Dutchess County Research Articles

Sound transmission and its significance for animal vocalization

1. Sound transmission was measured in open fields, mixed decidous forest with and without leaves and coniferous forest in Dutchess County, New York. Attenuation of white noise and pure tones was measured between one microphone close to a loudspeaker and another microphone 100 m away, at the same height. Graphs of excess attenuation (E.A. in dB/100 m) against frequency were obtained at 0.15, 1, 2, 5, and 10 m above the ground. An analysis of variance was conducted to estimate effects of height, frequency and habitat. 2. Height and frequency affect sound transmission more than habitat. With a sound source close to the ground (15 cm and 1 m) all frequencies were more attenuated than at greater heights. The patterns of E.A. as a function of sound frequency were basically similar in all habitats. At all source heights the lower the frequency the better the sound carried, with the exception that close to the ground, sounds below 2 kHz were excessively attenuated. Comparing open field and forest, trees improved transmission of frequencies below 3 kHz, especially close to the ground. 3. Some general trends can be predicted for maximization of transmission distances of animal sounds in these habitats. For an animal vocalizing higher than 1 m above the ground, the lower the frequency the further the sound travels. Close to the ground, low frequencies are again preferred for maximization of transmission distances, but the frequencies must be pitched above a range of attenuated, low-pitched sounds, the limits of which vary to some extent with habitat, creating the ‘sound window’ of Morton. This ‘window’ of least-attenuated frequencies, only occurring close to the ground, tends to be pitched somewhat lower in forest than in open habitats. However, for an animal producing sounds in the habitats tested, perch height and sound frequency are more important than the habitat in determining how far the sound will carry.

Daniel Lawrence, Quaker Printer of Burlington, Philadelphia, and Stanford, N.Y.

Notes and Documents DANIEL LAWRENCE, QUAKER PRINTER OF BURLINGTON, PHILADELPHIA, AND STANFORD, N.Y. By A. Day Bradley* Daniel Lawrence, Quaker printer of Stanford, Dutchess County, New York, has received a brief mention in Douglas McMurtrie's History of Printing. "Particularly interesting is the press of Stanford , a Quaker community in Dutchess County, where Daniel Lawrence began to print in 1802. In this year he printed the American Spelling Book by Asa Rhoads, Memoirs of John Roberts and An Account of the Pelew Islands. Other titles show an equally interesting variety of material." He adds that Daniel Lawrence of Stanford , New York, may have been the partner of Isaac Neale in Burlington , New Jersey in 1790-91.1 That Daniel Lawrence of BurHngton in 1790-91 and Daniel Lawrence of Dutchess County in the first decade of the nineteenth century are indeed the same is demonstrated by the records of his many transfers of membership from monthly meeting to monthly meeting. Further mention of Lawrence is given by Joel Benton. "But I imagine that considering the small population of the Town of Stanford , in the interior of Dutchess County, ... it was possibly the most noted anywhere near the Hudson River for early bookmaking ."2 _ Daniel Lawrence joined Friends in 1788, when he, "a sober young man appHed to be received in membership" by Philadelphia Monthly Meeting. He was asked to attend the meeting of 9 mo. 6, 1788, where "his application being taken into soUd consideration, divers observations were made tending to excite in him a diHgent attention to the nature of his request." The meeting responded favorably to his acceptance of the "divers observations" and he *A. Day Bradley is a member of Scarsdale Monthly Meeting and professor emeritus, Lehman College. 1.McMurtrie, Douglas C, A History of Printing in the United States, New York, 1936, 218. 2.Benton, Joel, Some Early Hudson River Imprints, The Literary Collector , Vol. 3 (1901-02), 119-122. 100 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS101 was duly received in membership.9 He remained a consistent Friend and his changes of membership document his various moves to New Jersey, back to Philadelphia and to New York State. In 1790 he transferred to Chesterfield Monthly Meeting, but was a member there only from 5 mo. 4 to 7 mo. 6, when he was granted a certificate to BurUngton. On 10 mo. 3 he returned to Philadelphia with a certificate to the Monthly Meeting for the Northern District.4 His membership in Burlington included the period of the partnership of I. Neale and D. Lawrence. From late 1791 until 6 mo. 25, 1793, Lawrence remained in Philadelphia and was printing at either No. 33 or No. 78 North 4th Street, "near Race."5 On 8 mo. 6, 1793, Daniel Lawrence attended Cornwall Monthly Meeting (in Orange County, New York) with a certificate "from the Monthly Meeting held at Philadelphia, 6 mo. 25," which was accepted. This move was soon followed by one to Dutchess County. On 5 mo. 19, 1794 he had "a prospect of settHng for a time within the verge of Creek Monthly Meeting" and was accordingly granted a certificate in sixth month. Soon after on 2 mo. 26, 1 795, Creek recorded the marriage of Daniel Lawrence and Hannah Frost.6 From 1793 to 1802 only a single book bearing Lawrence's name has been located; it was printed for Daniel Lawrence by Samuel Campbell, New York, in 1795. However in the period 1802-1805 Lawrence printed at least twenty-four books at Stanford, many of them for the brothers Henry and John F. HuU. Among the books printed for the Hull brothers was a reprint of the Journal of Samuel Bownas in 1805. This Hsts thirteen of Lawrence's books "which may be had of Henry and John F. Hull, wholesale or retail." The Hulls also advertised a variety of reHgious and school books. The 3.Minutes of Philadelphia Mondily Meeting; 7 mo. 25, 8 mo. 29, 9 mo. 26, 1788. Minutes of meetings in the Philadelphia area quoted in this article are in the Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore, Pa. 4.Minutes of Chesterfield Monthly Meeting; 5 mo. 4, 6 mo. 6, 7 mo...

Letter: Sewage as a resource.

Comments and Corrections1 March 1975Sewage as a ResourceSTEPHEN R. REDMOND, M.D.STEPHEN R. REDMOND, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-3-425_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The editorial by Udall and Stansbury (Ann Intern Med 81:849-850, 1974) "Sewage: Our Most Neglected Resource" is ill informed, illogical, and ill conceived. Naturally there are the customary blast at public health professionals, the snide references to sanitary engineers, and the sly innuendo that water pollution experts and state health authorities are in the hip pocket of the industrial establishment.I question the appearance of this not so solid waste on the pages of your otherwise excellent journal. It is apparent the authors have given little thought to the densely populated urban areas of this country where... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Dutchess County Department of Health 22 Market Street Poughkeepsie, New York 12601 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1975Volume 82, Issue 3Page: 425-425KeywordsEngineersHipPollutionPrevention, policy, and public healthUrban areas Issue Published: 1 March 1975 PDF DownloadLoading ...

Vein Assemblages and Metamorphism in Dutchess County, New York

Mineral assemblages of fissure veins in pelitic rocks are a consistent function of metamorphic grade within a 1,700 km 2 area in and near Dutchess County, New York. The following vein assemblages are cb-served with increasing grade: quartz and quartz-calcite up to just above the staurolite isograd, with limited occurrence of quarrz-albite below the biotite isograd; quartz and quartz-plagioclase (An 20 to An 50 ) from the staurolite isograde up to the sillimanite-orthoclase isograd; and quartz, quartz-plagioclase, and quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase above the sillimanite-orthoclase isograd. Extreme deformation makes relative crosscutting relations of veins difficult to determine; however, late quartz veins are fairly common, and late quartz-calcite veins are seen in high-grade rocks near marble contacts. A tentative conclusion is that quartz and quartz-calcite, quartz-plagioclase, and quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase veins form in pelitic rocks at successively higher metamorphic grades from material derived from the surrounding matrix. This may happen during prograde and retrograde metamorphism and during successive metamorphic events.

History of the Quaker Union Clinton County, New York

HISTORY OF THE QUAKER UNION CLINTON COUNTY, NEW YORK By Neal Burdick* The story of the people of the Quaker Union, members of the Peru Monthly Meeting of Friends, New York, is typical of many in the annals of our nation's youth. Local history archives abound with the Uves of inbred religious communities: exploration and settlement, growth, division, decline, and in some cases regeneration . The Quaker Union of Clinton County parallels this development closely. The setting is a tract of land in southern Clinton County about five miles west of Lake Champlain and forty miles south of the Canadian border, between the watersheds of the Great and Little Ausable rivers. It is now, as it was when its settlement began, a place of great scenic appeal. It is bounded on the west and south by a hill called Hallock and the thickening forest of the Adirondack uplands. The view from Hallock Hill shows that the area is framed by the St. Lawrence River valley reaching over the horizon to the north, and gently sloping foothills toward the Adirondacks to the west. Eastward lies Lake Champlain, with its islands below the Green Mountains of Vermont, giving the scene the appearance of an illuminated manuscript. The soil is rich in this pocket of fertility , but stone-wall patterns attest to the labor that went into working the land. J. Warren Harkness' observations in 1889 that "entire towns . . . are distinctly visible . . . like the blocks in a woman's crazy quilt"1 is true today. Directly below lies the site of the Union, the community within Peru Township surrounding the Quaker meetinghouses. Today it is a region of comfortably situated , satisfyingly prosperous dairy farms and apple orchards. All that remains of the Union is a burying ground in various states of deterioration and a few buildings wearing the disguise of other *Plattsburgh, N.Y. The author, now a graduate student at Case Western Reserve University, wrote this article as an undergraduate at St. Lawrence University. 1. J. Warren Harkness, "Early Settlers of Hallock Hill, IV," Plattsburgh Republican, May 18, 1889, in A Collection of Articles on Local History by J. Warren Harkness and Others, compiled by Grace Arnold, Eleanor Spaulding , and Cora Stafford, unpublished, Peru, New York, 1966, 1, 45. 90 THE QUAKER UNION91 purposes. The meetinghouses are no more and the Quakers have faded away; there are only hidden clues that this was once a thriving and populous community. William Keese was the first Quaker to make a life on the future site of the Union ; he traveled on the ice of Lake Champlain in the winter of 1789 to settle on his chosen lot. After the War of Independence the northern Champlain Valley was virtually uninhabited by white men. Except for a small settlement at the mouth of the Saranac River fifteen miles to the north (now Plattsburgh), it was the domain of wild animals and a few Indians. The fledgling government of the State of New York, wishing to see its territory occupied, adopted a policy of selling land to resident veterans, with the stipulation that they populate their purchases. One who secured vast acreage in the vicinity of the Ausable River watersheds was Zephaniah Piatt of Dutchess County; in 1784 he bought patent rights to 29,983 acres. This he divided into the "Great Location " of 17,983 acres and the more southerly "12,000 Acre Location." He hired surveyors to measure off lots of 425 acres, giving his employees options on lots of their choice. One of the first to acquire land in this way was Captain Edward Everett, a veteran originally from New Hampshire who had served with Benedict Arnold in the futile Quebec Campaign of 1776.2 He selected a site at the foot of the northern slope of the hill that separates the Great and Little Ausable Rivers and settled in 1786, his only neighbors being "a lodge of Indians, who were friendly."3 From this beginning, settlement proceeded without abatement. Surveyors made enticing reports about the quality and quantity of land, and people answered the call. The opportunity presented by virgin soil in an unbroken country, the impetus of the postwar land boom, the...

Social breakdown syndrome: environmental and host factors associated with chronicity.

Eight years ago APHA Program Area Committee on Mental Health stated:' There is one type of mental malfunctioning which occurs in many different chronic mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia, mental retardation, and various organic psychoses. (See Table I.) It is responsible for a very large part of institutionalized mentally disordered; it is responsible for much of other forms of extreme social disability seen in these illnesses. This form of mental reaction in presence of mental disorders is largely a socially determined reaction pattern which committee believes can be identified as a major target for community mental health programs today. It is called the Social Breakdown Syndrome. The Program Area Committee had indicated that acute episodes of SBS were very common and that chronic, long-term episodes were major preventable cause of severe disability. Our research group has developed ascertainment techniques to locate cases of severe Social Breakdown Syndrome by determining a set of some 22 objective facts regarding a person's functioning during a particular week.2 Around 1960 when these Program Area Committee statements were being written, we ascertained that annual incidence of chronic SBS (over 1 year in duration) was about 24 per 100,000 in ages 16-64 in Dutchess County, N.Y. Following a reorganization of delivery of psychiatric services for residents of that county-a reorganization designed to prevent chronic forms of SBS-the annual incidence dropped to about 12 per 100,000.3 This is a major improvement, because recovery rates from SBS episodes over one year in duration are very low. Only about half of these episodes will terminate in next five years.4 The handicap is severe, disability almost total. But a remaining incidence of 12 per 100,000 is not trivial-it is higher than suicide rate. What can be done to still further reduce annual incidence of chronic SBS? We first delineated personal factors which could identify a group of new SBS cases at high risk of becoming chronic. We looked at factors known Ernest M. Gruenberg, M.D., Dr.P.H.; Danielle M. Turns, M.D.; Steven P. Segal, M.S.W.; and Murray Solomon, M.S.

Comparative study of elderly dutchess county patients in mental hospitals and nursing homes

A comparison is made of point prevalence data for three populations of patients, aged 65 years and over from Dutchess County, New York State: a) Mental hospital patients who became 65 years of age in hospital, b) mental hospital patients who were 65 years old before admission, and c) nursing home patients. — The significance of similarities and differences between the three populations are discussed. The mental hospitals had two distinct geriatric populations: the aged-in and the aged-out. The aged-out population had more in common with the nursing home patients than with the aged-in patients. It would appear that the geriatric patients' place of abode when the decision for long-term hospitalisation was made, was a potent factor in determining whether the patient went to a mental hospital or a nursing home.

Evidence for Salt Deposits in the Appalachian/Caledonian Orogen

ALBITE-oligoclase feldspar concentrations occur abundantly in the Eocambrian to Lower Ordovician metasediments, along the entire metamorphic Caledonian–Appalachian mountain chain. In Spitsbergen (refs. 1 and 2 and personal communication from W. Horsfield); Stavanger, Norway; SE Scotland; Antrim, N. Ireland; Co. Mayo, Ireland3; Burlington Peninsula, Newfoundland; Pennsylvania; Dutchess County, New York4; and Maryland, particular attention has been given to the albite schist association.

Briefer Notices

BRIEFER NOTICES By Henry J. Cadbury Albert R. Schmitt has edited Des Melchior Adam Pastorius . . . Leben und Reisebeschreibungen . . .[und] lyrischen Gedichten (Munich, Delph'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968), a volume made up of extracts from three of Pastorius' manuscripts, "Itinerarium" and "Prognosticon" at the University of Pennsylvania, and "Liber Intimissimus" at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Included among the travel accounts and poems of Melchior Pastorius (16241702 ) is a six-line Latin poem celebrating the birth of his son, Francis Daniel, on September 26, 1651 (O.S.), with an anagram of his name, and two Latin poems in honor of William Penn, "Princeps Pensylvaniae ." Also, fourteen of Francis Daniel Pastorius' poems have been printed in Seventeenth-Century American Poetry, ed. by Harrison T. Meserole (Garden City, N. Y., 1968). They are in English, taken from his manuscript commonplace book, called "The Beehive," at the University of Pennsylvania. * * * The Annual Report of the Library Company of Philadelphia usually contains some well-written research on Quaker items. The report for 1968 deals at length with the agreements and disagreements of the accounts of the Penn-Mead trial of 1670 written respectively by the Friends and by the judge, Mayor Starling. The acquisition by the Library of the day book and ledger of Samuel Emlen, Jr. (17301799 ) is noted. It covers the years 1751 to 1767, too early for his travels with Woolman (see Quaker History, LV [1966], 88-103). There is a useful list of over twenty-five books cited in Anthony Benezet's Some Historical Account of Guinea (Philadelphia, 1771). * * * In The NorthCarolina Historical Renew, XLVI, No. 1 (Jan., 1969), 19-32, is an article on "Charles A. Beard, the Quaker Spirit, and North Carolina," written by Peter A. Soderbergh, who thinks the influence of the Quaker spirit upon Beard has been overlooked in studies about him. * * * 56 Briefer Notices57 An account of the present day Quakers of Barcelona, Spain, by Roberto Saladrigas (with illustrations from Quaker history) is printed in Destino for September, 1968, pp. 24-27. It is entitled "Noticia de los Cuaqeros de Barcelona." * * * The black Quaker sea-captain, Paul Cuffe, of New Bedford, and the near-Quaker Negro astronomer Benjamin Banneker of Maryland are two of the six Pioneers and Patriots: The Lives of Six Negroes of the Revolutionary Era (N. Y., Doubleday, 1968), a juvenile. The editors are Lavinia Dobler and Edgar A. Toppin. * * * Fred B. Rogers contributed to the Journal ofthe History ofMedicine and Allied Sciences, XX (1965), 140-150, an article on "Shadrach Ricketson (1768-1839) : Quaker Hygienist." He was a resident of Dutchess County, New York. His medical experience was made available to the public through a substantial book he published in 1806 in New York entitled Means of Preserving Health and Preventing Diseases. * * * Crusadefor Freedom: Women ofthe Antislavery Movement (Boston, Beacon Press, 1968, 338 pages), by Alma Lutz is a very readable and well documented account. Not unexpectedly it includes frequent or extended reference to such Quakeresses as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, Prudence Crandall, the Grimké sisters, Lucretia Mott, and Abby Kelley (Foster). * * * "Salem, Indiana, Peace Society Minutes," edited by Pamela J. Bennett, contributed by I. George Blake, was published in Indiana Magazine of History, LXIV, No. 4 (Dec, 1968), 299-322. This was one of the first peace societies in this country, "stimulated mainly by Quakers." The minutes cover the years 1819-1826. * * * Because of the participation of the A.F.S.C., mention may be made here of an account of co-operative American German relief after the Second World War: Transfigured Night. The Cralog Experience, by Eileen Egand and Elizabeth Clark Reiss, Philadelphia and New York, Livingston Publishing Co., 1964. 58Quaker History Tales of Tórtola and the British Virgin Islands, by Florence Lewisohn (Box 946, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S.V.I., 1966, 96 pages) deals in its chapter on "The Friendly Persuasion" (pp. 39-50) with the Quakers as the earliest group of settlers and also with their role in connection with the abolition of slavery. A detailed architectural study of the Arch Street Meeting House, Philadelphia, from its building in 1803-1811 to 1968 has been prepared by Lee H. Nelson and Penelope Hartshorne Batcheler, restoration...

A Brief History of the Geology of Dutchess County, New York

A Brief History of the Geology of Dutchess County, New York

Serologic survey for arbovirus activity in deer sera from nine counties in New York State.

Sera from 352 deer from nine New York State counties were tested for neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to six arboviruses representing four groups. Antibody titers to California encephalitis and Cache Valley viruses were detected in varying frequency in the 9 counties with foci for the Bunyamwera group in Seneca, Dutchess, and Erie counties. Neutralizing antibodies to western equine encephalomyelitis were noted in sera collected in 1959–61 from Albany and Seneca counties while a focus of group B arbovirus activity, most probably due to Powassan virus, was found in Shelter Island, Suffolk County. Our experience indicates the usefulness of deer as natural indicators of activity of certain arboviruses.

Class Conflict, Slavery, and the United States Constitution

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Class Conflict: 2. Who should rule at home? Dutchess County, New York, in the American Revolution 3. The tenant rising at Livingston Manor, May 1777 4. The mechanics in New York politics, 1774-1785 5. A governing class on the defensive: the case of New York Part II. Slavery: 6. On Turner, Beard, and slavery 7. The abolitionist critique of the United States Constitution 8. The compromise of 1787 Part III. The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Historiography: 9. Abraham Yates's history of the movement for the United States Constitution 10. Beard, Jefferson, and the tree of Liberty Afterword Robin Einhorn.

The Social Breakdown Syndrome in a Cohort of Long-Stay Patients in the Dutchess County Unit, 1960-1963

The establishment of the Dutchess County Unit was predicated on the opinion that "chronic hospitalization and disability can be reduced by . . . a comprehensive psychiatric service based upon a small, community-oriented, open public mental hospital [providing] maximum continuity of care. . . .1 It was believed that such a reduction in chronic hospitalization and disability could be achieved among the long-stay patients from Dutchess County already in the Hudson River State Hospital when the Unit opened. Consequently, the majority of these patients were transferred into the buildings housing the Unit shortly before it opened, and later, as beds became available, most of this group came into the Unit. One segment of the evaluation studies is concerned with estimating the effect of the Unit on the behavior and functioning of this cohort of long-stay patients. Initially, two hypotheses were developed: 1. that more Dutchess County residents on long-stay services in the hospital in October 1959 would be rehabilitated to the extent of being able to leave the hospital; and 2. that the long-stay patients would come to function at a higher level and be less deteriorated than if the Unit had not been established.

Troublesome Cases in Community Care

Throughout the Western world changes in the pattern of care of the mentally ill have resulted in rising first admission rates and falling hospital censuses. These trends result in an increasing number of exmental hospital patients in the community. Many individual programs are definitely aimed at preventing hospitalization and shifting the focus of services from the hospital to the community. Speculation about the effects of this fundamental shift of policy inevitably leads to questions about the extent to which the burden of care is being imposed on the community. Are we making unreasonable demands on the family or the community? Is this modern fashion being exploited by administrators who underestimate the extent of this burden and fail to make proper provisions for treatment and asylum? Dutchess County in New York State has the doubtful distinction of having for many years the highest mental hospital first admission rates in the state and probably in the country. This county was chosen as the location of a demonstration community psychiatric service based on a regionally decentralized county unit which opened in January, 1960 within the Hudson River State Hospital. The county services and the county unit of the state hospital are closely integrated and share certain psychiatric personnel. Research designed to evaluate the effect of this service included the pilot study here described for investigation of these questions.

Record of Mental Hospitalization of Dutchess County Residents

The material that has been put together in these few simple tables is one method of measuring progress toward an objective. The objective is being stated as the reduction of chronic hospitalization, where chronic hospitalization is defined as 12 months' continuous hospitalization. It includes hospitalization in any state or licensed mental hospital. It supplements data that can be collected from within the Dutchess County Unit by checking whether reductions in chronic hospitalization there are more than made up for by increases in another hospital serving the area, such as Harlem Valley State Hospital. The New York State Department of Mental Hygiene receives reports of all admissions to state and licensed mental hospitals in New York State. The department also receives subsequent reports of any patient movement in or out of the hospital. This basic reporting system, which includes the assignment of an identification number that is used in reporting all admissions for the same patient, began in 1908. Since April 1, 1954, reports of all movements, not simply admissions and discharges, have been entered on punch cards. The department has made use of these data for evaluative purposes during the years the system has been operating. At the present time, we have just completed converting all of these punch-card records to magnetic tape, and now have the statistical reporting system functioning on an electronic computer. We are in the process of devising reports of institutional operation which will assist in the administrators' job of

The Dutchess County Project after Five Years

The Dutchess County Project after Five Years

The Dutchess County Project

In January 1960 we set up a relatively small, geographically decentralized 550-bed Unit within a 5,000-bed state hospital to serve all degrees and types of mental illnesses in the county. The county's population was approximately 175,000 and is now approximately 200,000. We automatically accepted mentally ill persons into the Unit, with the exception of children under 16 and individuals with open pulmonary tuberculosis. We had to maintain an acute service and an emergency service because this is part and parcel of the New York State system. We hoped to demonstrate the value of a small community-oriented, malleable, clinically autonomous Unit in accomplishing the following-

Measurement of the Incidence of Chronic Severe Social Breakdown Syndrome: Has the Dutchess County Service Been Associated with a Decline in Incidence?

Measurement of the Incidence of Chronic Severe Social Breakdown Syndrome: Has the Dutchess County Service Been Associated with a Decline in Incidence?

Some Aspects of Patient-Flow in the Dutchess County Unit, 1960-1963

When the evaluation studies of the Dutchess County Unit were being planned, it was the consensus that no hypotheses relating movement of patients to the evaluation of the Unit could be stated. Nevertheless, it was felt that while collection of the data needed for testing the hypotheses relating to the effectiveness of the Unit was the primary function of the research group, it was also of importance to monitor and analyze the characteristics of the flow of patients through the Unit. Initially, no predictions were made concerning indices of Unit activity based on these data, such as the admission rate, discharge rate, and average length of stay. A reporting system was developed by which each major change of status of each patient as he moved on and off the books of the Unit was recorded. For each patient entering the Unit, much of the information on his or her admission form, filled out by the hospital for state use, was recorded. To follow the movement of the patient into and out of the Unit, a transaction record was prepared for each admission, discharge, death, placement on, or return from, convalescent care, family care, leave without consent, and home leave, and transfer to or from another state or state-licensed mental hospital, or the other services of the Hudson River State Hospital. A separate record specifying each transaction and the date on which it occurred was prepared and filed. Thus a sequential record of each patient's experience in the Unit was accumulated, beginning with the admission record of

Anti-Federalism in Dutchess County, New York: A Study of Democracy and Class Conflict in the Revolutionary Era

Anti-Federalism in Dutchess County, New York: A Study of Democracy and Class Conflict in the Revolutionary Era