrobials, including glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. However, the presence of EPIs, such as thioridazine, fluoxetine, and chlorpromazine, significantly increased the susceptibility of H. amylolyticum CSM52 to a number of these antimicrobials, indicating the potential involvement of efflux pumps in the observed resistance. A molecular modelling study with EPIs and substrate antimicrobials provided important insights into the molecular interactions with the putative transporter. It suggests that the occupancy of the transporter channel by EPIs has the potential to impact the efflux of antimicrobials. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of both MATE pumps showed low similarity with bacterial representatives, suggesting the presence of novel and distinct MATE efflux pumps in archaea. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence of active antibiotic efflux mechanisms in archaea and their potential roles in antimicrobial resistance, broadening our understanding of mechanisms of archaeal antimicrobial resistance, an overlooked aspect of AMR research.

Transcending antibiotic resistance: The potential of mass Galla chinensis et camelliae Fermentata to Dismantle Helicobacter pylori biofilms and enhance anti-biotic activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections are on the rise, presenting a significant global health challenge. Mass Galla chinesis et camelliae Fermentata (Chinese gall leaven, CGL), a traditional Chinese medicinal product made from the fermentation of Rhus chinensis Mill., is frequently employed to address digestive system ailments. Contemporary pharmacological research reveals that CGL exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, and enzyme-inhibitory activities and holds potential as a treatment for H. pylori infections. However, the precise mechanisms underlying CGL's efficacy against H. pylori remain to be fully elucidated. AimThe objective of the study is to evaluate CGL's ability to disrupt the H. pylori biofilm and to explore its synergistic potential with antibiotics in targeting the biofilm-efflux pump system, a mechanism implicated in bacterial resistance. MethordsThe study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of CGL and metronidazole against H. pylori and evaluated their effects on H. pylori biofilms using an in vitro model. Structural changes induced by drug interventions were compared to those in untreated and antibiotic-treated models through scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The accumulation of H33342 dye in planktonic and biofilm H. pylori before and after drug treatment was assessed to evaluate cell viability and biofilm disruption. The study also involved adding experimental drugs to a biofilm H. pylori medium containing D-glucose, measuring glucose concentrations post-intervention using the glucose oxidase method, and calculating changes in glucose uptake. Finally, the relative expression levels of several genes in planktonic and biofilm H. pylori treated with CGL alone or in combination with antibiotics were measured to understand the impact on the biofilm-efflux pump system. ResultsBoth CGL alone and in combination with metronidazole demonstrated effective disruption of H. pylori biofilms. The combination therapy was particularly effective in reducing the biofilm transfer-enhancing effect of metronidazole and decreasing SpoT expression in the 'SpoT-(p)ppGpp' pathway, especially in biofilms. It showed a greater inhibition of the 'σ54-gluP-sugar uptake' pathway, with significant reductions in rpoN and gluP expression under biofilm conditions compared to CGL or metronidazole alone. The treatment also suppressed H. pylori proliferation and may have altered glucose uptake mechanisms. Moreover, it significantly inhibited the 'hp0939/hp0497/hp0471-RND efflux pump' pathway, with a notable reduction in gene expression compared to the 1/2 MIC metronidazole treatment. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that CGL effectively hinders the development of drug resistance in H. pylori by targeting biofilm formation and critical molecular pathways associated with antibiotic resistance. The synergistic effect of combining CGL with metronidazole notably enhances biofilm disruption and inhibits the bacterium's metabolic and reparative mechanisms. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these results and to investigate additional mechanisms of CGL's action.

Screening and Evaluation of Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitors with a Seaweed Compound Diphenylmethane-Scaffold against Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli.

Drug-resistant efflux pumps play a crucial role in bacterial antibiotic resistance. In this study, potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) with a diphenylmethane scaffold were screened and evaluated against drug-resistant Escherichia coli. Twenty-four compounds were docked against the drug-binding site of E. coli multidrug transporter AcrB, and 2,2-diphenylethanol (DPE), di-p-tolyl-methanol (DPT), and 4-(benzylphenyl) acetonitrile (BPA) were screened for their highest binding free energy. The modulation assay was further used for EPI evaluation, revealing that DPE, DPT, and BPA could reduce the drug IC50 value in E. coli strains overexpressing AcrB, indicating their modulation activity. Only DPE and BPA enhanced intracellular dye accumulation and inhibited the efflux of ethidium bromide and erythromycin. In addition, DPE and BPA showed an elevated post-antibiotic effect on drug-resistant E. coli, and they did not damage the permeability of the bacterial outer membrane. The cell toxicity test showed that DPE and BPA had limited human-cell toxicity. Therefore, DPE and BPA demonstrate efflux pump inhibitory activity, and they should be further explored as potential enhancers to improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against drug-resistant E. coli.

Adsorption behavior of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B on microplastics before and after ultraviolet irradiation

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and dyes has attracted extensive attention because of their environmental effects, which will be exacerbated especially after the aging of MPs. This study aimed at investigating the significance of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) adsorption behavior by PLA (polylactic acid) and PA66 (Polyamide 66) MPs after UV aging. After aging, there was an observed increase in the hydrophilicity, specific surface area, and oxygen content of MPs. The results indicate that aging enhances the adsorption capacity of both PLA and PA66. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that PLA undergoes more significant changes in its physicochemical properties compared to PA66 following aging. The adsorption process conformed the pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm well, and the adsorption capacity followed the sequence of aged-PLA > aged-PA66 > pristine-PA66 > pristine-PLA. Besides, the adsorption of dyes onto the MPs was studied across four variables (pH, salinity, surfactants, and dissolved organic matter). The aforementioned findings collectively demonstrate that the aged MPs still exhibit a higher adsorption capacity than the pristine MPs. In desorption experiments, the desorption efficiency of MB (PLA) was reduced from 35.29 % (P-PLA) to 32.76 % (A-PLA), and the similar trend was observed on other aged MPs. These findings suggest that aged MPs could have a more pronounced ability for dye transportation. These results would contribute to a deeper understanding of the adsorption and desorption behavior of dyes on MPs and their potential health risks.

Improving azo dyes degradation by CoFe2O4-activated peroxymonosulfate: Performance, degradation mechanism, and ecotoxicity assessment

Development of an effective catalyst is essential to eliminate the risks to ecological environment and human health caused by the accumulation of azo dyes in environmental water. Herein, the cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs), facilely prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal procedure, were developed for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation towards Congo red (CR) degradations. The key experimental parameters were comprehensively investigated to optimize the degradation performance for CR in CoFe2O4/PMS system. Under optimal conditions, the CoFe2O4 NPs exhibited an excellent capability for PMS activation to degrade CR with the degradation efficiency of nearly 100 % in a wide range of pH values (3.0–9.0). The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed that the entire CR degradation process was dominantly by the non-radical (1O2) and surface-bound SO4·−and ·OH. CoFe2O4 NPs displayed the remarkable stability and reusability, with degradation efficiency of 85.5 % even after six recycles. The possible degradation pathway in CR degradation process was proposed, and the qualitative analysis and ecotoxicity of the degradation intermediates were investigated. This work provided a facile and green strategy to prepare a prospective catalyst for the efficient removal of azo dyes by PMS activation.

Abstract 3065: Targeting of metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer by utilizing patient-derived organoid tissue for precision medicine

Abstract In a preliminary pilot study, we reported elevated activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in serum from cisplatin-resistant (CR) lung cancer patients compared to cisplatin-sensitive (CS) patients. This heightened IDO1 activity was associated with increased tryptophan (TRP) catabolism, resulting in the upregulation of kynurenine (KYN) production. The detection of KYN can now be readily achieved through immunohistochemistry (IHC). We demonstrated that this upregulation contributed to increased Treg (regulatory T cell) and MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cell) populations resulting in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To investigate this effect, we used dual inhibition of IDO1/TDO2 (tryptophan2,3-dioxygenase 2) in an orthotopic mouse model of CR-Lewis lung carcinoma. This resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume compared to LLC-CS (n=7, p&amp;lt;0.01), confirming the role of TRP catabolism in CR tumorigenesis. To determine the relevance of the data derived from this mouse model to clinical settings, we established 50 patient-derived organoid tissues (PDOT) from patients with NSCLC. PDOT is an experimental ex vivo tissue model developed to recapitulate the intricate features of lung architecture, including the lung acinus. Upon optimizing our collection and growth protocols, each PDOT successfully developed into a spherical body within 14 days. Furthermore, through bulk RNA-seq analysis, we showed that PDOT closely mirrors the expression of key molecular markers (PD-L1 and mutations), as observed in the original tumor tissues. PDOT from patients possessing high levels of PD-L1 and KYN were exquisitely sensitive to dual inhibition with 2-3-fold greater sensitivity compared to patients with undetectable KYN expression in growth inhibition assays (GI50=20±5.5μM vs. 65±7.5μM). Increased lipid peroxidation was detected via flow cytometry by accumulation of the C11-BODIPY reporter dye in the dual inhibition treatment group. Moreover, we integrated PDOT with a novel 3D microfluidic culture that can be supplied with patient-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to assess immune response. Using CyTOF, we showed that dual inhibitors with Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) enhanced immune effector (CD8+, NK) and suppressed immunosuppressive (Treg, MDSC) populations. We believe that our swift progress in PDOT development may bridge the divide between cancer biomarker expression and patient trials by timely complementing conventional drug studies based on cell lines and xenografts to facilitate the design of personalized therapies. As a result, the extensive reporting that we have contributed for KYN expression profiling in CR has the potential to serve as a valuable companion diagnostic tool in the future. This can assist in applying precision oncology by finding the most appropriate patients for immunotherapies. Citation Format: Chunjing Wu, Jonathan D. Nguyen, George Theodore, Estelamari Rodriguez, Sydney Spector, Emily Kim, Taranatee Khan, Pablo Puente, Yujie Wang, Dao M. Nguyen, Cheng-Bang Chen, Diane Lim, Lynn G. Feun, Niramol Savaraj, Medhi Wangpaichitr. Targeting of metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer by utilizing patient-derived organoid tissue for precision medicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3065.

Equilibrium and optimization of water-heat transfer in natural cellulose-based hybrid hydrogel for efficient solar desalination

Solar interfacial evaporation for seawater desalination and wastewater purification is considered a promising strategy to alleviate the water scarcity crisis. Currently, the ways to improve evaporators usually revolve around iteration of photothermal materials (enhancing heat generation) or macrostructural remodeling (altering water transport rate), but these means have limitations and do not achieve simultaneous and precise regulation of water-heat utilization. Herein, a simple hydrothermal method is used to synthesize natural cellulose-based hybridized hydrogels, exhibiting a high evaporation efficiency (97.67%) and a full range of water purification capabilities, including antimicrobial, anti-salt accumulation, and degradation of organic dyes. Significantly, the enhancement mechanism of the energy-mass utilization of this evaporator can be explained from two aspects. Firstly, the hybridization of natural cellulose and inorganic carbon materials can supplement a large number of hydrophilic functional groups, thus fully activating the water molecules and reducing the evaporation energy consumption. Furthermore, the COMSOL simulation is used to clarify the distribution of water and heat, and by adjusting the height of the hydrogel, the balance of water-heat transfer is cleverly achieved with the maximization of energy utilization. Overall, the optimization idea of water-heat transfer provides a new direction for future evaporator design and a fresh opportunity for the improvement of energy-mass management model.

Sustainable cycling and mechanism of Co(II)/Co(IV)/Co(III) with S(IV) highly triggered by Co(IV) in E/Co(II)/S(IV) for enhanced removal of reactive brilliant red X-3B

The massive discharge and inadequate treatment of dye wastewater have led to the extensive accumulation of azo dyes in natural water bodies, which is a severe threat to human health. In this study, a novel homogeneous electrochemical system, denoted E/Co(II)/S(IV), was developed by the incorporation of an electric field and cobalt/sulfite. Notably, the decontamination efficiency of the E/Co(II)/S(IV) system for reactive brilliant red X-3B (X-3B) was 95.14 % within 10 min, which was accomplished by utilizing only a trace amount of Co(II). The entire process exhibited an exceptionally low energy consumption of only 0.331 kWh/m3. Single-factor experiments were conducted to explore the influence of various operational parameters and water matrix components on the system decontamination efficiency. By combining the chelator EDTA and chemical probe PMSO, the presence of Co(III) and Co(IV) was detected. The results showed that Co(IV) mainly triggered the chain reaction. The activation products of S(IV), including SO3•−, SO4•−, SO5•− and HO∙, played a dominant role in the degradation of X-3B, with SO4•− having the most substantial contribution. Under anodic oxidation, Co(II) underwent double-electron transfer, leading to the conversion of Co(II) into Co(IV). Subsequently, Co(IV) activated S(IV) via a single-electron transfer mechanism, initiating a free radical chain reaction. During the reaction, Co(IV) transformed into Co(III) and Co(II), thus achieving the Co(II)/Co(IV)/Co(III) cycle. The generation of oxygen as a result of the electrochemical process offers a viable solution for addressing the issue of hypoxia stemming from the rapid activation of S(IV). The active sites in the X-3B molecule were elucidated through density functional theory predictions, and three degradation pathways for X-3B were identified via mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicological characteristics of both X-3B and its degradation products were comprehensively assessed using toxicity estimation software tool and algal culture experiments. This research offers valuable insights into the refinement of cobalt/sulfite systems and introduces innovative concepts for electrochemical applications, which have broad-reaching implications for dye wastewater purification.

Gold standard assessment of immunogenic cell death induced by photodynamic therapy: From in vitro to tumor mouse models and anti-cancer vaccination strategies.

The discovery of the concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a cornerstone in the development of novel anti-cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. Induction of the ICD pathway by specific anti-cancer therapeutic regimens can eliminate cancer cells by directly killing them during therapy and by activation of strong and specific anti-cancer immunity, leading to a long-lasting immunological memory that prevents cancer recurrence. ICD encompasses different forms of regulated cell death and can be triggered by many anti-cancer treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is a multistep procedure involving the accumulation of a light-sensitive dye known as a photosensitizer (PS) in tumor cells, followed by its activation by irradiation with a light of an appropriate wavelength. In the presence of molecular oxygen, the irradiated PS leads to the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, which can lead to ICD induction in the cancer cells. Here, we first describe in vitro methods to help optimize the PDT procedure for a specific PS. We also provide a collection of protocols and techniques for assessing ICD in vitro, including analysis of the emission of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), efferocytosis, and the maturation and activation state of antigen presenting cells. Next, we describe in detail protocols for diverse tumor mouse models for assessing and characterizing ICD in vivo, such as murine tumor vaccination models. Finally, as an immunotherapeutic vaccine, we suggest using either PDT-induced dead cancer cells, preferably undergoing ICD, or dendritic cells loaded with lysates of PDT-induced cancer cells in a syngeneic orthotopic glioma model. Overall, this methodological article provides a quantitative, comprehensive set of validated tools that can be successfully used, with some adaptations, to identify, optimize and validate novel PSs in vitro and in vivo for the efficient induction of ICD during photodynamic treatment.

Effects of immersion in 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane resin-activated liquid on microtensile bond strength of root canal dentin

Background/purpose4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin is used for indirect restorations. We aimed to evaluate effects of immersion in 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid on the bond strength of root canal dentin. Materials and methodsWe used freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth. After decoronation, each root was vertically sectioned into halves; their dentin walls were polished and flattened. The control group underwent dentin treatment with Green Activator. The immersion group was treated with Green Activator and Teeth Primer and immersed in 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid. After bonding the resin blocks with Super-Bond, microtensile bond strength (μTBS) tests were performed (n = 6), and fracture surfaces were analyzed. Before surface treatment, dentin was immersed in a sodium fluorescein solution for 3 h, and resin blocks were bonded with Super-Bond with rhodamine B as in the bond strength test. The bonded cross section was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ResultsμTBS was significantly higher in the immersion group than in the control group (61.5 [51.3–66.7] vs. 33.0 [20.4–57.8] MPa; P < 0.05). Fracture mode analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the immersion group had a significantly lower rate of adhesive failure at the dentin interface and a significantly higher rate of cohesive failure in Super-Bond (P < 0.01). CLSM showed a water droplet-like accumulation of fluorescein dye above the hybrid layer in the control group, not in the immersion group. ConclusionImmersion in a 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid inhibited water exudation from the root canal dentin and improved the bond strength.

Reduction of lysosome abundance and GAG accumulation after odiparcil treatment in MPS I and MPS VI models

Deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) cause pathologies commonly known as the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). Each type of MPS is caused by a deficiency in a specific GAG-degrading enzyme and is characterized by an accumulation of disease-specific GAG species. Previously, we have shown the potential of the beta-D-xyloside, odiparcil, as an oral GAG clearance therapy for Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI), an MPS characterized by an accumulation of chondroitin sulphate (CS) and dermatan sulphate (DS). This work suggested that odiparcil acts via diverting the synthesis of CS and DS into odiparcil-bound excretable GAG. Here, we investigated the effect of odiparcil on lysosomal abundance in fibroblasts from patients with MPS I and MPS VI. In MPS VI fibroblasts, odiparcil reduced the accumulation of a lysosomal-specific lysotracker dye. Interestingly, a reduction of the lysotracker dye was also observed in odiparcil-treated fibroblasts from patients with MPS I, a disorder characterized by an accumulation of DS and heparan sulphate (HS). Furthermore, odiparcil was shown to be effective in reducing CS, DS, and HS concentrations in liver and eye, as representative organs, in MPS VI and MPS I mice treated with 3 doses of odiparcil over 3 and 9 months, respectively. In conclusion, our data demonstrates odiparcil efficiently reduced lysosome abundance and tissue GAG concentrations in in vitro and in vivo models of MPS VI and MPS I and has potential as a treatment for these disorders.

Protective effect of exogenous peroxiredoxin 6 and thymic peptide thymulin on BBB conditions in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis

This study aimed to assess the effects of the immunomodulator thymulin, a thymic peptide with anti-inflammatory effects, and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), an antioxidant enzyme with dual peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities, on the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) condition and general health status of animals with relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a model of multiple sclerosis in humans. Both thymulin and Prdx6 significantly improved the condition of the BBB, which was impaired by EAE induction, as measured by Evans blue dye accumulation, tight-junction protein loss in brain tissue, and lymphocyte infiltration through the BBB. The effect was associated with significant amelioration of EAE symptoms. Thymulin treatment was accompanied by a decrease in immune cell activation as judged by interleukin-6, -17, and interferon-gamma cytokine levels in serum and NF-kappaB cascade activation in splenocytes of mice with EAE. Prdx6 did not induce significant immunomodulatory effects but abruptly decreased EAE-induced NOX1 and NOX4 gene expression in brain tissue, which may be one of the possible mechanisms of its beneficial effects on BBB conditions and health status. The simultaneous administration of thymulin and Prdx6 resulted in complete symptomatic restoration of mice with EAE. The results demonstrate prospective strategies for multiple sclerosis treatment.

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanostructures for the Efficient Disposal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Media

An excessive accumulation of crystal violet dye in the human body results in an accelerated heart rate, tetraplegia, eye irritation, and long-term damage to the transparent mucous membrane that protects the eyeballs. Accordingly, in this paper, sodium manganese silicate/sodium manganese silicate hydroxide hydrate was easily fabricated as a novel type of nanostructures for the successful disposal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The formed sodium manganese silicate/sodium manganese silicate hydroxide hydrate nanostructures after the hydrothermal treatment of the gel produced from the interaction of Mn(II) ions with Si(IV) ions at 180 °C for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h were abbreviated as MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4, respectively. The XRD showed that the average crystallite size of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples is 8.38, 7.43, 4.25, and 8.76 nm, respectively. The BET surface area of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples is 41.58, 46.15, 58.25, and 39.69 m2/g, respectively. The MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 samples consist of spherical and irregular shapes with average grain sizes of 157.22, 88.06, 43.75, and 107.08 nm, respectively. The best adsorption conditions of the crystal violet dye employing the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 products were achieved at pH = 8, contact time = 140 min, and solution temperature = 298 kelvin. The linear pseudo-2nd-order model as well as the linear Langmuir isotherm better describe the disposal of the crystal violet dye using the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents. The studied thermodynamic parameters indicated that the disposal of the crystal violet dye employing the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents is spontaneous, exothermic, and chemical. The maximum disposal capacities of the MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4 adsorbents towards crystal violet dye are 342.47, 362.32, 411.52, and 310.56 mg/g, respectively.

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Studies of Dye Diffusion on Fresh and Aged Polyethylene Terephthalate.

Microplastics accumulate a wide variety of organic pollutants and thus may serve as efficient vectors for the transport of toxic substances. Much remains to be learned about how organic molecules interact with the surfaces of plastics and how these properties evolve as the microplastics are weathered. In this Letter, we report, for the first time, the application of confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to studies of organic molecules adsorbed from aqueous solution onto the surfaces of synthetic secondary microplastics. Both fresh and artificially aged poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastics are employed. The plastics are artificially aged in a UV-ozone chamber. Raman and infrared spectra confirm the composition of the PET microplastics. Water contact angle and surface roughness measurements reveal, respectively, an increase in wettability and a change in the nature of roughness with aging, consistent with surface oxidation. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye is used as a fluorescent probe in FCS studies and serves as an analogue for organic pollutants commonly found on microplastics. The FCS results reveal the accumulation of dye on the PET surfaces as they age. Dye motion is significantly slower on the plastics than in bulk aqueous solution and occurs by anomalous subdiffusion. The rate of diffusion becomes dramatically slower and more anomalous as the plastics are aged. Surface diffusion is likely slowed by either ionic interactions or hydrogen bonding between the dye and plastic. These results provide new insights critical to the understanding of how microplastics accumulate and transport organic pollutants as they weather in the environment.