Dwarf Coconut Research Articles

Productivity potential and coconut waste quality for biorefining

The use of biomass as an energy source has increased as far as it aims at providing sustainable energy alternatives and considerable reduction in agro-industrial and urban solid waste. Techniques employed for different types of biomass by biorefineries intend not only to add value to a bioproduct, but also to reduce environmental impact caused by industrial and agricultural residues. The coconut fruit shell residue, largely consumed in coastal regions, rich in fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, may be transformed through chemical, biochemical and thermochemical processes, into several bioproducts with proper energetic yield such as activated carbon, ethanol and biodiesel. This work was done through literature review, magazines and articles in order to analyse the energetic potential use of green dwarf coconut biomass (Cocos nucifera) by biorefineries as well as alternatives for reducing tons of fruit fibrous drupe waste commonly dumped in the environment

Processing and Development of Frying Oil from Fruit of Some Varieties of Dwarf Coconut

<p class="Default">ABSTRACT</p><p class="Default">Fruits of Dwarft coconut commonly are used as young tender (8 months of fruit) for fresh coconut water and raw materials in processing of some conventional products such as klapeertart and coconut jam. Recently, the mature fruit (11-12 months of fruit) are not utilized yet. It could be used as raw materials for making frying oil through heating method. It is estimated about 7.1-8.4 L of frying coconut oil can be obtained from 200 nuts of Dwarf coconut fruit. If 1.0 ha of coconut area could be planted with 200 trees of Dwarft coconut and it produced 17,500-20,500 nuts/ha/year, local price of coconut frying oil at farmer level is Rp 20,000/L, so the farmer earning could reach Rp 14,000,000-Rp 16,400,000. The oil from coconut is the healthiest oil in the world, due to its unique properties. Lauric acid, the main fatty acid in coconut oil, was proven for its beneficial effect for human health. The fruit of Dwarft coconut is easier to be harvested compared to Tall coconut, because its tree is shorter. Processing of healthy frying oil from fruit of Dwarft coconut through heating method could be apllicated in small or farmers group level.</p><p>Keywords: Healthy frying oil, dwarf coconut, lauric acid</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Pengolahan dan Peluang Pengembangan Minyak Goreng Berbagai Jenis Kelapa Genjah</strong></p><p class="Default">ABSTRAK</p><p class="Default">Buah kelapa genjah umumnya hanya dimanfaatkan dalam bentuk kelapa muda (umur buah 8 bulan) untuk dikonsumsi sebagai kelapa segar dan bahan baku untuk pembuatan klapertaart dan selai kelapa. Bahkan buah kelapa genjah tua (umur buah 11-12 bulan) tidak memiliki nilai ekonomi, karena tidak dapat dijual dalam bentuk kelapa butiran dan diolah lanjut menjadi kopra. Salah satu usaha diversifikasi yang dapat dilakukan, yaitu mengolah buah kelapa genjah menjadi minyak melalui pengolahan cara basah dengan metode pemanasan. Sebanyak 7,1-8,4 liter minyak kelapa dapat dihasilkan dari pengolahan 200 butir buah kelapa genjah. Diperkirakan pada lahan seluas satu ha dapat diperoleh sekitar 700-820 liter minyak kelapa. Hasil ini diperoleh dengan asumsi pada lahan seluas satu ha ditanami 200 pohon kelapa dapat memproduksi 17.500-20.500 butir/ha/tahun. Diperkirakan apabila harga jual minyak kelapa Rp 20.000/liter, maka pendapatan bruto yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 14.000.000 - Rp 16.400.000. Minyak yang diperoleh dapat digunakan sebagai minyak goreng. Minyak goreng kelapa bukanlah sekedar minyak goreng biasa, karena mengandung asam laurat yang tinggi (48-50%). Asam laurat merupakan asam lemak utama yang terdapat pada daging buah kelapa. Keunggulan pengolahan minyak kelapa berbahan baku buah kelapa Genjah yaitu tidak memerlukan tenaga pemanjat pada saat panen karena pohonnya yang pendek. Pengolahan minyak goreng sehat cara basah dengan metode pemanasan sangat sesuai dilakukan pada skala petani/kelompok tani.</p><p>Kata kunci: Minyak goreng sehat, kelapa genjah, asam laurat </p>

Adubação potássica aplicada na axila foliar e no solo em coqueiro anão verde

RESUMO O potássio (K) influencia diretamente a produtividade do coqueiro anão por ser ativador de enzimas envolvidas na respiração e fotossíntese, entre outras funções. No entanto em muitos casos sua aplicação no solo não tem proporcionado teores foliares adequados. Avaliou-se a influência de níveis de adubação potássica, com KCl, no solo e na axila foliar, nos teores de nutrientes em coqueiro anão verde (Cocos nucifera L.). O experimento foi conduzido, de 31/05/2007 a 31/05/2008, em pomar comercial, em Campos dos Goytacazes, em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico, no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e 16 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas formas de aplicação (no solo e na axila da folha 9) e dois níveis de KCl (1666 e 3333 g de KCl por planta, por ano), níveis 1 e 2 no solo e (833 e 1666 g planta-1 ano-1), níveis 1 e 2 na axila, parceladas em quatro aplicações sendo uma a cada três meses, além de uma testemunha sem KCl. Coletaram-se amostras foliares antes da primeira adubação e três meses após cada adubação. A aplicação de KCl proporcionou aumento dos teores foliares de K e de Cl e diminuiu o de Mg. Os teores foliares de N; P; Ca; S; B; Cu; Fe; Mn e Zn não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A aplicação de potássio na axila foliar permite maior absorção desse nutriente pelas plantas. A aplicação foliar minimiza as perdas e possibilita reduzir as quantidades de fertilizante potássico aplicadas.

IDENTIFIKASI PENANDA ISOZIM PER-7, PER-8, DAN RAPD OB17375 PADA KELAPA GENJAH SALAK (GSK) DAN BEBERAPA HASIL SILANGANNYA DENGAN KELAPA DALAM

ABSTRACT Runtunuwu, S.D. and E.F. Lengkong. 2005. Identification of Isozyme Markers (PER-7, PER-8, and RAPD OBI7375) of Dwarf Salak Coconut (GSK) and its Tall Hibrids. Eugenia 11 (1): 8-17. The objective of this research was to identify PER-7 and PER-8 isozymes, and OB17 375 RAPD as molecular markers for resistance to NF Phytophthora disease in Genjah Salak (GSK) dwarf coconut and its several hybrids with Tall coconut at The Research Institute for Coconut and Palmae (RICP) Manado. Coconut resistance to NF Phytophthora disease was determined based on disease lesion size of inoculated coconut fruits at 7 days after inoculation. PER-7 and PER-8 isozymes marker were identified using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, and OB17375 RAPD marker was identified based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using kit B number 17 primer (Operon Technologies, California). PER-7 isozyme marker could be used to select GSK x DTA (Dalam Tenga) and GSK x RLT (Rennell Tall) hybrid coconuts that resistant to NF Phytophthora disease. PER-7 isozyme without OB17375 markers (PER-7/-) could be used to select resistant GSK x WAT (West African Tall) hybrid coconut to the disease. Keywords: Isozymes, RAPD, Molecular marker, Phytophthora disease, coconut

Coconut genome size determined by flow cytometry: Tall versus Dwarf types.

Coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) are tropical palm trees that are classified into Tall and Dwarf types based on height, and both types are diploid (2n = 2x = 32 chromosomes). The reproduction mode is autogamous for Dwarf types and allogamous for Tall types. One hypothesis for the origin of the Dwarf coconut suggests that it is a Tall variant that resulted from either mutation or inbreeding, and differences in genome size between the two types would support this hypothesis. In this study, we estimated the genome sizes of 14 coconut accessions (eight Tall and six Dwarf types) using flow cytometry. Nuclei were extracted from leaf discs and stained with propidium iodide, and Pisum sativum (2C = 9.07 pg DNA) was used as an internal standard. Histograms with good resolution and low coefficients of variation (2.5 to 3.2%) were obtained. The 2C DNA content ranged from 5.72 to 5.48 pg for Tall accessions and from 5.58 to 5.52 pg for Dwarf accessions. The mean genome sizes for Tall and Dwarf specimens were 5.59 and 5.55 pg, respectively. Among all accessions, Rennel Island Tall had the highest mean DNA content (5.72 pg), whereas West African Tall had the lowest (5.48 pg). The mean coconut genome size (2C = 5.57 pg, corresponding to 2723.73 Mbp/haploid set) was classified as small. Only small differences in genome size existed among the coconut accessions, suggesting that the Dwarf type did not evolve from the Tall type.

Evaluasi Tingkat Toleransi 35 Genotipe Kakao terhadap Periode Kering

A prolong dry periods could have a negative impact on growth and yield of cocoa. Th e objectives of this study were to evaluate the tolerance level s of 35 cocoa genotypes to dry periods. The study was conducted at the Pakuwon Experimental Station, Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute, Sukabumi, West Java; 450 m above sea level; Latosol soil type; and B type of climate; started from August 2014 until October 2015. Thirty five cacao genotypes consisted of two released variety (i.e Sulawesi 1 and SCA 6) and 33 other genotypes were used in this research. The cacao plants were three-years old, cultivated at a 3 x 3 m spacing distance under the 26 years old Salak Dwarf coconut trees. Ten plant sample s were determined randomly and the fruits were harves t ed in February 2015 (wet period) and October 2015 (dry period). A bulk of 10–30 pods per genotype were randomly selected for each harvest periods. The variable observed were fresh weigth per pod, number of beans per pod, fresh and dry weight of beans per pod, and fresh weight of pod husks + pulps per pod. The tolerance level to dry periods was determined base on the dry weight of bean/pod. The result showed that a continueous six months dry periods prior to harvesting significantly reduced yield components from 4.92%-42.54%. Based on the dry weight of beans per pod, three genotypes, namely KW 162, KW 165, and KW 215, were classified as tolerant, while the other were moderately tolerant and susceptible to drought. Th e result implie s the important of further research to obtain superior cocoa clones resistance to drought.

Genetic diversity of the Sri Lanka yellow dwarf coconut form as revealed by microsatellite markers

Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf (SLYD) is an important coconut form as a parent in the national coconut breeding programme of Sri Lanka. Though dwarf coconuts are known to be purelines, SLYD displays uncharacteristic morphologies. The current research was conducted to characterize a sample of 15 SLYD individuals using 10 SSR marker loci to determine the genetic diversity within the form. One palm each of Sri Lanka Tall (SLT), Green Dwarf (GD) and Gon Thembili Tall (GT) were used as reference coconut forms. Genomic DNA was extracted and PCR amplification was performed followed by 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to visualize the bands. Genotypic data were analysed using PowerMarker software. All ten marker loci were polymorphic, and among them more informative microsatellite loci for the tested population were identified. A total of 34 alleles were scored in the 15 individuals of SLYD ranging from a minimum of two to a maximum of five and a total of 22 heterozygous loci were identified spreading across the ten marker loci. The results indicated the SLYD to share bands more frequently with tall coconut forms than GD. The dendrogram displayed three clusters of SLYD with one group including comparative form GD and another cluster including both SLT and GT. The observed heterozygosity, and genetic and allelic diversities exceed the levels that can be expected from dwarf coconut forms which are self-breeding purelines. It is recommended to purify SLYD coconut form to ensure genetic purity of SLYD parental palm pool in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 26 (1): 131 – 139 (2014)

Efeito da cobertura morta no padrão de distribuição de água em microaspersão

This study evaluated the mulch effect on water distribution pattern by a microsprinkler irrigation system, when applying increasing levels of water in green dwarf coconut trees. The experiment was carried out at a commercial orchard, in the Irrigation District of Plato de Neopolis, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, corresponding to two types of cover and four levels of irrigation (50, 100, 150 e 200 L plant -1 day -1 ). Materials used as mulch were: 1) biomantle produced industrially from the dry coconut

Quality of Coconut Oil using Fruit of Dwarf Coconut

The purpose of this research was to study processing of coconut oil which focused on evaluation of the quality of oil by using fruit of several Dwarf coconut as raw materials. The varieties used were Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), Raja Brown Dwarf (RBD) and Bali Yellow Dwarf (BYD). The oil was extracted through the wet process by heating technique. The coconut oil volume was measured and evaluated for its fatty acids profile, free fatty acid contents, moisture content, color, smell and taste. The by-products such as coconut residue and blondo were measured, too. The results showed that processing of oil from 200 Dwarf nuts produced 7.1-8.4 L. The highest volume of oil (8.4 L) was resulted from SGD. The oil was generally having high medium chain fatty acid around 58.50-62.32% including lauric acid at 46.82-48.46%. The oil made from fruits of SGD contained the highest lauric acid around 48.46%, followed by RBD and BYD reaching 48.06% and 46.82%, respectively. It had a good smell, and fatty acid and moisture content were in accord with Indonesian National Standard. The coconut oil processed using the fruit of the SGD and RBD has a clear white color, while the BYD having clear yellow in color, like corn oil.

Pollen Dispersal and Pollination Patterns Studies in Pati Kopyor Coconut using Molecular Markers

Parentage analysis has been used to evaluate pollen dispersal in Kopyor coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Investigations were undertaken to elucidate (i) the dispersal of pollen, (ii) the rate of self and out-crossing pollination, and (iii) the distance of pollen travel in Pati kopyor coconut population. The finding of this activities should be beneficial to kopyor coconut farmers to increase their kopyor fruit harvest and to support breeding of this unique coconut mutant. As many as 84 progenies were harvested from 15 female parents. As many as 95 adults coconut provenances surrounding the female parents were analyses as the potential male parents for the progenies. The adult coconut palms were mapped according to their GPS position. All samples were genotyped using six SSR and four SNAP marker loci. Parentage analysis was done using CERVUS version 2.0 software. Results of the analysis indicated that evaluated markers were effective for assigning candidate male parents to all evaluated seedlings. There is no specific direction of donated pollen movement from assigned donor parents to the female ones. The donated pollens could come from assigned male parents in any directions relative to the female parent positions. Cross pollination occured in as many as 82.1% of the progenies analyzed. Outcrossing among tall by tall (TxT), dwarf by dwarf (DxD), hybrid by hybrid (HxH), TxD, DxT, TxH, DxH, and HxD were observed. Self-pollination (TxT and DxD) occurred in as many as 17.9% of the progenies. The dwarf coconut was not always self pollinated. The presence of DxD, TxD, and HxD outcrossing was also observed. The donated pollens could come from pollen donor in a range of at least 0-58 m apart from the evaluated female recipients. Therefore, in addition to the wind, insect pollinators may have played an important role in Kopyor coconut pollination.

Diagnosis of Boron Deficiency in Green Dwarf Coconut Palm

The diagnosis of boron deficiency in coconut palms has been hampered by lack of information about its distribution in the plant. Two experiments were conducted, one in a greenhouse to induce boron deficiency in dwarf green coconut palms, and other in the field, in which the plants received doses of boric acid, B(OH)3. The objective was to verify symptoms of boron deficiency and boron content variation in canopy, leaves and folioles (or leaflets). Boron deficient plants led leaves and folioles to become deformed. The deficient and sufficient contents of boron varied significantly in the canopy, but did not vary in leaves. The boron content increased significantly from bottom to the apex of the folioles in both treatments. To survey the level of boron in the coconut palm, the ideal is, using samples taken from the youngest leaf, to calculate the relation between the boron content in the apex of the foliole and the content in the center or in the folioles bottom, with minimum values 2.2 or 2.7, respectively.

Molecular Assessment of <i>Cocos nucifera</i> L. Var. Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf for Genetic Purity and <i>Aceria</i> Mite Tolerance

World-over, coconut is classified broadly into tall and dwarf phenotypes. The dwarf coconut variety is further divided into forms based on the colour of the epicarp. The Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf (SLYD) coconut variety was observed to have individuals of differing phenotypes and this variety also showed varying degrees of tolerance to Aceria guerreronis (Keifer), which is a pest infesting coconut causing economic losses. This study was aimed at the evaluation of the coconut form SLYD for varietal confirmation and the tolerance to Aceria mite at the microsatellite marker loci. Twenty five sample palms drawn randomly from four morphological groups based on stature and tolerance to Aceria mite were genotyped at seven SSR marker loci along with Sri Lanka Tall (SLT) and Sri Lanka Green Dwarf (SLGD) as reference varieties. Three SSR loci were highly informative for the SLYD population and the results revealed the presence of a population structure within the SLYD coconut population. A clear clustering was observed for tall like and the dwarf like groups with more variation within the tall like group. Clear allelic identifications were established at several SSR loci for the clustering based on stature and the markers were identified for distinguishing different groups. The study provided evidence for the need for reclassification and purification of SLYD coconut population. Certain associations were present for the character Aceria mite tolerance, indicating the potential for marker assisted selection.

De novo transcriptome sequence assembly from coconut leaves and seeds with a focus on factors involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation.

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a symbol of the tropics and a source of numerous edible and nonedible products of economic value. Despite its nutritional and industrial significance, coconut remains under-represented in public repositories for genomic and transcriptomic data. We report de novo transcript assembly from RNA-seq data and analysis of gene expression in seed tissues (embryo and endosperm) and leaves of a dwarf coconut variety. Assembly of 10 GB sequencing data for each tissue resulted in 58,211 total unigenes in embryo, 61,152 in endosperm, and 33,446 in leaf. Within each unigene pool, 24,857 could be annotated in embryo, 29,731 could be annotated in endosperm, and 26,064 could be annotated in leaf. A KEGG analysis identified 138, 138, and 139 pathways, respectively, in transcriptomes of embryo, endosperm, and leaf tissues. Given the extraordinarily large size of coconut seeds and the importance of small RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation during seed development in model plants, we used homology searches to identify putative homologs of factors required for RNA-directed DNA methylation in coconut. The findings suggest that RNA-directed DNA methylation is important during coconut seed development, particularly in maturing endosperm. This dataset will expand the genomics resources available for coconut and provide a foundation for more detailed analyses that may assist molecular breeding strategies aimed at improving this major tropical crop.

<b>Pollen grain viability of coconut accessions at low temperatures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the storage potential of the pollen grains of Brazil Green Dwarf (BGD), Brazilian Tall (BRA) and Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD) coconut accessions under different storage conditions. Representative plants of BGD, BRA and CRD accessions were selected from the Coconut Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands. The pollen grains were collected, placed in cryotubes and maintained under the following storage conditions: T1, refrigerator (-4°C); T2, freezer (-20°C); T3, ultra-freezer (- 80°C) and T4, liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The pollen grain viability was determined by staining with 1% acetic carmine and in vitro germination in a Lora culture medium at 30 and 60 days after the storage. Storage under refrigerator (-4°C), freezer (-80°C) and liquid nitrogen (-196°C) conditions promoted a better pollen grain viability of the Brazilian Tall coconut accession. Storage under freezer (-20°C) and liquid nitrogen (-196°C) conditions promoted a better pollen grain viability of the Cameroon Red Dwarf coconut accession. Storage under freezer (-20°C and-80°C) and liquid nitrogen (-196°C) conditions promoted a better pollen grain viability of the Brazil Green Dwarf coconut accession. The pollen grain viability of the Brazilian Tall coconut accession is stable after 30 and 60 days of storage.

Survey of Mymarommatidae and Their Occurrence in Agricultural Systems in Brazil

Mymarommatidae surveys were carried out through the use of yellow pan traps in crops of green dwarf coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), papaya, Carica papaya L. (Brassicales: Caricaceae), citrus, Citrus spp. L. (Sapindales: Rutaceae), and guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), in the northern Espirito Santo State, Brazil. 146 specimens of mymarommatids were collected, of which 71, 55, 16, and 4 exemplars were obtained in the area cultivated with guava, papaya, citrus, and coconut, respectively. The mean numbers of mymarommatids collected in the period from April to June 2011 were significantly higher than those obtained in the other nine months. Two genera, Mymaromma and Mymaromella, were identified The most abundant genus was Mymaromma, comprising 93.8% of the total collection; however, the genus Mymaromella was encountered in all crops. This is the first record of the presence of mymarommatids in these agricultural systems.

Survey of Mymarommatidae and their occurrence in agricultural systems in Brazil.

Mymarommatidae surveys were carried out through the use of yellow pan traps in crops of green dwarf coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), papaya, Carica papaya L. (Brassicales: Caricaceae), citrus, Citrus spp. L. (Sapindales: Rutaceae), and guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), in the northern Espirito Santo State, Brazil. 146 specimens of mymarommatids were collected, of which 71, 55, 16, and 4 exemplars were obtained in the area cultivated with guava, papaya, citrus, and coconut, respectively. The mean numbers of mymarommatids collected in the period from April to June 2011 were significantly higher than those obtained in the other nine months. Two genera, Mymaromma and Mymaromella , were identified The most abundant genus was Mymaromma , comprising 93.8% of the total collection; however, the genus Mymaromella was encountered in all crops. This is the first record of the presence of mymarommatids in these agricultural systems.

Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut Water (Cocus nucifera L.) and Caffeic Acid in Cell Culture

Coconut water contains several uncharacterized substances and is widely used in the human consumption. In this paper we detected and quantified ascorbic acid and caffeic acid and total phenolics in several varieties of coconut using HPLS/MS/MS (25.8 ± 0.6 µg/mL and 1.078 ± 0.013 µg/mL and 99.7 µg/mL, respectively, in the green dwarf coconut water, or 10 mg and 539 µg and 39.8 mg for units of coconut consumed, 500 ± 50 mL). The antioxidant potential of four coconut varieties (green dwarf, yellow dwarf, red dwarf and yellow Malaysian) was compared with two industrialized coconut waters and the lyophilized water of the green dwarf variety. All varieties were effective in scavenging the DPPH radical (IC₅₀=73 µL) and oxide nitric (0.1 mL with an IP of 29.9%) as well as in inhibiting the in vitro production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (1 mL with an IP of 34.4%), highlighting the antioxidant properties of the green dwarf which it is the most common used. In cell culture, the green dwarf water was efficient in protecting against oxidative damages induced by hydrogen peroxide.

Ajuste dos modelos Gompertz e Logístico aos dados de crescimento de frutos de coqueiro anão verde

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o ajuste dos modelos não-lineares, gompertz e logístico, na descrição do desenvolvimento de frutos de coqueiro da variedade anão verde, com base nos dados de diâmetros externos, longitudinal e transversal. Os resultados indicaram que tanto para o diâmetro longitudinal externo (DEL) como para o diâmetro transversal externo (DET), o modelo logístico foi o mais adequado na descrição do crescimento do fruto. O ajuste dos modelos, para ambas as variáveis, apresentou autocorrelação residual positiva. Para o DEL o resíduo foi modelado segundo um processo autoregressivo de primeira ordem (AR1) e para a variável DET o processo autoregressivo considerado foi de segunda ordem (AR2). A consideração do processo autoregressivo (AR1 ou AR2) resultou em estimativas dos parâmetros mais precisas. De acordo com o modelo logístico, o fruto do coqueiro anão verde, totalmente desenvolvido, tem diâmetros externos longitudinal e transversal, respectivamente, de 21,56cm e 15,35cm.

Método de dissipação térmica para determinação do fluxo de seiva em coqueiro anão-verde

O conhecimento da demanda hídrica das culturas é uma informação básica para o manejo de irrigação. O método de dissipação térmica (MDT) vem recebendo atenção nos últimos tempos para esta finalidade, em virtude de utilizar princípios físicos relativamente simples e poder ser aplicado diretamente no campo. Este trabalho objetivou realizar a calibração do método de sonda de dissipação térmica na determinação do fluxo de seiva em coqueiro anão-verde. Para a calibração, a sonda foi inserida em um segmento de pecíolo da folha do coqueiro-anão verde. Um fluxo estável de água foi estabelecido no segmento do pecíolo. Foram feitas medidas de vazão, volume por unidade de tempo, e temperatura, dada pela sonda. Após a calibração em laboratório foram realizados experimentos de campo na Região Norte Fluminense, Brasil, nos quais o modelo calibrado foi capaz de acompanhar a demanda atmosférica. Conclui-se que modelo matemático obtido da calibração do MDT é satisfatório para a obtenção da transpiração no coqueiro anão-verde.

The Demographic of Brontispa longissima variety of celebensis Gestro (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Mapanget Tall Coconut and Brown Dwarf Coconut

Brontispa longissima variety of celebensisis considered an important pest on coconut trees. Basic information such as the biology and the life table of the species is extremely important in the effort to control its attack. The life table of B. longissima variety of celebensis on Mapanget Tall Coconut (MTC) and Brown Dwarf Coconut (BDC) can be examined in laboratory. The study aimed at examining the biology and the life table of B. longissima variety of celebensis on MTC and BDC. The study was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Indonesia Palmae Research Institute, Manado, from June to November 2012. The parameters examined during the study consisted of the followings: 1) the development period from larvae of each instar into adult, 2) the longevity of adult, and 3) the number of eggs laid. The results of the study show that the young leaves of DMT are more suitable to support the life of B. longissima variety of celebensis compared to the young leaves of GRA, and this could be seen from the shorter immature development periods, the higher number of eggs laid, and the longevity of adult. B. longissima variety of celebensisis more suitable to live and grow on the young leaves of DMT than on the young leaves of GRA. This could be seen from the average rm value which was higher on DMT leaves, that was 0.123 individual per adult per day, and mean generation time (T) which was 35.28 days, as compared to the rm value on GRA leaves, that was 0.108 individual per adult per day, and mean generation time (T) which was 39.61. The rm value shows the suitability of the host plants to increase the population of arthropods by considering the development periods, fecundity, longevity, survivorship, and sex ratio.